Fortigate Training

FortiGate Multi-Threat Security Systems
Administration, Content Inspection and Basic VPN

Prerequisites
• Introductory-level network security experience
• Basic understanding of core network security and firewall
concepts

Agenda
• Introduction
• Overview and System Setup
• FortiGuard Subscription Services
• Logging and Alerts
• Firewall Policies
• Basic VPN
• Authentication
• Antivirus
• Spam Filtering
• Web Filtering

Lesson 1
Overview and System Setup

Unified Threat Management
• One device
 Firewall, intrusion protection, antivirus and more
• Centralized management
Page: 7

Fortinet Solution
• FortiGate platform
• FortiGuard Subscription Services
• Management, reporting, analysis products
Page: 8

FortiGate
• Application-level services
 Antivirus, intrusion protection, antispam, web content filtering
• Network-level services
 Firewall, IPSec and SSL VPN, traffic shaping
• Management, reporting, analysis products
 Authentication, logging, reporting, secure administration, SNMP
Page: 8

FortiGate Portfolio
• SOHO
 FortiGate 30B, 50B, 51B, 60B, 100A, 110C, 111C
 Protect smaller deployments
• Medium-Sized Enterprises
 FortiGate 200A, 224B, 300A, 400A, 500A, 800
 Meet demands of mission critical enterprise applications
• Large-Sized Enterprises and Carriers
 FortiGate 1000A, 3016B, 3600A, 3810A, 5020, 5050, 5140
 High performance and reliability
Page: 9-10

FortiGuard
• Dynamic updates
 Antivirus, intrusion protection, web filtering, antispam
• Updated 24x7x365
• Data centers around the world
 Secure, high availability locations
Page: 10

FortiManager
• Manage all Fortinet products from a centralized console
• Minimize administration effort
 Deploying, configuring and maintaining devices
Page: 10

FortiAnalyzer
• Centralized analysis and reporting
 Aggregate and analyze log data from multiple devices
• Comprehensive view of network usage
 Identify and address vulnerabilities
 Monitor compliance
• Quarantine and content archiving
Page: 10

FortiMail
• Multi-layered email security
 Advanced spam filtering, antivirus
• Facilitate regulatory compliance
Page: 11

FortiClient
• Security for desktops, laptops, mobile devices
 Personal firewall, IPSec VPN, antivirus, antispam, web content
filtering
• FortiGuard keeps FortiClient up-to-date
Page: 11

Firewall Basics
• Controls flow of traffic between networks of different trust
level
• Allow good information through but block intrusions,
unauthorized users or malicious traffic
• Rules to allow or deny traffic
Page: 12

Common Firewall Features
• Block unwanted incoming traffic
• Block prohibited outgoing traffic
• Block traffic based on content
• Allow connections to an internal network
• Reporting
• Authentication
Page: 13

Types of Firewalls
• Packet filter firewall
 Inspects incoming and outgoing packets
 If matches rules, perform action
• Stateful firewall
 Examines headers and content of packet
 Holds attributes of connection in memory
 Packet forwarded if connection already established and tracked
• Improved performance
• Application layer (proxy-based) firewall
 Stands between protected and unprotected network
 Repackages messages into new packets allowed into network
Page: 14

Network Address Translation
• Map private reserved IP addresses into public IP addresses
 Local network uses different set of addresses
• NAT device routes response to proper destination
• Single agent between public and private network
• Conserve IP addresses
 One public address used to represent group of computers
• Organization uses own internal IP addressing schemes
Page: 16

Dynamic NAT
• Private IP address mapped from a pool of public IP
addresses
• Masks internal network configuration
• Private network can use private IP addresses invalid on
Internet but useful internally
Page: 16

Static NAT
• Private IP address mapped to a public IP addresses
 Public address always the same
• Allow internal host to have a private IP address but still be
reachable over the Internet
 Web server
Page: 16

