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Be a GCSE PE Champion
“To succeed... you need to find something to
   hold on to, something to motivate you,
         something to inspire you”




  Revision Booklet


 The difference between the impossible
   and the possible lies in a person's
            determination”
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Be a GCSE PE Champion
            Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.1. Healthy active lifestyles and how they benefit you

                                                           Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
  1.       Explain	
  what	
  constitutes	
  a	
  healthy	
  active	
  lifestyle
  2.       Classify	
  the	
  bene?its	
  of	
  a	
  healthy,	
  active	
  lifestyle	
  as	
  physical,	
  mental	
  or	
  social
  3.       Explain	
  how	
  a	
  healthy	
  active	
  lifestyle	
  can:
             • Increase	
  individual	
  wellbeing                                                                Helps
             • Help	
  the	
  individual	
  to	
  feel	
  good	
  (SEROTONIN)
             • Help	
  relieve	
  stress                                                                      individual                 3 categories of a
                                                                                                                                       healthy active lifestyle
             • Increase	
  self	
  esteem	
  and	
  conAidence                                                to feel and
             • Contribute	
  to	
  good	
  health                                                              look good
             • Contribute	
  to	
  enjoyment	
  of	
  life
  4.       Explain	
  how	
  participation	
  in	
  physical	
  activity	
  can	
  stimulate
             • Cooperation
             • Competition
             • Physical	
  challenge                                                                             REASONS
                                                                               Develops                           FOR                     Enhances
                                                                             friendships                    PARTICIPATING IN
                                                                                                               PHYSICAL                  body shape
Benefits of taking part                     Co-
                                                                              and social                       ACTIVITY
                                        operation                               mixing


                                                                                                   Help
                                                                                                 relieves                      Contributes
                                                                                             stress/tension                   to good health
                                                                                             & Stress related                 and enjoyment
                                       BENEFITS                                                                                   of life
                                                                                                   illness
                                      OF SPORTING
          Aesthetic                     CLUBS &                       Competition
         appreciation
                                     PARTICIPATION
                                                                                                                                       http://bit.ly/jxn8nF




                                          Physical                                                                                     Healthy active lifestyle
                                         Challenge                                                                                      lesson presentation

                                                                            Social                           Mental                      Physical



                                                                  Develops                         Helps relieve stress Helps individual to
                                                                  friendships and                  and tension          look and feel good
                    Serotonin is                                  social mixing
                     the “feel                                    Improves co-                     Aesthetic                        Enhances body
                       good                                       operation                        appreciation                     shape
                     hormone”
                                                                  Improves                         Gives the                        Helps individual to
                                                                  competition                      performer a mental               lose weight
                                                                                                   challenge


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Be a GCSE PE Champion
            Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.2. Influences on your healthy active lifestyle


                                                  Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.    Identify	
  the	
  main	
  factors	
  that	
  affect	
  involvement	
  in	
  physical	
  activity
        • People:	
  family,	
  peers,	
  role	
  models
        • Image:	
  fashion,	
  media	
  coverage
        • Cultural	
  factors:	
  age,	
  gender
        • Resources:	
  location,	
  access
        • Health	
  and	
  wellbeing:	
  illness
        • Socio-­‐economic:	
  cost
2.    Explain	
  opportunities	
  to	
  become	
  involved	
  in	
  physical	
  activity
3.    Describe	
  a	
  number	
  of	
  initiatives	
  developed	
  to	
  encourage	
  participation
        • Minimum	
  involvement	
  in	
  PE
        • PESSCL

       Cristiano Ronaldo influences people
        to take part in physical activity




                                                                                               Tom Daly influences people to take
                                                                                                   part in physical activity


        Influences on taking part lesson


                                     Influences on taking part in physical activity

     People                 Image                  Cultural              Resources                Health and        Socio-
                                                   factors                                        well-being       economic



     “Winners never Quit. Quitters never Win!”
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Be a GCSE PE Champion
        Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.3. Exercise and fitness as part of your healthy active lifestyle

                                              Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
 1.         Understand	
  the	
  terms
            1.      Health
            2.      Exercise
            3.      Fitness	
  
            4.      Performance                                                                                          Health, fitness, exercise and
 2.         Know	
  and	
  understand	
  components	
  of	
  health	
  related	
  exercise                                  performance lesson
            1.      Cardiovascular	
  Aitness
            2.      Muscular	
  strength
            3.      Muscular	
  Endurance
            4.      Flexibility
            5.      Body	
  Composition                                                                                          Health
                                                                                                                                 Related
                                                                                                                                 Fitness
                                                          Cardiovascular Fitness
                                                   !   Examples
                                                       1.       Playing 90 minutes in football matches
                                                       2.       Playing Cricket matches that could last
                                                                for 3-5 days
                                                       3.       Running in a marathon

       Muscular Strength                                                                                                Muscular Endurance
Examples                                                                                                      !   Examples
1.       Weightlifting                                                                                            1.       Long distance walking
2.       Rugby                                                              5                                     2.       Long distance running
3.       Can be developed by lifting heavy weights with                                                           3.       Long distance swimming
                                                                      components
         few reps
                                                                       of Health
                                                                         related
                                                                        exercise



            Body Composition                                                                                              Flexibility
   !   Examples                                                                                           !   Examples
       1.       Different Somatotypes                                                                         1.       Hurdling in athletics
       2.       Mesomorph                                                                                     2.       Gymnastics – performing
       3.       Endomorph                                      5 components of Health related                          complex sequences
       4.       Ectomorph                                            exercise lesson                          3.       Swimming




   Fat Men Eat More Sweets Cos Fit Boys Can’t
                                                         KEY DEFINITIONS
       1.       Health – State of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and
                infirmity
       2.       Fitness – The ability to meet demands of the environment
       3.       Exercise – a form of physical activity which maintains or improves health and/or physical fitness
       4.       Performance – how well a task is completed




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Be a GCSE PE Champion
     Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.3. Exercise and fitness as part of your healthy active lifestyle

                                                 Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)                                    6 Skill
1.      De?ine:                                                                                                                       related
        1.     Agility                                                                                                                fitness
                                                                                                                                    components
        2.     Balance                                                                                                                 video
        3.     Coordination
        4.     Power
        5.     Reaction	
  Time
        6.     Speed
2.      Identify	
  the	
  importance	
  of	
  each	
  to	
  different	
  physical	
  activities
                                                                                                                          Skill
                                              Agility
                                    The ability to change the position of the body
                                                                                                                        Related
                                                                                                                        Fitness
                                    quickly and to control the movement of the
                                    whole body




                             Co-ordination                                                      Balance
                                Ability to use two or more                                  The ability to retain the
                                parts of the body together                                  centre of mass of the
                                                                                            body above the base of
                                                                                            support with reference
                                                                                            to static or dynamic
                                                                                            conditions of movement

                                Speed                                                       or shape

                       The differential rate at which
                       an individual is able to perform
                       a movement or cover a
                       distance in a period of time



