(Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mg)

1. Minerals
(Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mg)
HAWLER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY / MEDICINE
BIOCHEMISTRY SEMINAR
PRESENTED BY:
Van Dler
Parez Unis
Hawreen Ibrahim
Mzhda Salman
Thikra Nashwan

2. Minerals
• are inorganic ions and elements required with the diet
for growth, maintenance of tissue and regulation of body
processes.
• Minerals may be divided into two groups:
• 1-Macrominerals
like Ca, P, Na,k ,Cl,and Mg
Which are required in amounts in greater than 100mg/day.
• 2-Microminerals
like Fe, I, Mn, Co, Fluoride, Chromium, Selenium, Zn and,
Copper
• Which are required in amounts in less than 100mg/day.

3. Copper
Presented : Van

4. What is copper?
• Copper is a Trace mineral that plays an important role in our
metabolism, largely because it allows many critical enzymes
to function properly.
• Copper is essential in all higher plants and animals.
• Third most abundant trace mineral In the body.
• The total amount of copper in the body is only 75-100 mg.

5. Copper Metabolism
1. Absorbed from upper intestine.
2. Then transported to the liver bound to
albumin and exported to peripheral tissues
mainly as ceruloplasmin.
3. Metallothionein is a transport protein that
facilitates copper absorption.
4. Phytate,Zince decrease copper uptake.
5. Plasma copper 100-200 mg/dl

6. Biochemical functions
1. Is essential constituent of several enzymes
like ascorbic acid oxidase,phenol oxidase.
2. Copper is involved in many metabolic
reactions
3. It’s necessary for synthesis of hemoglobin.
4. For synthesis of melanine and phospholipids.
5. Certain copper containing non-enzymatic
proteins have been identified,but their
functions are not clearly known.these include
Hepatocuprein and Hemocuprein.

7. Copper Deficiency
Copper deficiency is caused by
malnutrition,malabsorption and nephrotic
syndrome.
Clinical features
 Neutropaenia
 Hypochromic anemia in early stages
 Various bone abnormalities

8. Menkes Syndrome
• It’s a rare disorder and inherited as x-linked
recessive disorder.
• Caused by mutation in the gene that codes
for copper binding p type ATPase in the
intestinal mucosal cell to defect in the
transport of copper from intestinal mucosal
cell to blood.
• This leads to decreased intestinal absorption
of copper.

9. Symptoms of Menkes Syndrome
• Decreased copper in plasma and urine
• Anemia
• Depigmentation of hair
• Growth failure
• Mental retardation
• Vascular defects(Lesions of the blood vessels)

10. Wilson’s disease
• A rare genetic disorder.
• Autosomal recessive inherited disorder.
• Caused by mutation in the gene that codes for
copper binding p type ATPase in liver. Leading
to defect in the transport of copper and
secretion of ceruloplasmin from the liver.
• This results in accumulation of copper in the
liver and other tissues of the body.
• Disease is fatal and death occurs at early life.

11. Symptoms of Wilson’s Disease
• Copper accumulates in Liver,Kidney And eyes
Leading to copper Toxicosis.
• Neurological symptoms
• Liver damage
• Renal tubular damage
• Kayer-fleisher ring(Brown pigment around the
Iris) at the edge of the cornea.

12. IRON
Presented : Parez

13. Introduction
• Iron is considered to be the 10th most abundant elements in
universe .Iron, is found in every living cell ,Total body content of
iron is 3-4g
• About 2/3rd of iron in the body is found in hemoglobin (Hb)
• The amount of Iron in red cells: 2300 mg,In Functional tissues:
500 mg, Absorption: 1 mg
• Physiochemical Properties
• Pure iron is lustrous, silvery and easily rusts in damp air
• Solid at 200C and its Melting point is : 15350C or 27950F
• Conducts heat and electricity and forms positive ions in its
chemical reactions
• Pure iron is fairly soft and can easily be shaped and formed when
hot
• Soluble in low pH (acid medium)

14. Functions of Iron
• Iron is important constituent of body protein…
• hemoglobin
• gives ability to carry O2 from lung to all tissues
• assists in the transport of CO2 back to lungs for expiration
• Works with other enzymes to synthesize collagen,
neurotransmitters(dopamine,epinephrine,nonepinephrin
e, serotonin) and eicosanoid.
• Iron is important constituent of body protein…
– myoglobin
• provides Oxygen to skeletal and heart muscle

15. Functions of Iron
• Acts as a cofactor for many biological reactions
– Cytochrome: in Electron transport chain helps
transport electron to molecular O2
– Cytochrome P-450: Oxidative degradation of drugs
– Mitochondria: helps conversion of citrate to
isocitrate, the first step of energy production in the
body
• Iron plays important role in
– Immune function
– Cognitive development
– Temperature regulation
– Work performance

16. Food Sources
• Two forms of dietary iron:
– Heme: Food from animal origin (meat, fish, poultry
etc.)
• absorbed better than the nonheme iron
– Nonheme: grains and food
From vegetable
Origin such as
cereal
– , legumes,
– vegetables,
– molasses,
& blackstrap.