FortiGate Capabilities
• Firewall
 Policies to allow or deny traffic
• UTM Features:
 Antivirus
• Multiple techniques
 Antispam
• Detect, tag, block, and quarantine spam
 Web Filtering
• Control access to inappropriate web content
 Intrusion Protection
• Identify and record suspicious traffic
Page: 17

• UTM Features (continued):
 Application Control
• Manage bandwidth use
 Data Leak Prevention
• Prevents transmission of sensitive information
Page: 17-18

• Virtual Domains
 Single FortiGate functions as multiple units
• Traffic Shaping
 Control available bandwidth and priority of traffic
• Secure VPN
 Ensure confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data
• WAN Optimization
 Improve performance and security
• High Availability
 Two or more FortiGates operate as a cluster
Page: 18-19

• Endpoint Compliance
 Use FortiClient End Point Security in network
• Logging
 Historical and current analysis of network usage
• User Authentication
 Control access to resources
Page: 18-19

FortiGate Unit Description
• CPU
 Intel processor
• FortiASIC processor
 Offload intensive processing
• DRAM
• Flash memory
 Store firmware images
• Hard drive
 Logs, quarantine, archives
• Interfaces
 WAN, DMZ, Internal
Page: 20

FortiGate Unit Description
• Serial console port
 Management access
• USB port
 USB drives or modem
• Wireless
 FortiWifi devices can use wireless communications
• Modem
• Module slot bays
 Blade card installed in a chassis
• PC card slot
 PCMCIA card slot for expansion
Page: 20-21

FortiGate Front View (51B)
Page: 22

FortiGate Back View (51B)
Page: 23

Operating Modes
• NAT/Route Mode
 Default configuration
 Each FortiGate unit is visible to network it is connected to
 Interfaces are on different subnets
 Unit functions as a firewall
Page: 24

Operating Modes – NAT/Route
Page: 24

Operating Modes
• Transparent Mode
 FortiGate unit is invisible to the network
 All interfaces are on the same subnet
 Use FortiGate without altering IP infrastructure
Page: 25

Operating Modes – Transparent
Page: 25

Device Administration
• Web Config
 Configure and monitor device through web browser
• CLI
 Command line interface
Page: 26

Alert Message Console
Page: 30

Command Line Interface (CLI)
Page: 37

CLI Command Structure
• Commands
 config
• Objects
 config system
• Branches
 config system interface
• Tables
 edit port1
• Parameters
 set ip 172.20.110.251 255.255.255.0
Page: 38-44

CLI Basics
• Command help
 ?
 config ?
 config system ?
• Command completion
 ? or <tab>
 c?
 config + <space> + <tab>
• Recalling commands
  or 
Page: 45

CLI Basics
• Editing commands
 <CTRL> + <key>
• Line continuation
 use at end of each line
• Command abbreviation
 get system status  g sy st
• IP address formats
 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
 192.168.1.1/24
Page: 46

Administrative Users
• Responsible for configuration and operation
• Default: admin
 Full read/write control
 Can not be renamed
 Default password blank
• System administrator
 Assigned super_admin profile
• Regular administrator
 Access profile other than super_admin
 Access configurable
Page: 47

Interface Addressing
• Number of physical interfaces varies per model
• Interface addresses configurable
 Static
 DHCP
 PPPoE
Page: 48-51

DNS
• Some functions use DNS
 Alert email, URL blocking, etc
• Lower end models can retrieve automatically
 One interface must use DHCP
 Can provide DNS forwarding
Page: 52

Configuration Backup and Restore
• Different locations
 Local PC
 FortiManager
 FortiGuard Management Service
 USB disk
• Can be encrypted
 Required to backup VPN certificates
Page: 53

Firmware Upgrades
• File must be obtained from Fortinet
• Apply upgrade
 Web Config
 CLI
 FortiGuard Management Service
Page: 54