                                                                                                                              Power
                                                                                                                        The ability to undertake
                                                                                                                        strength performances
                                                                                                                        quickly
                                                                                                                        Power = strength x speed


                          Reaction Time                                                                                                6 Skill
                          The time between the
                                                                                                                                      related
                          presentation of a stimulus and
                                                                                                                                      fitness
                          the onset of movement                                                                                     components
                                                                                                                                      lesson




                          A B C P R S or R S P C A B

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Be a GCSE PE Champion
        Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.4. Physical activity as part of your healthy active lifestyle


                                                         Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.       Know	
  what	
  is	
  meant	
  by	
  a	
  PAR-­‐Q

2.       Assess	
  health-­‐related	
  exercise,	
  and	
  skill-­‐related	
  Aitness	
  using	
  a	
  number	
  of	
  tests      Assessing
                                                                                                                                     your
                                                                                                                                   fitness
                                       PAR-­Q	
  (Physical	
  Activity	
  Readiness	
  Questionnaire)                               levels
                                       • Before	
  starting	
  an	
  exercise	
  programme	
  you	
  must	
  
                        Assessing
                       your fitness       make	
  sure	
  you	
  are	
  ready	
  to	
  do	
  so
                       levels video    • Before	
  you	
  can	
  complete	
  the	
  questionnaire	
  you	
  
                                         need	
  to	
  be	
  sure	
  about	
  your	
  medical	
  history:	
  any	
  
                                         medical	
  conditions	
  or	
  other	
  concerns


        Health                 Component                                                                         Skill related        Component
        related                  tested                                                                          fitness tests           tested
     fitness tests

     Coopers 12              Cardiovascular                                                                    Illinois agility         Agility
     min run /                Endurance /                                                                      run
     Harvard step               Fitness
     test

     Hand grip                   Muscular                                                                      Stork stand              Balance
     dynamometer                 Strength



     1 min sit up                Muscular                                                                      Alternate hand        Co-ordination
     and press up               Endurance                                                                      wall throw
     test

     Sit and reach               Flexibility                                                                   Sergeant                 Power
                                                                                                               jump / standing
                                                                                                               broad jump

     Skin fold                   Body                                                                          Ruler drop test         Reaction
     calipers                  Composition                                                                                              Time



                                                                                                               30 min sprint            Speed
      You can use the information you collect from
        these fitness tests to assist your exercise
     programme which will work towards improving
          your performance and fitness levels

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Be a GCSE PE Champion
         Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.4. Physical activity as part of your healthy active lifestyle

                                                       Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
 1.        Explain	
  the	
  principles	
  of	
  training
 2.        Show	
  how	
  to	
  use	
  these	
  principles	
  to	
  improve	
  your	
  Aitness	
  in	
  a	
  personal	
  exercise	
  programme
 3.        Explain	
  the	
  components	
  of	
  the	
  FITT	
  principle	
  and	
  understand	
  how	
  components	
  overlap	
  with	
  other	
  
           principles	
  of	
  training
 4.        Appreciate	
  how	
  application	
  of	
  the	
  FITT	
  principle	
  can	
  improve	
  performance	
  and	
  Aitness
 5.        Understand	
  the	
  term	
  reversibility	
  and	
  its	
  impact	
  on	
  performance


                                        ISPORRRT FITT
                            Individual Needs                                                               Specificity
                      Matching the training to the requirements of                             Matching the training to the requirements of
                                      an individual                                                             an activity



Principles of
  training
                                                         Progressive Overload
   lesson
                                                         To gradually increase the amount of overload
                                                           so that fitness gains occur, but without
                                                                      potential for injury

                      Rest                                                                                                Recovery
      the period of time allotted to recovery                                                           the time required for the repair of damage to
                                                                                                         the body caused by training or competition



         Thresholds of Training                                                                                    Reversibility
         within your threshold. 60% to 80% of MHR.                                                          Any adaptation that takes place as a
                       MHR = 220-age                                                                    consequence of training will be reversed when
                                                                                                                     you stop training



                                                                              Frequency - How often you train

                                                                              Intensity - How hard you train

                                                                              Time - How long you train

                                                                              Type - What kind of training you do




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Be a GCSE PE Champion
       Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.4. Physical activity as part of your healthy active lifestyle


                                                  Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.      Describe	
  and	
  explain	
  the	
  principles	
  of	
  setting	
  SMART	
  goals
2.      Apply	
  SMART	
  goals	
  (speciAic,	
  measurable,	
  achievable,	
  realistic,	
  time-­‐bound)	
  when	
  setting	
  up	
  a	
  personal	
  
        exercise	
  programme	
  in	
  order	
  to	
  gain	
  maximum	
  beneAit	
  from	
  it


                                                     Setting	
  SMART	
  goals
                                                     SMART	
  goal	
  setting	
  is	
  used	
  widely	
  in	
  sport,	
  work,	
  and	
  leisure	
  to	
  help	
  
                  Goal                               make	
  people’s	
  goals	
  easier	
  to	
  achieve.	
  SMART	
  is	
  another	
  acronym:
                 Setting                             • SpeciAic
                                                     • Measurable
                                                     • Achievable
                                                     • Realistic
                                                     • Time-­‐bound




     Specific         Means knowing exactly what the goal is. E.g. an overall goal might be ‘I want to be
                     fitter’, but this is not very specific. It is much better to set smaller, more specific
                     goals; these act as a clear series of steps towards the overall goal. A more specific
                     goal for someone who wants to be fitter might be ‘I want to run 100 metres further
                     in my Cooper’s run test’

 Measurable          Means that it will be easy to know when a goal has been achieved. The goal of running
                     an extra 100 metres in the Cooper’s Run test is clearly measurable

 Achievable          Running an extra 100 metres in the Cooper’s run test after six weeks’ training may
                     well be achievable. Running a 26-mile marathon after four weeks training will not.
                     Setting unachievable goals is likely to result in feelings of demotivation

     Realistic      A goal may well be achievable in theory, but if it is not achievable in practice it is
                    necessary to have the time and resources to complete it. E.g. ‘I want to get stronger
                    biceps by being able to curl an additional 2kg after a two-week training programme’ may
                    be an achievable goal, but if the gym is not open at suitable time, it might not be very
                    realistic
 Time-bound          Does the goal have an end point? If not, it is easy to put off achieving it indefinitely!
                     Personal exercise programmes run for six weeks so are time-bound, as the goals set
                     have to be achieved within six weeks



         “I can accept failure, everyone fails at
        something. But I can't accept not trying”
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Be a GCSE PE Champion
        Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.4. Physical activity as part of your healthy active lifestyle


                                                       Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.        Know	
  and	
  describe	
  the	
  six	
  different	
  training	
  methods:	
  Interval,	
  Continuous,	
  Fartlek,	
  Circuit,	
  Weight	
  and	
  
          Cross
2.        Know	
  which	
  sports	
  and	
  activities	
  each	
  is	
  most	
  suited	
  to
3.        Explain	
  how	
  each	
  can	
  improve	
  health	
  and	
  Aitness
4.        Understand	
  their	
  relationships	
  with	
  the	
  components	
  of	
  Aitness	
  and	
  principles	
  of	
  training




                         Methods of
                          Training




                                                             CCCWIF
                        There are 6 types of training methods.

