1. GENERAL SCIENCE REVIEWER- 4TH QUARTER the surroundings are called HIGH-PRESSURE AREAS.
Regions with lower pressure than the surroundings are
LATITUDE-Lines of Latitude run horizontally called LOW-PRESSURE AREAS. Most storms occur in
-Latitude is measured in degrees. low-pressure areas. Rapidly rising pressure usually
-The Equator is 0 degrees Latitude. indicates that sky is clear, falling pressure usually means a
-Lines of Latitude locate places North or South of the storm is approaching.
Equator.
-The North Pole is 90 degrees N Latitude, and the COLD AIR- is denser than WARM AIR; air EXPANDS
South Pole is 90 degrees S Latitude. as it is heated and it becomes LESS DENSE, air
CONTRACTS as it cools and it becomes DENSER.
LONGITUDE-Lines of Longitude run vertically.
They are also called Meridians. ISOBARS- Isobars are lines of equal atmospheric pressure
drawn on a meteorological map.On a weather map, isobars
The PRIME MERIDIAN is found in Greenwich, placed close together indicate that the pressure is high and
England. the wind is strong.
-The Prime Meridian is 0 degrees Longitude.
-Lines of Longitude locate places East or West of the LAYERS OFT HE ATMOSPHERE
Prime Meridian.
-There are 180 degrees of east Longitude, and 180 TROPOSPHERE-lowest layer of the earth's atmosphere
degrees of west Longitude. and site of all weather on the earth; the air molecules in the
bottom of the troposphere is dense because of the weight
INTERNATIONAL DATELINE- line where the above it.
date changes: an internationally agreed imaginary
line running roughly along the 180º meridian of THERMOSPHERE-the region of the atmosphere above
longitude, to the east of which the date is one day the mesosphere in which temperature steadily increases
earlier than to the west with height, beginning at about 85 km/53 mi above the
Earth's surface; heat cannot be felt though it is very hot
TIME ZONES- Time zones are broad strips that because they are only few and very far from each other.
measure 15 degrees wide.
Time zones differ from their neighboring time zones MERCURY BAROMETER- consists of a glass tube
by 1 hour. about 840 mm (about 33 in) high, closed at the upper end
-The world rotates west to east (counterclockwise), and open at the lower. When the tube is filled with mercury
time zones to the east are ahead of the those time and the open end placed in a cup full of the same liquid, the
zones to the west level in the tube falls to a height of about 760 mm (about
EAST INCREASE 30 in) above the level in the cup, leaving an almost perfect
Time is forward to all places to the east vacuum at the top of the tube. Variations in atmospheric
WEST LESS pressure cause the liquid in the tube to rise or fall by small
Time is backward to all places to the west amounts, rarely below 737 mm (29 in) or above 775 mm
(30.5 in) at sea level
AIR PRESSURE- Air is held to the earth by gravity.
This strong invisible force pulls the air downward, giving ANEROID BAROMETER-device indicating air pressure:
air molecules weight. The weight of the air molecules
an instrument for indicating atmospheric pressure on a
exerts a force upon the earth and everything on it. The
amount of force exerted on a unit surface area (a surface circular dial; A more convenient form of barometer (and
that is one unit in length and one unit in width) is called one that is almost as accurate) is the aneroid, in which
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OR AIR PRESSURE. atmospheric pressure bends the elastic top of a partially
The air pressure at any level in the atmosphere can be evacuated drum, actuating a pointer. A suitable aneroid
expressed as the total weight of air above a unit surface barometer is often used as an altimeter (instrument
area at that level in the atmosphere. Higher in the measuring altitude), because pressure decreases rapidly
atmosphere, there are fewer air molecules pressing down
from above. Consequently, air pressure always decreases with increasing altitude (about 25 mm/1 in. of mercury per
with increasing height above the ground. Because air can 305 m/1000 ft at low altitudes).
be compressed, the density of the air (the mass of the air
molecules in a given volume) normally is greatest at the ANEMOMETER-(Greek anemos, “wind”; metron,
ground and decreases at higher altitudes. “measure”), an instrument that measures wind speed. The
most common kind of anemometer consists of three or four
HIGH PRESSURE AREA/ LOW PRESSURE AREA cups attached to short rods that are connected at right
angles to a vertical shaft. As the wind blows, it pushes the
Sea-level pressure varies by only a few percent. Large cups, which turn the shaft. The number of turns per minute
regions in the atmosphere that have higher pressure than is translated into wind speed by a system of gears similar to
the speedometer of an automobile.