Lab
• Connecting to Command Line Interface
• Connecting to Web Config
• Configuring Network Connectivity
• Exploring the CLI
• Configuring Global System Settings
• Configuring Administrative Users
Page: 55

Lesson 2
FortiGuard Subscription Services

FortiGuard Subscription Services
• Continuously updated security
 Antivirus
 Intrusion Protection
 Web Filtering
 Antispam
• Delivered through FortiGuard Distribution Network
Page: 75

FortiGuard Distribution Network
• Secure, high availability data centers
• Updated methods
 Manual
 Push
 Pull
 Customized frequency
• Devices continuously updated
• Device connects to FortiGuard Service Point
Page: 75-76

Connecting to FortiGuard Servers
service.fortiguard.net
DNS
FortiGuard Server 1
FortiGuard Server 2
FortiGate
Page: 77

Connecting to FortiGuard Servers
DNS
FortiGuard Server 1
FortiGuard Server 2
FortiGate
service.fortiguard.net
Page: 77

FortiGuard Antivirus Service
• Latest virus defenses
 New and evolving viruses
 Spyware
 Malware
• Automated updates
Page: 78

FortiGuard Intrusion Protection System Service
• Latest defenses against network-level threats
• Library of signatures
• Engines
 Anomaly inspection
 Deep packet inspection
 Full content inspection
 Activity inspection
• Supports behavior-based heuristics
Page: 79

FortiGuard Web Filtering Service
• Hosted web URL filtering service
• FortiGuard Rating Server
 Billions of web page addresses
 Regulate and block harmful, inappropriate and dangerous content
• FortiGuard Web Filtering Service
 Regulate web activities to meet policy and compliance
 CIPA Compliance
Page: 80

FortiGuard Antispam Service
• Reduce spam at network perimeter
• Global filters
 Sender reputation database (FortiIP)
 Spam signature database (FortiSig)
 Constantly updated
• Local filters
 Banned words
 Local white and black lists
 Heuristic rules
 Bayesian training (in FortiMail)
Page: 81-82

FortiGuard Subscription Service Licensing
Page: 83

Scheduled Updates
• Check for updates at defined times
 Once every 1 to 23 hours
 Once a day
 Once a week
• Must be able to connect to FortiGuard Distribution Network
using HTTPS on port 443
 Use override server address option may be used
Page: 84

Push Updates
• FortiGuard Distribution Network notifies FortiGate units with
push enabled
 FortiGate will request update
• Use push in addition to scheduled updates
 Receive updates sooner
• If configuring push through a NAT device, configure port
forwarding
Page: 85-87

Manual Updates
• Update antivirus and IPS definitions
• Download definition file
• Copy to computer used to connect to Web Config
Page: 88

Caching
• Available for web filtering and antispam
• Improves performance
• Uses small % of system memory
• Least recently used IP or URL deleted when cache full
• Time to Live (TTL) controls time in cache
Page: 89

FortiGuard Web Filtering Categories
• Wide range of categories to filter upon
 Specify action for each category
 Allow, Block, Log, Allow Override
• Enabled through protection profile
Page: 90-91

FortiGuard Antispam Controls
• Filter email based on type
 IMAP, POP3, SMTP
• Filtering options enabled through protection profile
Page: 92

Configuring FortiGuard Using the CLI
• CLI can be used to configure communications with
FortiGuard Distribution Network
 Override default connection settings
• config system fortiguard
Page: 93

FortiGuard Center
• Online knowledge base and resource
 Spyware, virus, IPS, web filtering, antispam attack library
 Vulnerabilities
 Submit spam and dangerous URLs
• Timely threat and vulnerability information
 Updated around the clock
Page: 94-95

Lab
• Enabling FortiGuard Services and Updates
Page: 96

Logging and Alerts
• Track down and pinpoint problems
• Monitor network and Internet traffic
• Monitor normal traffic
 Establish baselines
 Identify changes for optimal performance
Page: 101