                        1.   CIRCUIT TRAINING – A set of 6 to 10 exercises performed at stations in an organised pattern. Each
                             exercise is performed for specified number of repetitions or for a prescribed time before moving on to the
                             next exercise
 Methods of training 2.      CROSS TRAINING – Using more than one training method
      lesson         3.      CONTINOUS TRAINING – Continuous training is steady training. The working heart rate will not be very
                             high, there are no rest periods and the session usually lasts for at least 15 to 20 minutes
                        4.   WEIGHT TRAINING – Weight training uses progressive resistance, either in the form of the actual weight
                             lifted or in terms of the number of times the weight is lifted
                        5.   INTERVAL TRAINING – High intensity periods of work followed by defined periods of rest
                        6.   FARTLEK TRAINING – This type of training allows an athlete to run at varying speeds, over unmeasured
                             distances, on different terrain. (Fartlek is Swedish for ‘Speed play’)
                        7.
        Circuit              Continuous                      Cross                     Weight                    Interval                    Fartlek

 General fitness              Long distance                Sprinters              Strength events           Football, hockey,             Team games
                                athletes                                                                        netball

     All components          Cardiovascular                Speed and                   Muscular                    Speed                      Speed
                                fitness                    Muscular                    strength
                                                           Strength

People of all levels         Can be adapted            Allows a variety           Easy to monitor             Suited to most           Includes rest for
  can take part                using FITT                 of training              progress and                   games                    recovery
                                principle                                            overload




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Be a GCSE PE Champion
                Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.5. Your personal health and wellbeing

                                                    Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.   Understand	
  the	
  links	
  between	
  exercise,	
  diet,	
  work	
  and	
  rest	
  and	
  how	
  these	
  factors	
  inAluence	
  your	
  personal	
  
     health	
  and	
  wellbeing                                                                                                    Balanced diet video
2.   Explain	
  the	
  requirements	
  of	
  a	
  balanced	
  diet
3.   Recall	
  the	
  factors	
  of	
  balanced	
  diet
4.   Explain	
  how	
  each	
  of	
  these	
  factors	
  Aits	
  into	
  a	
  balanced,	
  healthy	
  lifestyle

                                                                  Fruit, cakes, beer, sweets,
 Carbohydrates                                                    granulated sugar and bread, pasta
                                                                  rice, potatoes.

                                                                                                     Ready source of energy when
                                                                                                     muscles need it. Athletes training
                                   Ready source of energy
                                                                                                     hard use carbohydrates quickly so
                                   Store of energy as Glycogen
                                                                                                     diet should be high in this food
                                                                                                     type.


Milk, cheese, butter, oils,
                                                                         Source of energy (slow release)
chocolate, fatty meats, soya beans
and corn.
                                                                         Can be stored in body                                        Fats
                       Increase size and weight of body
                       beneficial to performers with
                       extra bulk e.g. Shot putter. Excess
                       weight can inhibit performance
                       though.



     Protein                        Growth and Repair of tissues,
                                    enzymes and hormones
                                                                                                       Meat, fish, pulses (chick peas,
                                                                                                       lentils and beans), nuts, eggs and
                                                                                                       poultry
                                          Builds muscle and repairs tissue
                                          within body. Essential after injury
                                          to heal quickly. Sportspeople who
                                          have large muscles need extra
                                          protein.
                                        Calcium a                                                       aste
     Minerals                                                                                                      Fibre
                                                                                                 w
                                                       nd Iron                       Gets rid of
                                                                      Micro
                                                                     nutrients        Ke e p s u s
                                              A     ,B1,C,D                                          hydrated

     Vitamins                         Vitamin
                                                                                                                   Water
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Be a GCSE PE Champion
       Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.1. Different body types


                                                    Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.    Describe	
  the	
  different	
  body	
  types	
  (somatotypes):	
  Endomorph,	
  Mesomorph,	
  Ectomorph
2.    Explain	
  the	
  effect	
  each	
  can	
  have	
  a	
  participation	
  and	
  performance
3.    Identify	
  activities	
  where	
  different	
  body	
  types	
  are	
  an	
  advantage                    Different body types
                                                                                                                         video




                                 Somatotypes




      Ectomorph                                    Endomorph                                      Mesomorph
 1.    Slightly built,                     1.      Round/ ‘pear drop’ shape                  1.      ‘Athletic Build’
       delicate body                       2.      Narrow shoulders and                      2.      Muscular, large
 2.    Narrow shoulders                            broad hips                                        trunk
       and hips                            3.      Carry weight around waist                 3.      Broad shoulders,
 3.    Lean, fragile                               and on hips and upper                             narrow hips
 4.    E.G. Marathon                               thighs                                    4.      E.G. 100m
       Runner                              4.      E.G. Sumo wrestler                                Sprinter

                                                       Different body types
                                                              lesson




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Be a GCSE PE Champion
         Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.2. Optimum weight


                                                Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.   Optimum	
  weight	
  and	
  why	
  it	
  varies	
  according	
  to	
  height,	
  gender,	
  bone	
  structure	
  and	
  muscle	
  girth
2.   How	
  optimum	
  weight	
  can	
  affect	
  performance	
  and	
  participation	
  in	
  physical	
  activity

Factors affecting optimum weight
• Height - taller people are usually, although not always
  heavier than shorter people
• Gender - men and women have different body composition;
  men tend to have more muscle and larger bones. Therefore
  males and females have different charts to find their
  optimum weight
• Bone structure - bodies have different bone structures,
  sometimes referred to as frame size. The man with the
  larger frame would not have a similar optimum weight to a
  man with narrow shoulders and hips.
• Muscle girth - people naturally have different muscle
  girth which means that they weigh more; simple charts
  that measure optimum weight only according to height may
                                                                                                             Body composition is
  suggest that these people are overweight. Muscle girth
                                                                                                               defined as the
  increases with training.
                                                                                                             percentage of body
• Genetics - body weight and shape are largely passed in
  through the genes from parent to child
                                                                                                              weight that is fat,
                                                                                                              muscle and bone.

        Optimum is the                                          Boxers must be of an
             most                                                optimum weight in
        “favourable” or                                           order to fight in
             “best                                               their weight class
         compromise”




                        People who want to lose weight usually
                                      do so by:
                        •Decreasing calorie intake
                        •Increasing energy expenditure
                        •Doing both
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Be a GCSE PE Champion
     Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.3. Weight related conditions


                                                 Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.    Explain	
  the	
  terms;	
  Anorexic,	
  Obese,	
  Overfat,	
  Overweight,	
  Underweight
2.    Explain	
  how	
  they	
  may	
  impact	
  on	
  achieving	
  a	
  sustained	
  involvement	
  in	
  physical	
  activity


              Key definitions
 • Overweight - having weight in excess
   than normal, harmless unless
   accompanied with over fatness

 • Overfat - person having more fat than
   recommended for gender and age

 • Obese - Term used to describe people who
   are very overfat
                                                                                                   Sumo wrestlers are at risk of
                                                                                                   being Obese even though the
                                                                                                   extra weight is beneficial for
                                                                                                           their sport
      Extremely thin sports people
      act as role models for younger
                  people.