17. Absorptions
• Heme iron absorbs directly into the absorptive cell
– Heme iron is better absorbed than non heme iron iron by
two to three times.
– Mucosal block and hemosiderin will prevent iron toxicity
Increases Absorption Decreases absorption
– Gastric acid, Low pH – Phytic acid (dietary fiber)
– Heme form of iron – Oxalic acid (leafy veg)
– High body demand – Polyphenol (tea, coffee)
– Low body stores - Full body stores of
iron
– Meat Protein Factor – Excess of Zn, Mn, Ca
– Vitamin C

18. Recommended Dietary Allowances(mg/d)
Age male female pregnancy lactation
19 to 50 years 8 18 27 9
• Deficiency
• Eighty per cent of the world population may be iron deficient,
while 30% may have Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA)-- also known
as hypochromic microcytic anaemia
• IDA Associated with:
– Low dietary intake
– Inadequate absorption
– Excess blood loss
– Vitamin A deficiency (helps mobilize Fe from the storage site),
especially common in the developing countries
– Chronic malabsorptions such as inflammatory bowel diseases

19. Deficiency…
• Who are at risk for developing IDA?
– Women of childbearing age,Pregnant women,Low birth
weight infants,Older infants and toddlers,Teenage girls
also Individuals with kidney failure (on Dialysis) because
failing kidneys cannot produce enough erythropoietin to
make RBC in the blood andIntestinal worm infestation
(hook worm etc.)
• Symptoms of IDA
– Lack of energy or tiredness,Extreme fatigue and feeling of
weakness,Pale skin,Light headedness, headache,Pale skin
on the lining of the eyes, the inner mouth and the
nails,Rapid ,forceful heartbeat and Low blood pressure
with position change from sitting to standing up

20. Deficiency Symptoms
– Finger nails that become thin, brittle and white may grow
abnormally with a spoon-shaped appearance, Tongue
may become sore, smooth and reddened, Decrease in
appetite,Shortness of breath during exercise,Decreased
immune function and increased vulnerability to
infection,A strong desire to eat nonfoods such as ice,
paint or dirt (a condition called Pica) and Disturbed sleep
and abdominal pain
Glossitis
Angular Stomatitis

21. Manganese
Presented By : Hawreen

22. Manganese
is a chemical element,
designated by the symbol Mn.
It has the atomic number 25. It
is found as a free element in
nature (often in combination
with iron), and in many
minerals. As a free element,
manganese is a metal with
important industrial metal
alloy uses, particularly in
stainless steels

23. –Sources:
• Liver and kidneys are the primary meat source of
manganese. Wheat germ, legumes, nuts, and black tea
are good plant sources.
• Manganese content of foods (mg/100g)
• Plant foods Animal foods
• Required Daily Amount (in mg)
• Infants, 0-5 months 0.5-0.7
• Infants, 5-12 months 0.7-1.0
• Children, 1-3 yrs. 1.0-1.5
• Adults, both genders 2.5-5.0

24. Functions
• Plays central role in blood clotting
• Reduces nervous irritability
• Improves weakness by stimulating transmission impulses
between the nerves and muscles
• Aids proper food metaboliazation and proper thyroid
functioning (thus weight loss assistance)
• Important for protein and nucleic acid metabolism
• Activates enzyme functions
• Normal skeletal growth and development
• Lipid synthesis and lipid metabolism
• Involved in thyroid hormone synthesis

25. Low Manganese Levels
• Symptoms and side-effects of manganese deficiency
are:
• Impaired glucose metabolism
• Diseases of the skeletal structure, and impaired growth
• Pancreatic dysfunction
• Elevated blood pressure
• Atherosclerosis
• Reduced protein metabolism
• Reduced immune function
• Ataxia
• Selenium deficiency
• Mitochondrial abnormalities

26. increased manganese levels may cause
• Impaired thiamin (B1) metabolism
• Iron deficiency
• Increased demand for vitamin C and copper.
• Manganese toxicity can cause kidney failure,, as
well as diseases of the central nervous system.
High hair manganese levels indicate problems
with calcium and/or iron metabolism.

27. • . The existence of Manganese in the body is
vital to processes on the cellular level. Without
it, enzymes that are vital to life are disrupted
and can cause complications in health. For
example, manganese aids in the formation of
connective tissue in our bodies, without it or
with minimal amounts, ligaments and muscles
for example are less flexible and injuries can
occur more readily. However, if too much
manganese is consumed then health problems
such as weakness, drowsiness and even
paralysis may occur. Luckily, consuming too
much manganese is very rare and usually
occurs to those working in mines or factories
that may inhale manganese dust.