Log Storage Locations
• Local hard disk
 FortiGate must have hard disk
• FortiAnalyzer
 Device for log collection, analysis and storage
• System Memory
 Overwrites older logs when capacity reached
 Logs lost when FortiGate reset or loses power
• Syslog
 Forward logs to remote computer
• FortiGuard Analysis Service
 Subscription-based web service
Page: 101-105

Logging Levels
• Emergency
 System unstable
• Alert
 Immediate action required
• Critical
 Functionality affected
• Error
 Error condition exists, functionality could be affected
• Warning
 Functionality could be affected
• Notification
 Normal event
• Information
 General info about system operations
• Debug
 Primarily used as a support function
Page: 106-107

Log Types
• Traffic
 Traffic between source and destination interface
 Only generated when session table entry expires
• Event
 Management activity
• AntiVirus
 Virus incidents
• Web Filter
 Web content blocking actions
• Attack
 Attacks detected and blocked
Page: 108

Log Types
• AntiSpam
 Records detected spam
• Data Leak Prevention
 Records data that matches pre-defined sensitive patterns
• Application Control
 IM/P2P
• Records IM and P2P information
 VoIP
• Logs SCCP violations
 Content
• Logs metadata
Page: 108-109

Configuring Logging
• Select location and level
• Enable log generation
 Protection profile
• Antivirus, web filtering, FortiGuard web filtering, spam filtering, IPS,
IM/P2P and VoIP
 Event log
• Management, system and VPN activities
 Firewall policy
• Log Allowed Traffic
Page: 110-114

Viewing Log Files
• Log&Report > Log Access
• Remote or Memory tabs
 Local Disk if available
• Formatted or Raw view
• Select columns to display
• Filter messages
Page: 115-118

Content Archiving
• Store session transaction data
 HTTP
 FTP
 NNTP
 IM (AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo!)
 Email (POP3, IMAP, SMTP)
• Only available with FortiAnalyzer unit
• Summary
 Archives content metadata
• Full
 Copies of files or email messages
Page: 119-121

Alert Email
• Send notification upon detection of a defined event
• Requires one DNS server configured
• Up to 3 recipients
Page: 122

SNMP
• Report system information and forward to SNMP manager
• Access SNMP traps from any FortiGate configured for SNMP
• Read-only implementation
• Fortinet-proprietary MIB available
 Or use Fortinet-supported standard MIB
• Add SNMP Communities
 8 SNMP managers per community
Page: 123-126

Lab
• Exploring Web Config Monitoring
• Configuring System Event Logging
• Exploring the FortiAnalyzer Interface
• Configuring Email Alerts
• SNMP Setup (Optional)
Page: 127

Firewall Policies
• Control traffic passing through FortiGate
 What to do with connection request?
• Packet analyzed, content compared to policy
 ACCEPT
 DENY
• Source, destination and service must match policy
 Policy directs action
• Protection profile used with policy
 Apply protection settings
• Logging enabled to view connections using policy
Page: 137

Policy Matching
• Searches policy list for matching policy
 Based on source and destination
• Starts at top of the list and searches down for match
 First match is applied
 Arrange policies from more specific to more general
• Policies configured separately for each virtual domain
• Move policies in list to influence order evaluated
Page: 138-141

User Authentication to Firewall Policies
• User challenged to identify themselves before using policy
 Before matching policies not requiring authentication
• Available for policies with:
 Action set to ACCEPT
 SSL VPN
• Authentication methods
 Username + Password
 Digital certificates
 LDAP
 RADIUS
 TACACS+
 Active Directory
• FSAE required
Page: 142

Authentication Protocols
• Protocol used to issue authentication challenge specified
• Firewall policy must include protocol
 HTTP
 HTTPS
 Telnet
 FTP
Page: 142

Creating Policies
• Source and destination address
• Schedule
• Service
• Action
• NAT
• Options
 Protection profile
 Logging
 Authentication
 Traffic shaping
 Disclaimers
Page: 143