                                                                               Key definitions
                                                               • Anorexia nervosa - a prolonged eating
                                                                 disorder due to loss of appetite

                                                               • Underweight - weighing less than normal,
                                                                 healthy or required




                                                 www.eezipezi.co.uk
Be a GCSE PE Champion
          Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.4. Drugs in Sport


                                                     Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.   Explain	
  the	
  effects	
  of	
  smoking	
  and	
  alcohol	
  on	
  general	
  health	
  and	
  on	
  physical	
  activity
2.   Know	
  about	
  different	
  categories	
  of	
  drugs	
  (anabolic	
  steroids,	
  beta	
  blockers,	
  diuretics,	
  narcotic	
  analgesics,	
  
     stimulants,	
  peptide	
  hormones	
  -­‐	
  including	
  erythropoitein/EPO)
3.   The	
  effects	
  they	
  may	
  have	
  on	
  health,	
  wellbeing	
  and	
  physical	
  performance	
  and	
  why	
  some	
  performers	
  
     might	
  risk	
  using	
  them




                   Recreational Drugs
                                                                                 Alcohol
                                                              • Affects co-ordination, speech and judgement
                                                              •             Slows your reactions
                                                              •         Makes muscles tire quickly
                                                              • Eventually damages heart, liver, kidneys,
                                                                    brain, muscles and digestive system


               Smoking
•    Causes nose, throat and chest
               irritations
•     Makes you short of breath
• Increases risk of developing heart
  disease, lung cancer and bronchitis
           and other diseases




 Alcohol and smoking have no Performance enhancing effects
 whatsoever for the sports performer. In fact they have the
      complete opposite. They have a negative effect on
                        performance.

                                                 www.eezipezi.co.uk
Be a GCSE PE Champion
            Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.4. Drugs in Sport

                                                       Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.     Explain	
  the	
  effects	
  of	
  smoking	
  and	
  alcohol	
  on	
  general	
  health	
  and	
  on	
  physical	
  activity
2.     Know	
  about	
  different	
  categories	
  of	
  drugs	
  (anabolic	
  steroids,	
  beta	
  blockers,	
  diuretics,	
  narcotic	
  analgesics,	
  
       stimulants,	
  peptide	
  hormones	
  -­‐	
  including	
  erythropoitein/EPO)
3.     The	
  effects	
  they	
  may	
  have	
  on	
  health,	
  wellbeing	
  and	
  physical	
  performance	
  and	
  why	
  some	
  performers	
  
       might	
  risk	
  using	
  them



            Performance enhancing drugs
     S. N. A. P. D                                 Advantages                                                   Disadvantages

Stimulants                    •Speeds up reactions and increases                               •Feeling less pain can make athlete
                              aggression                                                       train too hard
                              •Make you feel less pain                                         •Lead to high blood pressure, heart and
                                                                                               liver problems and strokes
                                                                                               •They’re addictive

Narcotic Analgesics           Kill pain - so injuries and fatigue doesn’t                      Addictive with unpleasant withdrawal
                              affect performance                                               symptoms
                                                                                               Feeling less pain can make athlete train
                                                                                               too hard
                                                                                               Lead to constipation and low blood
                                                                                               pressure

Anabolic Steroids             Increase muscle size                                             Cause high blood pressure, heart
                              Allow athletes to train harder                                   disease, infertility and cancer
                                                                                               Women may facial and body hair, and
                                                                                               their voices may deepen

Peptide Hormones              Most have similar effects as anabolic                            Cause strokes and abnormal growth
                              steroids
                              EPO - allows more oxygen carrying
                              capacity due to increase of red blood cells

Diuretics                     Weight loss - important if competing in a                        Cause cramp and dehydration
                              certain weight division
                              Can mask traces of other drugs in body




                                                   www.eezipezi.co.uk
Be a GCSE PE Champion
         Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.4. Cardiovascular system


                                                  Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.     Understand	
  the	
  immediate	
  and	
  short-­‐term	
  effects	
  of	
  participation	
  in	
  exercise	
  and	
  physical	
  activity	
  
       including:
• Increased	
  heart	
  rate
• systolic	
  /	
  diastolic	
  blood	
  pressure
• increased	
  blood	
  pressure

     What is the Cardiovascular                                          Cardiovascular                       Heart rate (pulse rate)
                                                                         system lesson                  the number of times the heart beats
              system?                                                                                               per minute
Consists of the HEART, BLOOD and BLOOD
VESSELS
• Heart is a muscular pump, which pushes
  blood throughout the many blood vessels in
  the body                                                                                                        Systolic pressure
• Blood being pushed around the body by the                                                                 the maximum pressure in the
  heart has two main functions:                                                                           arteries when the heart contracts
1. to supply the body with oxygen and                                                                     and pushes blood out through the
    nutrients                                                                                                     aorta into the body
2. to remove waste products such as carbon
    dioxide
                                                                                                What happens to the
           Blood pressure                                                                   cardiovascular system during
the force exerted by circulating blood                                                               exercise?
  on the walls of the blood vessels                                                        1. Increased heart rate - Exercise makes the
                                                                                              body work harder. As a result, the
                                                                                              muscles require more oxygen and more
         Diastolic pressure                                                                   nutrients.
 the pressure of the blood during the                                                      2. Increased blood pressure - increases
   relaxation phase between heart                                                             during exercise because more blood is
   beats (when the heart is at rest)                                                          pumped around the body


                     The benefits of regular exercise on the Cardiovascular system
1.   heart pumps more blood per beat (increased stroke volume) and become more efficient
2.   lower resting heart rate
3.   return to resting pulse rate quicker (recovery rate)
4.   lower blood pressure
5.   veins and arteries become healthier reducing the risk of coronary heart disease
6.   size and volume of heart increases
7.   resting heart rate is reduced, lowering work load on the heart

         Cardiac output                                                                          Stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected from the                                                   the volume of the blood pumped out
       heart in one minute                                                             of the heart by each ventricle during
                                                                                                 one contraction



                                                     www.eezipezi.co.uk
Be a GCSE PE Champion
         Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.4. The respiratory system


                                                          Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.       Understand	
  the	
  main	
  function	
  of	
  the	
  respiratory	
  system	
  and	
  respiration                       Respiratory
2.       know	
  the	
  immediate	
  effects	
  of	
  participation	
  in	
  exercise                                             system
3.       the	
  long	
  term	
  effects	
  of	
  regular	
  participation	
  in	
  exercise                                        lesson

