Presented by: Atiq Rahman SESSION VI: PLENARY –PILLARS FOR NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS The session will examine a few case studies of how a particular issue of prime importance for a country can be the main entry point or pillar of the adaptation work, after which all other issues would then be considered. Three examples will be covered. Madagascar is a well-known centre of biological biodiversity. Addressing climate change through adaptation must consider the dynamics of this biodiversity including closely related stress factors such as poverty, pressure on land due to deforestation, shifting viability of the main cash crops when climatic conditions change, etc. Two other examples are on taking a regional approach to the assessment and development of adaptation responses in the context of hydro-energy. In other cases, a focus on community-based adaptation has been very successful, as is the case for Bangladesh.

1. Community Based Adaptation as a Pillar
of National Adaptation Efforts
BANGLADESH CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES
House 10, Road 16A, Gulshan 1, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
Phone: 8818214-7, 9851234, 9852904; Fax: 9851417
Website: www.bcas.net
Dr. A. Atiq Rahman
Executive Director: Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS)
Chairman: Climate Action Network – South Asia (CANSA)
Visiting Professor: Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy , Tufts
University and Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
UNFCCC NAP Expo: Advancing National Adaptation Plans post-Paris
Bonn, Germany
Date: 11-15 July 2016

2. Overview of the Presentation
• What is CBA?
•Development and Climate
Interface
•Origin of CBA Approaches
• CBA Conferences
•Process and Themes
•10 CBA Conferences
• CBA Practices Worldwide
•RVCC & ARCAB
•CBA Projects of UNDP/GEF
•Key Outcomes of CBA
•CBA & EbA: Challenges

3. People’s Vulnerability & growing
Adaptation Needs
• Climate Change is here and now with severe
impacts on
– Ecosystems and
– Human systems
• Mitigation is awfully inadequate, which
necessitates adaptation for the Poor
• IPCC, UNFCCC/COP on Adaptation
• Nairobi Work Programme on Adaptation
• Bali Action Plan and Paris Climate Agreement:
– Limited Adaptation world wide and
– Mitigation, inadequate Fund and Technology

4. Where is Climate Change
impacting the Most?
• Human beings at Community level
• Enterprises and Economic Activities
• Ecosystems and Environment
• Institutions and Organization

5. =  
X X 
Intensity of Event
Baseline
Conditions
Adaptive
Capacity
Impact
Event
Impact-Vulnerability-Adaptation: Relationship

6. Schematic Diagram Showing Severe Impact of
Disaster and Health Hazards on Poverty and SD
Time (Year)
DISASTER/HEALTH
HAZARD
$ (DEV)

7. Time (Year)
$ (DEV)
Schematic Diagram Showing Severe Impact of Disaster
and Health Hazards on Poverty and SD

8. HEALTH IMPACTED
VICIOUS CYCLE OF
DISASTER AND POVERTY
POVERTY LINE
POVERTY
DISASTER
RISK

9. HOUSEHOLD LIFE PERIOD/YEARS
WELL-BEINGINDEX
POVERTY LINE
PROGRESSION OF HOUSEHOLD WELL-
BEING
DISASTER
HEALTH
HAZARD
OUTPUT

10. Development over time in Climate Change Impacted scenario and
Adaptation Achievements
Dividend in climate smart development
Development($)
Climate impacted development loss
Climate smart adaptation benefits
Time (t) years

11. The Linkage
Too much water Too little water
Wrong type
of water
Wrong timing
of water
• Destroy sanitation
system
•Water pollution
through pathogens
• Mosquito breeding
• Poor sanitation • Saline water
•Water polluted
with fecal coli form
• Water logging
• Vector (Virus)
HEALTH HAZARD
POVERTY INCREASED
•Flooding
•Damage to crop,
fisheries, LS
•No water for
Crop, fisheries, LS
•Reduce
production
due to salinity
•Heavy rainfall in short
time cause damage
to crop
• No rainfall during
seedling, transplantation,
tillering, pinnacle
initiation stage
LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD
POVERTY INCREASED
Food
Security
&
Health
Sanita-
tion &
Health

12. Growing Human Insecurities in the Climate
Changed World
• Often Human Securities are defined in terms
of Strategic and Military Security
• But Human Security is emerging as a Global
Threat
– 5 Basic Securities (Food, Water, Health, Energy,
Livelihood and Social Security) are threatened by
Climate extremes
• CC is degrading all Ecosystems, which are
again affecting Human Securities

