3. Handles high-level protocols, issues of
representation, encoding, and dialog control.
The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all
application related issues into one layer and
ensures this data is properly packaged before
passing it on to the next layer.
4.
5. Five basic services:
Segmenting upper-layer application
data
Establishing end-to-end operations
Sending segments from one end host
to another end host
Ensuring data reliability
Providing flow control
6.
7. The purpose of the Internet layer is to
send packets from a network node and
have them arrive at the destination
node independent of the path taken.
8.
9. The network access layer is
concerned with all of the issues that
an IP packet requires to actually
make a physical link to the network
media.
It includes the LAN and WAN
technology details, and all the
details contained in the OSI physical
and data link layers.
10.
11. • An IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s.
• To make the IP address easier to use, the address is
usually written as four decimal numbers separated
by periods.
• This way of writing the address is called the dotted
decimal format.
14. Reserved IP Addresses
• Certain host addresses are
reserved and cannot be
assigned to devices on a
network.
• An IP address that has
binary 0s in all host bit
positions is reserved for the
network address.
• An IP address that has
binary 1s in all host bit
positions is reserved for the
network address.
15. Public and Private IP Addresses
• No two machines that connect to a public network can have
the same IP address because public IP addresses are global
and standardized.
• However, private networks that are not connected to the
Internet may use any host addresses, as long as each host
within the private network is unique.
• RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP addresses for private,
internal use.
• Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet
requires translation of the private addresses to public
addresses using Network Address Translation (NAT).
16. • In TCP/IP communications, a datagram on a local-area
network must contain both a destination MAC address and
a destination IP address.
• There needs to be a way to automatically map IP to MAC
addresses.
• The TCP/IP suite has a protocol, called Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP), which can automatically obtain MAC
addresses for local transmission.
17. • Each device on a network maintains
its own ARP table.
• A device that requires an IP and
MAC address pair broadcasts an
ARP request.
• If one of the local devices matches
the IP address of the request, it sends
back an ARP reply that contains its
IP-MAC pair.
18. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of
the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP
is so central that the entire suite is often referred to as
"TCP/IP." Whereas IP handles lower-level
transmissions from computer to computer as a
message makes its way across the Internet, TCP
operates at a higher level, concerned only with the
two end systems.
19. A TCP segment consists of two sections:
header ( port no. , sequence no.)
data
20.
21. TCP connections have three phases:
connection establishment
data transfer
connection termination
22. To establish a connection, TCP uses a three-way
handshake
23. Client sending a SYN to the server.
In response, the server replies with a SYN-
ACK.
Finally the client sends an ACK back to the
server.
24. Ordered data transfer - the destination host rearranges
according to sequence number
Retransmission of lost packets - any cumulative stream
not acknowledged will be retransmitted[1]
Discarding duplicate packets
Error-free data transfer
Flow control
Congestion control - sliding window
25. The port numbers are divided into three ranges:
The Well Known Ports are those in the range 0–1023. On Unix-
like operating systems, binding a communications socket to a
port in this range requires administrative privileges or
possessing CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE capability.
The Registered Ports are those in the range 1024–49151.
The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those in the range 49152–
65535. Randomly chosen port numbers out of this range are
called ephemeral ports. These ports are not permanently
assigned to any publicly defined application
26. The port numbers are divided into three ranges:
The Well Known Ports are those in the range 0–1023. On Unix-
like operating systems, binding a communications socket to a
port in this range requires administrative privileges or
possessing CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE capability.
The Registered Ports are those in the range 1024–49151.
The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those in the range 49152–
65535. Randomly chosen port numbers out of this range are
called ephemeral ports. These ports are not permanently
assigned to any publicly defined application
27. The Netstat (Network Statistics) is command-line tool that
displays network connections (incoming and outgoing)
It is used for finding problems in network and to
determine the amount of traffic on network as a
performance measurement
Netstat provides :Protocol information ,Local address
,Foreign address ,State of TCP Connections
In command prompt use command netstat ? To check out
all options available
28. The TCPView is graphical version of Netstat that will
show you detailed listings of all TCP and UDP endpoints
on your systems
TCPView provides a more informative and conveniently
presented subset of the Netstat program