4.       the	
  effects	
  of	
  smoking	
  on	
  the	
  respiratory	
  system

       The respiratory system has two main functions: !                       1. to bring oxygen into the body
     !      !     !      !     !      !     !      !                          2. to take carbon dioxide out of the body

                                                                                                                 Vital capacity
             Tidal Volume
                                                                                                     is the greatest amount of air that can
  is the amount of air inspired and
                                                                                                      be made to pass into and out of the
 expired with each normal breath at
                                                                                                     lungs by the most forceful inspiration
        rest or during exercise
                                                                                                                 and expiration


                                         Bronchus                                                   Trachea


                                                                                                                       Alveoli



                                                                                                        Bronchioles
                                     Ribcage


                                            Lungs


                                                                                                           Diaphragm
                             Abdominal muscles



                          Immediate effects of exercise on the respiratory system
1. Breathing quickens and deepens
2. Oxygen debt
                          long term benefits of exercise on the respiratory system
1. Lung capacity increases
2. Increased vital capacity
3. Number of alveoli increases




                                                    www.eezipezi.co.uk
Be a GCSE PE Champion
         Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.5. The muscular system


                                                Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.       Know	
  the	
  major	
  muscle	
  groups	
  and	
  which	
  physical	
  activities	
  beneAit	
  them	
  and	
  the	
  role	
  of	
  muscles	
  in	
  
         movement

                                                         Muscles are arranged in
        The muscles
                                                       antagonistic pairs, so
                                                        when one muscle contracts
 1.        deltoid                                     and pulls the other relaxes to
 2.        trapezius                                      allow the joint to work
 3.        latissimus
           dorsi                Long term effect of participation
 4.        pectorals 1. Increased muscle size (hypertrophy)
 5.                                        Potential injuries
           abdominals 1. Soft tissue injuries (tears, pulls and strains)
 6.        biceps     2. Warming up and cooling down can minimise these
 7.        triceps       injuries
                      3. RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) treatment is
 8.        gluteals      used for muscle strains
 9.        quadriceps
 10.       hamstrings                            Muscle                Produces                                                                Example
 11.       gastrocnemius                  Deltoid                 Abducts upper arm                                                    Serve in tennis

                                                                   Trapezius                         Rotates shoulder                  Rowing
        Isotonic contractions
                                                                   Latissimus Dorsi                  Rotates upper arm                 Swimming butterfly
     Muscle contraction that results
          in limb movement                                         Pectorals                         Adduction of arm                  Swimming front
                                                                                                                                       crawl
    Isometric contractions                                         Abdominals                        Flexion and rotation Rowing
    Muscle contraction which                                                                         of trunk
 results in increased tension but
                                                                   Biceps                            Flexion of the arm                Throwing cricket
    the length does not alter                                                                        at elbow                          ball

                                                                   Triceps                           Extension of the                  Throwing cricket
                                                                                                     arm                               ball

                                                                   Gluteals                          Extension of the leg Running

                                                                   Quadriceps                        Extension at the                  Kicking a football
                                                                                                     knee

                                                                   Hamstrings                        Flexion at the knee               Sprinting

                                                                   Gastrocnemius                     Plantar flexion                    Running



                                                        www.eezipezi.co.uk
Be a GCSE PE Champion
        Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.6. The skeletal system


                                                  Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.     Understand	
  the	
  three	
  functions	
  of	
  the	
  skeletal	
  system
2.     Understand	
  the	
  potential	
  for	
  injuries	
  such	
  as	
  fractures	
  and	
  joint	
  injuries

                                                                   Functions of the Skeletal system
                                                              1.        Movement - where bones meet they form
                                                                        joints, which act as levers
                                                              2.        Support - The bones and skeletal system
                                                                        give the body shape. Skeleton acts as a
                                                                        framework
                                                              3.        Protection - Cranium protects the brain,
                                                                        vertebral column protects the spinal cord,
                                                                        ribs protect the heart and lungs

                            Injuries to the skeletal system



 The R.I.C.E. process
1. Rest - stop playing or
   training
2. Ice - the cold can provide
   some pain relief and
   limits swelling by
   reducing blood flow to the
   injured area
3. Compression - use
   pressure to hold the ice
   pack on the injury. This
   also limits swelling and
   may sometimes provide                                                         Injuries to joints
   pain relief                 1.                   Tennis and golfer’s elbow - both are overuse injuries to the
4. Elevation - raise the                            tendons at the elbow joint
   injury, and keep it raised.
                               2.                   Dislocations - when a bone at a joint is forced out of its
   Again, this helps to
   reduce swelling                                  normal position
                               3.                   Sprain - is a damaged ligament



                                                    www.eezipezi.co.uk
Be a GCSE PE Champion
                  Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.7. Joints


                                              Objectives:	
  (you	
  should	
  be	
  able	
  to)
1.    Know	
  the	
  ranges	
  of	
  movement	
  possible	
  at	
  a	
  hinge	
  and	
  ball	
  and	
  socket	
  joint	
  (Alexion,	
  extension,	
  abduction,	
  
      adduction	
  and	
  rotation)




 Hinge joint
 1. Knee
 2. Elbow
                                         Movements possible at Hinge joint                        Flexion,
                                                                                               Extension and
                                                                                                 Rotation
                                                                                                                                        Ball and Socket

 Flexion,                                                                                                                                     joint
                                                                                                                                      1. Shoulder
                                                                                                                                      2. Hip

Extension,                                        Movements possible at Ball and
                                                         Socket joint

Abduction,
Adduction
 Rotation
                                                    Movements




