1. Problem Tree Analysis1
What is it?
Problem tree analysis helps to illustrate the linkages between a set of complex issues or
relationships by fitting them into a hierarchy of related factors. It is used for:
 Link together the various issues or factors which may contribute to an institutional
problem
 Help to identify the underlying or root causes of an institutional problem
The major assumption underlying the problem tree is the hierarchical relationship between
cause and effect.
How do I use it?
1. Identify the major existing problem/issues based on available information (e.g. by
brainstorming)
2. Select one focal problem for the analysis e.g. poor communications to staff
3. Develop the problem tree beginning with the substantial and direct causes of the focal
problem e.g. hierarchical and autocratic management culture
The following figure illustrates the process:
Developing the Problem Tree
Effects
Causes
FOCAL PROBLEM
1 Promoting Institutional&Organisational Development. A Source Book of Tools and Techniques. DFID. March 2003

2. This process can help to distinguish the underlying or root of an institutional problem from
their effects and guide advisers towards the critical issues that need to be tackled in
institutional development. For example, poor budgetary processes or late arrival of funds in
a Ministry may be effects of poor or non-existent Public Expenditure Management process
or poorly articulated priorities –or no money.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS: Bus Example
Effects
Core Problem
Causes
OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS: Bus Example
Effects
Core Problem
Causes
Passengers hurt or
killed
Loss of confidence
in bus company
People are late
Frequent Bus Accidents
Drivers not careful
enough
Bad conditions of
vehicles
Bad road conditions
Vehicles too old No ongoing
maintenance
Frequent Bus Accidents
Greatly Reduced
Drivers drive carefully
and responsibly
Vehicles kept in good
conditions
Road conditions
improved
Old vehicles are
regularly replaced
Vehicles regularly
maintained and
checked
Fewer passengers hurt Customers have better
image of bus company
Passengers arrive on
time