Firewall Addresses
• Added to source and destination address
 Match source and destination IP address of packets received
• Default of ALL
 Represents any IP address on the network
• Address configured with name, IP address and mask
 Also use FQDN
 Must be unique name
• Groups can be used to simplify policy creation and
management
Page: 144-148

Firewall Schedules
• Control when policies are active or inactive
• One-time schedule
 Activate or deactivate for a specified period of time
• Recurring schedule
 Activate or deactivate at specified times of the day or week
Page: 149-150

Firewall Services
• Determine types of communications accepted or denied
• Predefined services applied to policy
 Custom service if not on predefined list
• Group services to simplify policy creation and management
Page: 151-153

Network Address Translation (NAT)
• Translate source address and port of packets accepted by
policy
Page: 154

Page: 154

Page: 154
Original New

Dynamic IP Pool
• Translate source address to an IP address randomly
selected from addresses in IP pool
Page: 155

Dynamic IP Pool
Page: 155
Original New

Fixed Port
• Prevent NAT from translating the source port
 Some applications do not function correctly if source port translated
• If Dynamic Pool not enabled, policy with Fixed Port can only
allow one connection to that service at a time
Page: 156

Fixed Port
Page: 156
Original New

Virtual IPs
• Allow connections using NAT firewall policies
• Addresses in packets are remapped and forwarded
 Client address does not appear in packet server receives
• Upon reply, session table used to determine what destination
address should be mapped to
Page: 157-158

DNAT
• NAT not selected in firewall policy
 Policy performs destination network address translation (DNAT)
• Accepts packet from external network intended for specific
address, translates destination address to IP on another
network
Page: 159

Server Load Balancing
• Dynamic one-to-many NAT mapping
• External IP address translated to a mapped IP address
 Determine by load balancing algorithm
• External IP address not always translated to same mapped
IP address
Page: 160

Page: 160

Page: 160
Original New

Protection Profiles
• Control all content filtering
• Group of protection settings applied to traffic
 Types and levels of protection customized for each policy
• Enables settings for:
 Protocol Recognition
 Anti-Virus
 IPS
 Web Filtering
 Spam Filtering
 Data Leak Prevention Sensor
 Application Control
 Logging
Page: 161

Default Protection Profiles
• Strict
 Maximum protection
• Scan
 Applies virus scanning to HTTP, FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP
• Web
 Applies virus scanning and web content blocking to HTTP
• Unfiltered
 No scanning, blocking or IPS
Page: 162-172

Traffic Shaping
• Control bandwidth available to traffic processed by firewall
policy
 Which policies have higher priority?
• Improve quality of bandwidth-intensive traffic
 Does NOT increase total bandwidth available
Page: 173

Token Bucket Filter
• Dampening function
 Delays traffic by buffering bursts
 Does not schedule traffic
• Configured rate is never exceeded
Page: 174

Token Bucket Filter Mechanism
• Bucket has specified capacity
 Tokens added to bucket at mean rate
• If bucket fills, new tokens discarded
• Bucket requests number of tokens equal to packet size
• If not enough tokens in bucket, packet buffered
• Flow will never send packets more quickly than capacity of
the bucket
• Overall transmission rate does not exceed rate tokens placed
in bucket
Page: 175

Token Bucket Filter Mechanism
Page: 175

Traffic Shaping Considerations
• Attempt to normalize traffic peaks
 Prioritize certain flows over others
• Physical limitation to how much data can be buffered
 Packets may be dropped, sessions affected
• Performance on one traffic flow may be sacrificed to
guarantee performance on another
• Not effective in high-traffic situations
 Where traffic exceeds FortiGate unit’s capacity
 Packets must be received for being subject to shaping
• If shaping not applied to policy, default is high priority
Page: 176-177