                                                    www.eezipezi.co.uk

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Gcse pe revision booklet

  • 1. Be a GCSE PE Champion “To succeed... you need to find something to hold on to, something to motivate you, something to inspire you” Revision Booklet The difference between the impossible and the possible lies in a person's determination” www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 2. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.1. Healthy active lifestyles and how they benefit you Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Explain  what  constitutes  a  healthy  active  lifestyle 2. Classify  the  bene?its  of  a  healthy,  active  lifestyle  as  physical,  mental  or  social 3. Explain  how  a  healthy  active  lifestyle  can: • Increase  individual  wellbeing Helps • Help  the  individual  to  feel  good  (SEROTONIN) • Help  relieve  stress individual 3 categories of a healthy active lifestyle • Increase  self  esteem  and  conAidence to feel and • Contribute  to  good  health look good • Contribute  to  enjoyment  of  life 4. Explain  how  participation  in  physical  activity  can  stimulate • Cooperation • Competition • Physical  challenge REASONS Develops FOR Enhances friendships PARTICIPATING IN PHYSICAL body shape Benefits of taking part Co- and social ACTIVITY operation mixing Help relieves Contributes stress/tension to good health & Stress related and enjoyment BENEFITS of life illness OF SPORTING Aesthetic CLUBS & Competition appreciation PARTICIPATION http://bit.ly/jxn8nF Physical Healthy active lifestyle Challenge lesson presentation Social Mental Physical Develops Helps relieve stress Helps individual to friendships and and tension look and feel good Serotonin is social mixing the “feel Improves co- Aesthetic Enhances body good operation appreciation shape hormone” Improves Gives the Helps individual to competition performer a mental lose weight challenge www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 3. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.2. Influences on your healthy active lifestyle Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Identify  the  main  factors  that  affect  involvement  in  physical  activity • People:  family,  peers,  role  models • Image:  fashion,  media  coverage • Cultural  factors:  age,  gender • Resources:  location,  access • Health  and  wellbeing:  illness • Socio-­‐economic:  cost 2. Explain  opportunities  to  become  involved  in  physical  activity 3. Describe  a  number  of  initiatives  developed  to  encourage  participation • Minimum  involvement  in  PE • PESSCL Cristiano Ronaldo influences people to take part in physical activity Tom Daly influences people to take part in physical activity Influences on taking part lesson Influences on taking part in physical activity People Image Cultural Resources Health and Socio- factors well-being economic “Winners never Quit. Quitters never Win!” www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 4. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.3. Exercise and fitness as part of your healthy active lifestyle Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Understand  the  terms 1. Health 2. Exercise 3. Fitness   4. Performance Health, fitness, exercise and 2. Know  and  understand  components  of  health  related  exercise performance lesson 1. Cardiovascular  Aitness 2. Muscular  strength 3. Muscular  Endurance 4. Flexibility 5. Body  Composition Health Related Fitness Cardiovascular Fitness ! Examples 1. Playing 90 minutes in football matches 2. Playing Cricket matches that could last for 3-5 days 3. Running in a marathon Muscular Strength Muscular Endurance Examples ! Examples 1. Weightlifting 1. Long distance walking 2. Rugby 5 2. Long distance running 3. Can be developed by lifting heavy weights with 3. Long distance swimming components few reps of Health related exercise Body Composition Flexibility ! Examples ! Examples 1. Different Somatotypes 1. Hurdling in athletics 2. Mesomorph 2. Gymnastics – performing 3. Endomorph 5 components of Health related complex sequences 4. Ectomorph exercise lesson 3. Swimming Fat Men Eat More Sweets Cos Fit Boys Can’t KEY DEFINITIONS 1. Health – State of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity 2. Fitness – The ability to meet demands of the environment 3. Exercise – a form of physical activity which maintains or improves health and/or physical fitness 4. Performance – how well a task is completed www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 5. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.3. Exercise and fitness as part of your healthy active lifestyle Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 6 Skill 1. De?ine: related 1. Agility fitness components 2. Balance video 3. Coordination 4. Power 5. Reaction  Time 6. Speed 2. Identify  the  importance  of  each  to  different  physical  activities Skill Agility The ability to change the position of the body Related Fitness quickly and to control the movement of the whole body Co-ordination Balance Ability to use two or more The ability to retain the parts of the body together centre of mass of the body above the base of support with reference to static or dynamic conditions of movement Speed or shape The differential rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time Power The ability to undertake strength performances quickly Power = strength x speed Reaction Time 6 Skill The time between the related presentation of a stimulus and fitness the onset of movement components lesson A B C P R S or R S P C A B www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 6. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.4. Physical activity as part of your healthy active lifestyle Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Know  what  is  meant  by  a  PAR-­‐Q 2. Assess  health-­‐related  exercise,  and  skill-­‐related  Aitness  using  a  number  of  tests Assessing your fitness PAR-­Q  (Physical  Activity  Readiness  Questionnaire) levels • Before  starting  an  exercise  programme  you  must   Assessing your fitness make  sure  you  are  ready  to  do  so levels video • Before  you  can  complete  the  questionnaire  you   need  to  be  sure  about  your  medical  history:  any   medical  conditions  or  other  concerns Health Component Skill related Component related tested fitness tests tested fitness tests Coopers 12 Cardiovascular Illinois agility Agility min run / Endurance / run Harvard step Fitness test Hand grip Muscular Stork stand Balance dynamometer Strength 1 min sit up Muscular Alternate hand Co-ordination and press up Endurance wall throw test Sit and reach Flexibility Sergeant Power jump / standing broad jump Skin fold Body Ruler drop test Reaction calipers Composition Time 30 min sprint Speed You can use the information you collect from these fitness tests to assist your exercise programme which will work towards improving your performance and fitness levels www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 7. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.4. Physical activity as part of your healthy active lifestyle Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Explain  the  principles  of  training 2. Show  how  to  use  these  principles  to  improve  your  Aitness  in  a  personal  exercise  programme 3. Explain  the  components  of  the  FITT  principle  and  understand  how  components  overlap  with  other   principles  of  training 4. Appreciate  how  application  of  the  FITT  principle  can  improve  performance  and  Aitness 5. Understand  the  term  reversibility  and  its  impact  on  performance ISPORRRT FITT Individual Needs Specificity Matching the training to the requirements of Matching the training to the requirements of an individual an activity Principles of training Progressive Overload lesson To gradually increase the amount of overload so that fitness gains occur, but without potential for injury Rest Recovery the period of time allotted to recovery the time required for the repair of damage to the body caused by training or competition Thresholds of Training Reversibility within your threshold. 60% to 80% of MHR. Any adaptation that takes place as a MHR = 220-age consequence of training will be reversed when you stop training Frequency - How often you train Intensity - How hard you train Time - How long you train Type - What kind of training you do www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 8. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.4. Physical activity as part of your healthy active lifestyle Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Describe  and  explain  the  principles  of  setting  SMART  goals 2. Apply  SMART  goals  (speciAic,  measurable,  achievable,  realistic,  time-­‐bound)  when  setting  up  a  personal   exercise  programme  in  order  to  gain  maximum  beneAit  from  it Setting  SMART  goals SMART  goal  setting  is  used  widely  in  sport,  work,  and  leisure  to  help   Goal make  people’s  goals  easier  to  achieve.  