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Messen mit Sensoren im
Chemieunterricht
Michael Weigend
mw@creative-informatics.de
2017
These
Die Thematisierung von Sensortechnik ist eine
Bereicherung und bringt fächerverbindende
Aspekte in den Chemie-Unterricht.
Messen mit Sensoren
• Temperatur
• pH
• Kohlendioxid
Digitale Messwerterfassung
Sensor Digitalisierung
Physikalisches,
chemisches
Phänomen
Verarbeitung
im Computer
Daten Informationelektrisches
Signal
4
Temperaturmessung früher
cc by-sa 3.0 2005 Menchi, Wikimedia Commons
cc by-sa 3.0 2005 1-1111, Wikimedia Commons
Kleiner Temperaturbereich:
Widerstandsthermometer: Pt100
Der elektrische Widerstand
von Platin hängt von der
Temperatur ab.
Pt100: Bei O°C 100 
 = °C
0,39 
(R – 100)
(vereinfacht)
Temperaturbereich:
-50 °C bis 250°C (AA)
-196°C bis 600°C (C)
Genauigkeit:
0, 1°C (AA) bis 0,6 °C (C)Presi: ab 5 €
Thermoelement
Bild: cc 0 2008 Anne Hückelheim, Wikimedia Commons
Eisen / Kupfer-Nickel (Typ J) −8,095 mV bei −210 °C und 69,553 mV bei 1200 °C
Thermoelement
1963 W-Re-
Thermoelement für die
Temperaturmessung am
Hitzeschild des Apollo-
Raumschiffs
(bis 2500°C)
cc 0 NASA 1968
Direct-to-Digital-Technik
Sensor
Verarbeitung
im Computer
Daten Information
2 Oszillatoren mit
temperaturabhängiger
Resonanzfrequenz
DS1820
1-Wire-Bus
ID
Temperatur-
angabe
Wärme
(-55 bis +125 °C)
Temperatur Prüfbyte
6f 01 4b 46 7f ff 01 10 67
Preis:1 – 2 €
Hardware-Aufbau mit RPi und
digitalem Temperatursensor (DS1820)
10
Oszillatoren
cc0WikimediaCommons
ccby-sa2004WollschafWikimediaCommons
440 Hz2 Hz 32 768 Hz
ccby2003GertWrigge&IljaGerhardtinWikimediaCommons
Messgenauigkeit –
ein Blick ins Datenblatt
Quelle: http://midondesign.com/Documents/DS1820.PDF
Wie ist Temperatur definiert?
O °C
10O °C
Siedepunkt von
Wasser
Schmelzpunkt
von Wasser
Volumen von
Quecksilber
Skala
13
Anders Celsius
Bild:gemeinfrei
ITS-90
International Temperature Scale of 1990
Wikipedia,StichwortITS-90
14
ITS-90 Messtechnik
Messung des Dampfdrucks von Helium und Neon
0,65 K
Tripelpunkt von Wasserstoff , 13.8033 K
Schmelzpunkt von Silber, 961.78°C
http://www.its-90.com/its-90p3.html
Messung des Widerstands von Platin
Kalibrierung mit vorgegeben Fixpunkten
Standardisierte Interpolationsverfahren
Strahlungsmessung
(Plancksches Strahlungsgesetz)
15
pH-Messung
Glaselektrode Ionensensitiver
Feldeffekt-Transistor
GPH 114
ca. 100€
http://www.produktinfo.conrad.com/datenblaetter/1300000-1399999/001305330-
an-01-ml-DIGITALES_PH_METER_GPH_114_de_en.pdf
Glaselektrode
Glasmembran
Diaphragma (poröse Keramik)
Innenpuffer KCl(aq) pH 7
Referenzelektrode (Ag/AgCl)
Messelektrode (Platindraht)
Koaxialkabel mit BNC-Stecker
Elektrolytlösung (KCl(aq))
Nachfüllöffnung
1935, Arnold Orville Beckman
Elektrisches Potenzial
in der Glaselektrode
Bild:cc3.0by-sa2017MichaelWeigend
1. Welches Ding ist 50 Mikrometer dick?
2. Welchen pH-Wert hat die Probelösung
in der Modell-Abbildung?
• Keine Redoxprozesse
• Keine Ionenwanderung durch das Glas
Kohlendioxid-Sensoren
• Nondispersiver Infrarotsensor (NDIR)
• Intelligent (kalibriert sich selbst automatisch)
http://co2meters.com/Documentation/
Manuals/Manual-RAD-0301.pdf
Messbereich: 0 – 3000 ppm
Genauigkeit: 0 – 2000 ppm: 7% (sonst 10%)
Preis: ca. 70€
CO2 Mini-Monitor MH-Z16
Messbereich: z.B. 0 – 10000 ppm
Genauigkeit: 5%
Verbindung zum Computer über I²C-Bus
Preis ab ca. 60 €
https://www.terraelectronica.ru/%2Fds%2Fp
df%2FM%2Fmh-z16.pdf
Bilder:cc3.0by-sa2017MichaelWeigend
Wie funktioniert ein NDIR-Sensor?
Bild:cc3.0by-sa2017MichaelWeigend
Quelle: https://www.intl-lighttech.com/applications/light-sources/ndir-gas-sensor-lamps
Ausblick: Programme zur
Messwerterfassung selbst schreiben
Beispiel: Schallmessung mit Scratch
Bild:cc3.0by-sa2017MichaelWeigend
Messwertlogger (Python)
import NDIR
import time
sensor = NDIR.Sensor(0x4D)
sensor.begin()
while True:
sensor.measure()
print(sensor.ppm)
time.sleep(0.5)
CO2-Messwerte können mit Copy&Paste in
Kalkulationstabelle übertragen werden

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Sensoren im überblick