2. high tide and very low low tides, extreme;sun, moon
CORIOLIS EFFECT-deflection relative to Earth: the and earth form a straight line
observed deflection of something such as a missile in flight
relative to the surface of Earth, caused by Earth's rotation NEAP TIDES-lowest high tide: a tide that shows the
beneath the object. The deflection is to the right in the least range between high and low and occurs twice a
northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern
month between the first and third quarters of the
hemisphere.
moon; not very high high tide, not very low low tide,
moderate; sun is at the right angle to the moon
relative to the earth
SOLAR ECLIPSE-partial or total obscuring of the
sun by the moon, with a resultant shadow cast upon
the earth. (Sun-Moon-Earth)
SOUTHWEST MONSOON-In the summer months, they
begin to blow from the southwest, absorbing moisture as
they cross the Indian Ocean. This warm, moist air creates
heavy rains as it rises over the Indian Peninsula and is
finally forced up the slopes of the Himalayas;while rain-
LUNAR ECLIPSE- partial or total obscuring of the
bearing monsoon winds blow from the southwest during
the summer months of April or May to September (the “wet moon by the earth's shadow. (Sun-Earth-Moon)
season”) this is known as HANGING HABAGAT in the
PHIL. (Phil-July-November)
NORHT EAST MONSOON-Winds blow from the
northeast during the winter months of October to March or
April (known as the “dry season,) the cold air from Siberia
moves toward the low pressure area in the south china sea
but the Coriolis effect turns it to the right; HANGING
AMIHAN (Phil-December-February)
MOON PHASE-the different angles from which we
SEA BREEZE- happens at day time; cold air from the sea
blows into the land to replace the rising air
see the lighted part of the Moon's surface.
LAND BREEZE- happens at night; cold air from the land
blows into the sea to replace the rising air
ROTATION- spinning of the earth on its axis; 23.5
degrees tilt; causes day and night cycle.
REVOLUTION- spinning of the earth around the
sun as it travels an imaginary path called an orbit;
Cause the changes in seasons.
TIDES-periodic rise and fall of all ocean waters, SEASONS-traditional division of year: a traditional
including those of open sea, gulfs, and bays, resulting division of the year based on distinctive weather
from the gravitational attraction of the moon and the conditions. In temperate regions, there are four seasons,
sun upon the water and upon the earth itself. spring, summer, fall, and winter, while in tropical countries
there are often only two, a dry season and a rainy
SPRING TIDES- tide at new and full moon: a tide season.Because of the tilt of the Earth’s axis, the amount
that occurs near the times of the new moon and full of sunlight falling on the different regions of the earth
changes throughout the year.
moon and has a greater than average range; very high

3. SOLSTICE-means“Sun stands still”; longer length of days
or longer length of nights.
The solstice north of the celestial equator is called the
SUMMER SOLSTICE because the Sun is usually at its
greatest declination on June 21 or 22 (at the beginning of
summer in the Northern Hemisphere); the solstice south of
the celestial equator, called the WINTER SOLSTICE,
usually occurs on December 21 or 22.
EQUINOX-equal length of day and night in all parts of the
earth
VERNAL (SPRING)EQUINOX-one of two times of year
when the Sun's position makes day and night of equal
length in all parts of the Earth. The vernal equinox usually
occurs on March 20 or 21 and marks the beginning of the
spring season in the Northern Hemisphere.
AUTUMNAL (FALL)EQUINOX- one of two times of
year when the Sun’s position makes day and night of nearly
equal length in all parts of the Earth. The autumnal
equinox, which usually occurs on September 22 or 23,
marks the beginning of the fall season in the Northern
Hemisphere.
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