Disclaimers
• Accept disclaimer before connecting
• Use with authentication or protection profile
• Can redirect to a URL after authentication
Page: 178

Lab
• Creating Firewall Policy Objects
• Configuring Firewall Policies
• Testing Firewall Policies
• Configuring Virtual IP Access
• Debug Flow
Page: 179

Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
• Use public network to provide access to private network
• Confidentiality and integrity of data
• Authentication, encryption and restricted access
Page: 195

FortiGate VPN
• Secure Socket Layer (SSL) VPN
 Access through web browser
• Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
 Windows standard
• Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) VPN
 Dedicated VPN software required
 Well suited for legacy applications (not web-based)
Page: 195-196

SSL VPN Operating Modes
• Web-only mode
 Web browser only
 Secure connection between browser and FortiGate unit
 FortiGate acts as gateway
• Authenticates users
• Tunnel mode
 VPN software downloaded as ActiveX control
 FortiGate unit assigns client IP address from range of reserved
addresses
Page: 197-199

User Accounts
• Must have user account assigned to SSL VPN user group
• Users must authenticate
 Username + Password
 RADIUS
 TACACS+
 LDAP
 Digital certificates
• User group provides access to firewall policy
• Split tunneling available
 Only traffic destined for tunnel routed over VPN
Page: 200-202

Web-Only Configuration
• Enable SSL VPN
• Create user accounts
 Assign to user group
• Create firewall policy
• Setup logging (optional)
Page: 204

Tunnel Mode Configuration
• Enable SSL VPN
• Specify tunnel IP range
• Create user group
• Create firewall policy
Page: 205

SSL VPN Settings
• Tunnel IP Range
 Reserve range of IPs for SSL VPN clients
• Server Certificate, Require Client Certificate
 Certificates must be installed
• Encryption Key Algorithm
• Idle Time-out
• Client Authentication Time-Out
 CLI only
• Portal Message
• Advanced
 DNS and WINS Servers
Page: 206-208

Firewall Policies
• At least one SSL VPN firewall policy required
• Specify originating IP address
• Specify IP address of intended recipient or network
• Configuration steps:
 Specify source and destination IP address
 Specify level of encryption
 Specify authentication method
 Bind user group to policy
Page: 209

Firewall Addresses
• Web-only mode
 Predefined source address of ALL
 Destination IP address where remote client needs to access
• Entire private network, range of private IPs, private IP of host
• Tunnel model
 Source is range of IP addresses that can be connected to FortiGate
• Restrict who can access FortiGate
 Destination IP address where remote client needs to access
• Entire private network, range of private IPs, private IP of host
Page: 209

Configuring Web-Only Firewall Policies
• Specify destination IP address
 Name
 Type
 Subnet/IP range
 Interface
• Define policy
 Action: SSL-VPN
 Add user group
Page: 210-212

Configuring Tunnel-Mode Firewall Policies
• Specify source IP addresses
 Addresses that can connect to FortiGate
• Specify destination IP address
 Addresses clients need to access
• Specify level of encryption
• Specify authentication type
• Bind user group to policy
• ssl.root
Page: 213-218

SSL VPN Bookmarks
• Hyperlinks to frequently accessed applications
 Web-only mode
• FortiGate forwards connection request to servers
• VPN > SSL > Portal
Page: 219-221

Connecting to the SSL VPN
• https://<FortiGate_IP_address>:10443
 Port customizable
• SSL-VPN Web Portal page displayed
 Bookmarks
• What appears is pre-determined by administrator’s settings
in User > User Group and VPN > SSL > Portal > Settings
Page: 222

Connecting to the SSL VPN
Page: 222

PPTP VPN
• Point-to-Point (PPP) authentication protocol
 PPP software operates on tunneled links
• Encapsulates PPP packets within IP packets
 Not cryptographically protected
• PPTP packets not authenticated or integrity protected
• FortiGate unit assigns client IP address from reserved range
 Assigned IP used for duration of connection
• FortiGate unit disassembles PPTP packet and forwards to
correct computer on internal network
Page: 223