28. Zn Presented by : Mzhda

29. Zn
• is a microminerals which is required in amounts less
than 100mg/day. 30th element in the periodic table. its
MW = 65.37, completely filled d orbitals. One oxidation
state, namely Zn2+ . Prefers tetrahedral complex
formation. Is Not a redox active metal. readily complexes
with amino acids, peptides, proteins and nucleotides.
And it has affinity for thiols, hydroxy groups & ligands
with electron-rich nitrogen donors.
• Total zinc content of body: 2g (60% in skeletal muscle,
30 % in bones)
• Daily intake for adults and children: 10 mg/day
• Daily intake for lactation and pregnancy: 15-20 mg/day

30. Found In
• In nature Zinc makes up
about 0.0075%
of Earth's crust, making
it the 24th most
abundant element.
• Dietary Sources :
• Relatively abundant
mineral found mostly in
shellfish, beef and other
red meats it also
present in Eggs, milk,
poultry, legumes & fish;
Its 80% lost to milling
and hexa & penta
phosphates depress
absorption while High
meat diets enhance its
absorption .

31. Function
1. Zinc-containing enzymes
more than 70 enzymes they serve as Secondary &
tertiary protein structures and Metal stabilized active
sites. Examples of general types like Dehydrogenases,
Phosphatases, Peptidases, Kinases & deaminases.
2. Insulin
Zn important structurally and needed for insulin
“stored”
in pancreas.
3.Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase
It acts as a cofactor , It contain general class of
enzymes that protect the body against oxidative
damage.

32. Function
4. Nuclear transcription factors
also acting as a cofactor, Same protein structural
role forms “zinc-fingers”, “Zn-fingers” bind DNA, allow
different nuclear hormones to interact with DNA via
different
DNA binding proteins.
5.It is also has a role in Cell Differentiation like in
Thymidine kinase activity and Creatine kinase activity.
6. Zinc plays a vital role in bringing the vitamin A from the
liver to the retina.

33. Zn Deficiency
• In Immune Function
Reduction in number of T and B lymphocytes.
• Zn influences Vitamin A metabolism
Night Blindness which is Hallmark deficiency sign for
Vitamin A ,Seen with Zn deficiency as well.
• In Excess accumulation within the cells it may disrupt
functions of biological molecules such as Protein,
enzymes, DNA and Leads to toxic consequences.
• Acute excessive intakes will be Local irritant to tissues
and membranes like GI distress, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal cramps, diarrhea.
• It will lead to Growth retardation, Delayed sexual
maturation & impotence, & hypospermia.

34. Zn Deficiency
• Also it will lead to Behavioral changes,
Impaired taste , Delayed healing of wounds,
burns, Impaired appetite & food intake and Eye
lesions including photophobia & lack of dark
adaptation & alopecia
• Deficiency During Pregnancy
• It is founded that Zn deficient rats failed to
conceive and Zn deficient During Pregnancy
will lead Abnormalities of blastocyst
development, and it will lead to high incidence
of abnormalities like Deformities of brain, skull,
limbs, eyes, heart, lungs.

35. Mg presented by – Thikra

36. Mg
Magnesium: A macro mineral which is
required in amounts in greater than
100mg/day , symbol Mg and atomic
number 12. It is a shiny gray solid,
involved in many processes in the body
including nerve signaling, the building of
healthy bones, and normal muscle
contraction. About 350 enzymes are
known to depend on magnesium.

37. Mg
• The normal adult human body contains :22-
26g {About 60% of the magnesium is present
in bone, & . About 20% is in skeletal muscle,
19% in other soft tissues and less than 1% in
the extracellular fluid.}
• daily level of intake sufficient to meet the
nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–
98%) healthy individuals (270-320 mg/day )

38. Sources
• The Mg is found in [Dark Leafy Greens , Nuts
and Seeds, Fish , Beans , Grains (Brown
Rice), Avocados & Dried Fruit ] .

39. Function
• More than 300 biochemical reactions in your body use Mg .
1. Bone Health: An important function of Mg is keeping your
bones healthy
2. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Mg might influence insulin
response in your body and help control blood glucose levels
through its role in carbohydrate metabolism.
3. Blood Pressure Regulation : Dietary intakes of foods rich in
Mg help regulate your blood pressure. that dietary intake of Mg
might help improve serum lipid profiles and reduce blood
pressure
4. Energy Transport: Mg is responsible for the production and
transport of energy by working as a co-factor with other enzymes
to aid digestion and the absorption of proteins, carbohydrates and
fats. & It helps your body create and transport energy by working
with the enzyme ATP

40. Deficiency
• Secondary to malabsorption , Diarrhea ,
and alcoholism .
• Early signs of Mg deficiency include loss
of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and
weakness & abnormal heart rhythms.

41. Thank
You