SMART  is  another  acronym: Setting • SpeciAic • Measurable • Achievable • Realistic • Time-­‐bound Specific Means knowing exactly what the goal is. E.g. an overall goal might be ‘I want to be fitter’, but this is not very specific. It is much better to set smaller, more specific goals; these act as a clear series of steps towards the overall goal. A more specific goal for someone who wants to be fitter might be ‘I want to run 100 metres further in my Cooper’s run test’ Measurable Means that it will be easy to know when a goal has been achieved. The goal of running an extra 100 metres in the Cooper’s Run test is clearly measurable Achievable Running an extra 100 metres in the Cooper’s run test after six weeks’ training may well be achievable. Running a 26-mile marathon after four weeks training will not. Setting unachievable goals is likely to result in feelings of demotivation Realistic A goal may well be achievable in theory, but if it is not achievable in practice it is necessary to have the time and resources to complete it. E.g. ‘I want to get stronger biceps by being able to curl an additional 2kg after a two-week training programme’ may be an achievable goal, but if the gym is not open at suitable time, it might not be very realistic Time-bound Does the goal have an end point? If not, it is easy to put off achieving it indefinitely! Personal exercise programmes run for six weeks so are time-bound, as the goals set have to be achieved within six weeks “I can accept failure, everyone fails at something. But I can't accept not trying” www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 9. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.4. Physical activity as part of your healthy active lifestyle Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Know  and  describe  the  six  different  training  methods:  Interval,  Continuous,  Fartlek,  Circuit,  Weight  and   Cross 2. Know  which  sports  and  activities  each  is  most  suited  to 3. Explain  how  each  can  improve  health  and  Aitness 4. Understand  their  relationships  with  the  components  of  Aitness  and  principles  of  training Methods of Training CCCWIF There are 6 types of training methods. 1. CIRCUIT TRAINING – A set of 6 to 10 exercises performed at stations in an organised pattern. Each exercise is performed for specified number of repetitions or for a prescribed time before moving on to the next exercise Methods of training 2. CROSS TRAINING – Using more than one training method lesson 3. CONTINOUS TRAINING – Continuous training is steady training. The working heart rate will not be very high, there are no rest periods and the session usually lasts for at least 15 to 20 minutes 4. WEIGHT TRAINING – Weight training uses progressive resistance, either in the form of the actual weight lifted or in terms of the number of times the weight is lifted 5. INTERVAL TRAINING – High intensity periods of work followed by defined periods of rest 6. FARTLEK TRAINING – This type of training allows an athlete to run at varying speeds, over unmeasured distances, on different terrain. (Fartlek is Swedish for ‘Speed play’) 7. Circuit Continuous Cross Weight Interval Fartlek General fitness Long distance Sprinters Strength events Football, hockey, Team games athletes netball All components Cardiovascular Speed and Muscular Speed Speed fitness Muscular strength Strength People of all levels Can be adapted Allows a variety Easy to monitor Suited to most Includes rest for can take part using FITT of training progress and games recovery principle overload www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 10. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 1: Healthy Active Lifestyle - 1.5. Your personal health and wellbeing Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Understand  the  links  between  exercise,  diet,  work  and  rest  and  how  these  factors  inAluence  your  personal   health  and  wellbeing Balanced diet video 2. Explain  the  requirements  of  a  balanced  diet 3. Recall  the  factors  of  balanced  diet 4. Explain  how  each  of  these  factors  Aits  into  a  balanced,  healthy  lifestyle Fruit, cakes, beer, sweets, Carbohydrates granulated sugar and bread, pasta rice, potatoes. Ready source of energy when muscles need it. Athletes training Ready source of energy hard use carbohydrates quickly so Store of energy as Glycogen diet should be high in this food type. Milk, cheese, butter, oils, Source of energy (slow release) chocolate, fatty meats, soya beans and corn. Can be stored in body Fats Increase size and weight of body beneficial to performers with extra bulk e.g. Shot putter. Excess weight can inhibit performance though. Protein Growth and Repair of tissues, enzymes and hormones Meat, fish, pulses (chick peas, lentils and beans), nuts, eggs and poultry Builds muscle and repairs tissue within body. Essential after injury to heal quickly. Sportspeople who have large muscles need extra protein. Calcium a aste Minerals Fibre w nd Iron Gets rid of Micro nutrients Ke e p s u s A ,B1,C,D hydrated Vitamins Vitamin Water www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 11. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.1. Different body types Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Describe  the  different  body  types  (somatotypes):  Endomorph,  Mesomorph,  Ectomorph 2. Explain  the  effect  each  can  have  a  participation  and  performance 3. Identify  activities  where  different  body  types  are  an  advantage Different body types video Somatotypes Ectomorph Endomorph Mesomorph 1. Slightly built, 1. Round/ ‘pear drop’ shape 1. ‘Athletic Build’ delicate body 2. Narrow shoulders and 2. Muscular, large 2. Narrow shoulders broad hips trunk and hips 3. Carry weight around waist 3. Broad shoulders, 3. Lean, fragile and on hips and upper narrow hips 4. E.G. Marathon thighs 4. E.G. 100m Runner 4. E.G. Sumo wrestler Sprinter Different body types lesson www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 12. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.2. Optimum weight Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Optimum  weight  and  why  it  varies  according  to  height,  gender,  bone  structure  and  muscle  girth 2. How  optimum  weight  can  affect  performance  and  participation  in  physical  activity Factors affecting optimum weight • Height - taller people are usually, although not always heavier than shorter people • Gender - men and women have different body composition; men tend to have more muscle and larger bones. Therefore males and females have different charts to find their optimum weight • Bone structure - bodies have different bone structures, sometimes referred to as frame size. The man with the larger frame would not have a similar optimum weight to a man with narrow shoulders and hips. • Muscle girth - people naturally have different muscle girth which means that they weigh more; simple charts that measure optimum weight only according to height may Body composition is suggest that these people are overweight. Muscle girth defined as the increases with training. percentage of body • Genetics - body weight and shape are largely passed in through the genes from parent to child weight that is fat, muscle and bone. Optimum is the Boxers must be of an most optimum weight in “favourable” or order to fight in “best their weight class compromise” People who want to lose weight usually do so by: •Decreasing calorie intake •Increasing energy expenditure •Doing both www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 13. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.3. Weight related conditions Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Explain  the  terms;  Anorexic,  Obese,  Overfat,  Overweight,  Underweight 2. Explain  how  they  may  impact  on  achieving  a  sustained  involvement  in  physical  activity Key definitions • Overweight - having weight in excess than normal, harmless unless accompanied with over fatness • Overfat - person having more fat than recommended for gender and age • Obese - Term used to describe people who are very overfat Sumo wrestlers are at risk of being Obese even though the extra weight is beneficial for their sport Extremely thin sports people act as role models for younger people. Key definitions • Anorexia nervosa - a prolonged eating disorder due to loss of appetite • Underweight - weighing less than normal, healthy or required www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 14. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.4. Drugs in Sport Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Explain  the  effects  of  smoking  and  alcohol  on  general  health  and  on  physical  activity 2. Know  about  different  categories  of  drugs  (anabolic  steroids,  beta  blockers,  diuretics,  narcotic  analgesics,   stimulants,  peptide  hormones  -­‐  including  erythropoitein/EPO) 3. The  effects  they  may  have  on  health,  wellbeing  and  physical  performance  and  why  some  performers   might  risk  using  them Recreational Drugs Alcohol • Affects co-ordination, speech and judgement • Slows your reactions • Makes muscles tire quickly • Eventually damages heart, liver, kidneys, brain, muscles and digestive system Smoking • Causes nose, throat and chest irritations • Makes you short of breath • Increases risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and bronchitis and other diseases Alcohol and smoking have no Performance enhancing effects whatsoever for the sports performer. In fact they have the complete opposite. They have a negative effect on performance. www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 15. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.4. Drugs in Sport Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Explain  the  effects  of  smoking  and  alcohol  on  general  health  and  on  physical  activity 2. Know  about  different  categories  of  drugs  (anabolic  steroids,  beta  blockers,  diuretics,  narcotic  analgesics,   stimulants,  peptide  hormones  -­‐  including  erythropoitein/EPO) 3. The  effects  they  may  have  on  health,  wellbeing  and  physical  performance  and  why  some  performers   might  risk  using  them Performance enhancing drugs S. N. A. P. D Advantages Disadvantages Stimulants •Speeds up reactions and increases •Feeling less pain can make athlete aggression train too hard •Make you feel less pain •Lead to high blood pressure, heart and liver problems and strokes •They’re addictive Narcotic Analgesics Kill pain - so injuries and fatigue doesn’t Addictive with unpleasant withdrawal affect performance symptoms Feeling less pain can make athlete train too hard Lead to constipation and low blood pressure Anabolic Steroids Increase muscle size Cause high blood pressure, heart Allow athletes to train harder disease, infertility and cancer Women may facial and body hair, and their voices may deepen Peptide Hormones Most have similar effects as anabolic Cause strokes and abnormal growth steroids EPO - allows more oxygen carrying capacity due to increase of red blood cells Diuretics Weight loss - important if competing in a Cause cramp and dehydration certain weight division Can mask traces of other drugs in body www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 16. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.4. Cardiovascular system Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Understand  the  immediate  and  short-­‐term  effects  of  participation  in  exercise  and  physical  activity   including: • Increased  heart  rate • systolic  /  diastolic  blood  pressure • increased  blood  pressure What is the Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Heart rate (pulse rate) system lesson the number of times the heart beats system? per minute Consists of the HEART, BLOOD and BLOOD VESSELS • Heart is a muscular pump, which pushes blood throughout the many blood vessels in the body Systolic pressure • Blood being pushed around the body by the the maximum pressure in the heart has two main functions: arteries when the heart contracts 1. to supply the body with oxygen and and pushes blood out through the nutrients aorta into the body 2. to remove waste products such as carbon dioxide What happens to the Blood pressure cardiovascular system during the force exerted by circulating blood exercise? on the walls of the blood vessels 1. Increased heart rate - Exercise makes the body work harder. As a result, the muscles require more oxygen and more Diastolic pressure nutrients. the pressure of the blood during the 2. Increased blood pressure - increases relaxation phase between heart during exercise because more blood is beats (when the heart is at rest) pumped around the body The benefits of regular exercise on the Cardiovascular system 1. heart pumps more blood per beat (increased stroke volume) and become more efficient 2. lower resting heart rate 3. return to resting pulse rate quicker (recovery rate) 4. lower blood pressure 5. veins and arteries become healthier reducing the risk of coronary heart disease 6. size and volume of heart increases 7. resting heart rate is reduced, lowering work load on the heart Cardiac output Stroke volume the amount of blood ejected from the the volume of the blood pumped out heart in one minute of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 17. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.4. The respiratory system Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Understand  the  main  function  of  the  respiratory  system  and  respiration Respiratory 2. know  the  immediate  effects  of  participation  in  exercise system 3. the  long  term  effects  of  regular  participation  in  exercise lesson 4. the  effects  of  smoking  on  the  respiratory  system The respiratory system has two main functions: ! 1. to bring oxygen into the body ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2. to take carbon dioxide out of the body Vital capacity Tidal Volume is the greatest amount of air that can is the amount of air inspired and be made to pass into and out of the expired with each normal breath at lungs by the most forceful inspiration rest or during exercise and expiration Bronchus Trachea Alveoli Bronchioles Ribcage Lungs Diaphragm Abdominal muscles Immediate effects of exercise on the respiratory system 1. Breathing quickens and deepens 2. Oxygen debt long term benefits of exercise on the respiratory system 1. Lung capacity increases 2. Increased vital capacity 3. Number of alveoli increases www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 18. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.5. The muscular system Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Know  the  major  muscle  groups  and  which  physical  activities  beneAit  them  and  the  role  of  muscles  in   movement Muscles are arranged in The muscles antagonistic pairs, so when one muscle contracts 1. deltoid and pulls the other relaxes to 2. trapezius allow the joint to work 3. latissimus dorsi Long term effect of participation 4. pectorals 1. Increased muscle size (hypertrophy) 5. Potential injuries abdominals 1. Soft tissue injuries (tears, pulls and strains) 6. biceps 2. Warming up and cooling down can minimise these 7. triceps injuries 3. RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) treatment is 8. gluteals used for muscle strains 9. quadriceps 10. hamstrings Muscle Produces Example 11. gastrocnemius Deltoid Abducts upper arm Serve in tennis Trapezius Rotates shoulder Rowing Isotonic contractions Latissimus Dorsi Rotates upper arm Swimming butterfly Muscle contraction that results in limb movement Pectorals Adduction of arm Swimming front crawl Isometric contractions Abdominals Flexion and rotation Rowing Muscle contraction which of trunk results in increased tension but Biceps Flexion of the arm Throwing cricket the length does not alter at elbow ball Triceps Extension of the Throwing cricket arm ball Gluteals Extension of the leg Running Quadriceps Extension at the Kicking a football knee Hamstrings Flexion at the knee Sprinting Gastrocnemius Plantar flexion Running www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 19. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.6. The skeletal system Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Understand  the  three  functions  of  the  skeletal  system 2. Understand  the  potential  for  injuries  such  as  fractures  and  joint  injuries Functions of the Skeletal system 1. Movement - where bones meet they form joints, which act as levers 2. Support - The bones and skeletal system give the body shape. Skeleton acts as a framework 3. Protection - Cranium protects the brain, vertebral column protects the spinal cord, ribs protect the heart and lungs Injuries to the skeletal system The R.I.C.E. process 1. Rest - stop playing or training 2. Ice - the cold can provide some pain relief and limits swelling by reducing blood flow to the injured area 3. Compression - use pressure to hold the ice pack on the injury. This also limits swelling and may sometimes provide Injuries to joints pain relief 1. Tennis and golfer’s elbow - both are overuse injuries to the 4. Elevation - raise the tendons at the elbow joint injury, and keep it raised. 2. Dislocations - when a bone at a joint is forced out of its Again, this helps to reduce swelling normal position 3. Sprain - is a damaged ligament www.eezipezi.co.uk
  • 20. Be a GCSE PE Champion Section 2: Physical activity and your healthy mind and body - 2.7. Joints Objectives:  (you  should  be  able  to) 1. Know  the  ranges  of  movement  possible  at  a  hinge  and  ball  and  socket  joint  (Alexion,  extension,  abduction,   adduction  and  rotation) Hinge joint 1. Knee 2. Elbow Movements possible at Hinge joint Flexion, Extension and Rotation Ball and Socket Flexion, joint 1. Shoulder 2. Hip Extension, Movements possible at Ball and Socket joint Abduction, Adduction Rotation Movements www.eezipezi.co.uk