American psychology association

1. Muhammad Munsif
munsifsail@gmail.com
Mphil Education

2. Learner Centered Psychology Principles
 These Principles give by APA learner centered
Psychological Principles(1992).
 APA Stands for “American Psychological Association”

3. 14 principles of APA Learner Psychological
principles
 Nature of The learning process
 Goals of the learner process
 Construction of the knowledge
 Strategies of thinking
 Thinking about thinking ( Meta cognition)
 Context of learning
 Motivation and emotional influence of learning

4. 14 principles of APA Learner Psychological
Principles
 Intrinsic motivation to learner
 Effects of motivation of effort
 Developmental influences on learning
 Social Influences on learning
 Individual differences in learning
 Learning and diversity
 Standards and assessment

5. 14 principles divided into 4
categories
 Cognitive and metacognition principles
 Motivation and effective principles
 Developmental and social principles
 Individual Differences

6.  Nature of The learning process. The learning of a complex
subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional
process of constructing meaning from information and
experience.
 Goals of the learning process. Goals of the learning process
,the successful learner, over time and with support and
instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent
representations of knowledge.

7.  CONSTRUCTION OF Knowledge.
The successful learner can link new information with
existing knowledge in meaningful ways.
 STRATEGIC THINKING
The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of
thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex
learning goals.

8.  Thinking About Thinking Higher order strategies for selecting and
monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and critical thinking.
 Context Of Learning. Learning is influenced by environmental
factors, including culture, technology and instructional practices.
 Motivational And Emotional Influences On Learning
What and how much is learned is influenced by the learner’s
motivation. Motivation is influenced by beliefs, emotional states,
interests, goals and habits of thinking.

9.  INTRINSIC MOTIVATION TO Learn. The learner’s
creativity, HOTS, natural curiosity all contribute to motivation
to learn. Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by personal interest
and relevance.
 Effects Of Motivation On Effort. Learner’s motivation stimulates
willingness to learn most especially in the acquisition of complex
knowledge3 and skills.
 Developmental Influences On Learning. Learning is most effective
when the physical, intellectual, emotional and social domains of
development is taken into account.

10.  Social Influences On Learning Learning is influenced by
social interactions, interpersonal relations, and
communication with others.
 Individual Differences In Learning. Learner’s have
different strategies, approaches and capabilities for
learning that are a function of prior experience and
heredity.

11.  LEARNING AND Diversity. learning is most effective
when differences in learner’s linguistic, cultural and social
backgrounds are taken into account.
 Standards And Assessment. Setting appropriately high and
challenging standards and assessing the learner and the
learning progress are integral parts of the learning process.

12. Constructive methods in content Area
 Constructivist and student centered methods have come to
dominate current thinking in all the areas of curriculum(
Galber & Schroeder, 2003)
 The following sections describe constructivist
approaches in reading, mathematics and Science.

13. Reciprocal Teaching
 A Small – group teaching method based on principles of
questions generation through interaction and modeling.
 teacher foster metacognitive skills primarily to improve
the reading performances of the students who have poor
comprehension.

14. Activities of reciprocal teaching
 Questioning , to think about important question what is to read
and be sure that you can answer those question.
 Summarizing , summarize the most important information that
you have read
 Prediction, to predict what author might be discussed in next
passage
 Clarify, to point out some thing that is un-cleared in the
passage.

15. Constructive approach in science
 Discovery
 Group work
 Conceptual change
 In science education constructivists emphasis on the hand
on activities, Laboratory activities
 Identifying the misconception from content and using the
experimental approaches to correct the misconception
through cooperative learning.

16. Research on constructive methods
 Research comparing constructivist and traditional
approaches.
Traditional Teaching.
 Traditional method of teaching is when
a teacher directs students to learn through
memorization and recitation techniques thereby
not developing their critical thinking problem
solving and decision making skills.

17. Constructivist approach teaching methods
 Constructivist approach teaching methods are based
on constructivist learning theory.
 Dewey & Piaget researched childhood development and
education; both were very influential in the development
of informal education.