13. People’s Vulnerability & Adaptation
Needs
• Communities across the
world are facing impacts
and are adapting to CC
• Few are adapting in the
fullest knowledge of CC
impacts
• Others are adapting
intuitively with
experiential knowledge
and limited resources

14. What is CBA….
• CBA must be community led
• Communities are empowered to
analyze the causes and effects of
climate change at the local contexts
• Identify the multiple risks and level
of vulnerabilities
• Integrate community and scientific
knowledge in planning and
implementation of local adaptation
• CBA must be linked with DRR,
resilient livelihood and local
development process

15. Origin of CBA Conferences
• Considering the growing needs
and interest about CBA:
• BCAS, IIED and partners have organized
series of international Conferences on
CBA
– To enhance understanding about CBA
approaches, knowledge, experiences and
practices
– Promote science-policy discourse on CBA and
partnership among the actors and
stakeholders
– The FIRST International CBA Conference was
held in Dhaka in 2005

16. International CBA Conferences
Sl. No. Year Place Major Themes
CBA 1 2005 Dhaka, Bangladesh Conceptualization of CBA and Linkages with
Development and DRR
CBA 2 2007 Dhaka, Bangladesh Climate Change Science, CBA Approaches
and Partnership
CBA 3 2009 Dhaka, Bangladesh Knowledge and Practices of CBA, Sectoral
Approaches and Up-scaling CBA
CBA4 2010 Dar-es-Salam,
Tanzania
CBA practices across the world: Research and
policy guide
CBA 5 2011 Dhaka, Bangladesh Scaling Up CBA: Beyond Piloting
CBA 6 2012 Hanoi, Vietnam Communicating CBA
CBA 7 2013 Dhaka, Bangladesh Mainstreaming CBA into National and Local
Planning
CBA 8 2014 Kathmandu, Nepal Financing Local Adaptation
CBA 9 2015 Nairobi, Kenya Measuring and Enhancing the Effectiveness
of Adaptation
CBA 10 2016 Dhaka, Bangladesh Enhancing Urban Resilience

17. CBA-10 Conference in Dhaka
• CBA-10 Conference was held in
Dhaka in April 2016
• It was the 10th Anniversary of the
CBA Conference
• Over 250 participants from 40
countries attended the Dhaka
event
• It contained 9 plenary and 18
parallel sessions on technical
issues
• The conference focused on
Enhancing Urban Resilience

18. CBA-10 Conference in Dhaka
• Ms Mary Robinson of the Climate Justice
Foundation has sent a video message and
appreciated the enduring partnership of IIED and
BCAS to continue the great efforts
• Christina Figueres of UNFCCC also sent message to
the concluding session of the CBA-10 Conference
– She appreciated the contribution of CBA Conferences to
the UNFCCC/CoP and IPCC scientific discourses
• The theme of the next CBA-11 would be Ecosystems
and Community Adaptation

19. How do We promote CBA?
• Assess the local socio-economic contexts and
their interface with climate change and
disasters- level of risk and vulnerability
• Partnering with local communities and actors
for vulnerability assessment, planning and
implementation of CBA, DRR & Resilient
Livelihoods
• Creating space for the communities and
actors for their effective participation, inputs
and ownership

20. How do We promote CBA?
• Integration of scientific knowledge
with local knowledge and held
raise the voice of the poor and
voiceless
• Engaging and strengthening local
government, NGOs and actors in
planning and implementation of
CBA purposefully; and
• Providing knowledge, local
perspectives and scientific input to
NAPA & NAP at national and IPCC
and UNFCCC process at global scale

21. CBA Practices Worldwide
Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Change (RVCC) was one
of the earliest CBA projects
• It was coordinated by CARE in Bangladesh
• The Goal and Objectives: to increase the Capacity of the
communities in Southwest region of Bangladesh
• RVCC worked on the principle of LEARNING by DOING with
community and stakeholders
• The activities were organized under three main focus:
– Participatory Assessment and Awareness
– Local Actions and
– Experiences Sharing and Advocacy
• Activities at Community Levels:
– Testing practical options and measures at household and
community levels
– Local actions to provide climate resilient livelihood options
– Capacity to address climate vulnerability & disaster Risks

22. CBA Practices Worldwide
Action Research for Community Adaptation in
Bangladesh (ARCAB)
Goal: To carry out action research into knowledge and actions
for adaptation at community level in order to support the
development of climate resilient communities, and
understanding links between rural and urban places
• Activities – 1: Capacity Building for partners, communities and staff (to
reduce gap between staff who design and those who implement and the
local people);
• Activities – 2: Research Activities for Knowledge – existing and new
– Knowledge capture (including indigenous knowledge – e.g.
spontaneous adaptation) and dissemination – outputs, process,
everything
– Re-visiting past projects and areas for long-tern learning
– Protect Livelihoods & build community resilience
• Activities – 3: Outreach and scaling up

23. CBA Practices Worldwide
UNDP/UNEP and GEF Projects
• UNDP and UNEP are implementing sectoral and community
based adaptation projects across the developing world,
particularly in the LDCs
• GEF had invested USD 1.3 billion in adaptation and climate
resilient development from LDCF and SCCF funds to help
the vulnerable communities
• The focus of the adaptation projects include:
– Capacity building of actors and stakeholders
– Disaster and climate risks management and integration of
adaptation into notational policy and planning process
– Awareness, information and early warning
– Protecting resources, livelihoods and infrastructures
– Innovation of adaptation technologies

24. Key Outcomes of CBA
• Climate risk reduction and DRR (immediate)
• Resilience building in community, society and
ecosystems with lasting solutions
• Addressing the underlying causes of poverty,
inequality and insecurities which are again the root
causes of vulnerability
• Enhancing adaptive capacity and integration of CCA,
DRR and resilient livelihood into development
process
• Empowering the poor and actors

25. The Challenges Ahead
• Scaling up CBA
• Supporting innovation,
initiative and enterprise
• Greater scientific
understanding of the local
contexts of present and in
future
• Horizontal and vertical
linkages and integration

26. CBA & EbA: Challenges of Integration
• Ecosystem based Adaptation (EbA) is an emerging
approach in the adaptation science & practices
– EbA approach draws from EBM and CCA
– EBA promotes conservation and use of biodiversity & ESS as part of
overall adaptation strategies
• To help the community and ecosystem to adapt to the negative impacts to climate
change
• Protection and regeneration of ESS provides livelihood, well-being, cultural and
spiritual supports to the communities (MEA, 2005)
• EbA has 3 dimensions
– Spatial – overall what geophysical scale for adaptation action
– Temporal – When would be the actions to be taken
– Reducing risks and vulnerability through plantation, regeneration and
conservation
• Challenges of Integration of EbA & CBA

27. The Challenges Ahead
• Guideline for integration of CBA
& EbA into local and national
Sustainable Development
Policies and strategies
• Inclusion of gender dimensions
and climate justice issues into
CBA & EbA planning and
implementation
• Greater resources for the poor
and vulnerable community from
national and global funding
mechanisms and good
governance

28. Adaptation is Happening
Examples of Vulnerability and Responses
to Sea Level Rise, Livelihoods,
Agriculture and Water

29. HomesteadGardenonRaised
Plinth

30. Raised Plinth of
Toilet

31. Raising Plinth

32. Livestock During Flood

33. Preservation of Household
Assets Over False Ceiling
Storage of Food during Flood

34. Storage of Safe Drinking
Water & Dry Food

35. Community based rain
water harvesting
Household based rain
water harvesting

36. Floating Garden
During Flood
Locally Known as
Baira Cultivation

37. Raised Tube Well

38. Store Extra Furnace

39. Protecting from
Erosion
Protecting Income
Generating Activity

40. Water Collection in Hilly Region

41. Community People Using the
Water of Re-excavated Pond

42. Pond Sand Filter

43. Household Based Rain Water
Harvesting in Drought Prone Area

44. Drip Irrigation

45. Household Based Irrigation
Farming

46. Crab Farming in Saline Water

47. Saline Tolerant Rice

48. Chickpeas in Drought Area

49. Local Adaptation Practices in Nepal

50. Local Adaptation Practices in Nepal
Seed storage system/seed bank

51. Local Adaptation Practices in Nepal

52. Adjustment in Cropping pattern Hanging Nursery
Making Soil heap
Local Adaptation Practices in Nepal

53. A Greenhouse in Pakistan

54. Examples in Agriculture :
Nigeria

55. Examples in Agriculture:
Morocco

56. Examples in Agriculture :
Senegal

57. Examples in Agriculture:
India

58. Example in Agriculture:
Australia

59. Examples in Agriculture
Farming in Brazil

60. Intensive Potato Farming in Canada
Examples in Agriculture

61. Farming in New Zealand
Examples in Agriculture

62. Farming in Philippines
Examples in Agriculture

63. BANGLADESH CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES
House 10, Road 16A, Gulshan-1, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
Tel: (88-02) 8818124-7, 9851237, 9852904; Fax: (88-02) 9851417
E-mail: info@bcas.net Website: www.bcas.net