PPTP VPN
• FortiGate unit can act as PPTP server
• FortiGate unit can forward PPTP packets to PPTP server
Page: 224

FortiGate Unit as PPTP Server
Page: 224

FortiGate Unit Forwards Traffic to PPTP Server
Page: 225

PPTP Server Configuration
• Configure user authentication for PPTP clients
• Enable PPTP on FortiGate unit
• Configure PPTP server
• Configure client
Page: 226

PPTP Pass-Through Configuration
• Configuration required to forward PPTP packets to PPTP
server
• Define virtual IP that points to PPTP server
• Configure firewall policy
• Configure client
Page: 227

IPSec VPN
• Industry standard set of protocols
• Layer 3
 Applications do not need to be designed to use IPSec
• IP packets encapsulated with IPSec packets
 Header of new packet refers to end point of tunnel
• Phase 1
 Establish connection
 Authenticate VPN peer
• Phase 2
 Establish tunnel
Page: 228

IPSec Protocols
• Authentication Header (AH)
 Authenticate identity of sender
 Integrity of data
 Entire packet signed
• Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
 Encrypts data
 Signs data only
Page: 229

Authentication Header (AH)
Page: 229

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
Page: 229

Modes of Operation
• Tunnel mode
 Entire IP packet encrypted and/or authenticated
 Packet then encapsulated for routing
• Transport mode
 Only data in packet encrypted and/or authenticated
 Header not modified or encrypted
Page: 230

Security Association (SA)
• Defines bundle of algorithms and parameters
 Encrypt and authenticate one-directional data flow
• Agreement between two computers about the data
exchanged and protected
Page: 230

Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
• Allows two parties to setup SAs
 Secret keys
• Uses Internet Security Association Key Management
Protocol (ISAKMP)
 Framework for establishing SAs
• Two distinct phases
 Phase 1
 Phase 2
Page: 231

Phase 1
• Authenticate computer involved in transaction
• Negotiate SA policy between computers
• Perform Diffie-Hellman key exchange
• Set up secure tunnel
• Main mode (three exchanges)
 Algorithms used agreed upon
 Generate secret keys and nonces
 Other side’s identity verified
• Aggressive mode (one exchange)
 Everything needed to complete exchange
Page: 231

Phase 2
• Negotiate SA parameters to set up secure tunnel
• Renegotiate SAs regularly
Page: 232

Gateway-to-Gateway Configuration
• Tunnel between two separate private networks
• All traffic encrypted by firewall policies
• FortiGate units at both ends must be in NAT/Route mode
Page: 234

Page: 234

• FortiGate receives connection request from remote peer
 Uses IPSec phase 1 parameters
• Establish secure connection
• Authenticate peer
• If policy permits, tunnel established
 Uses IPSec phase 2 parameters
 Applies policy
• Configuration steps
 Define phase 1 parameters
 Define phase 2 parameters
 Create firewall policies
Page: 234

Defining Phase 1 Parameters
Page: 235-236

Authenticating the FortiGate Unit
• Authenticate itself to remote peers
• Pre-shared key
 All peers must use same key
• Digital certificates
 Must be installed on peer and FortiGate
Page: 237-238

Authenticating Remote Clients
• Permit access using trusted certificates
 FortiGate configured for certificate authentication
• Permit access using peer identifier
• Permit access using pre-shared key
 Each peer or client must have user account
• Permit access using peer identifier and pre-shared key
 Each peer or client must have user account
Page: 239

XAuth Authentication
• Separate exchange at end of phase 1
 Increased security
• Draws on existing FortiGate user group definitions
• FortiGate can be XAuth server or XAuth client
Page: 239

IKE Negotiation Parameters
Page: 240-242

Defining Phase 2 Parameters
Page: 243-246

Firewall Policies
• Policies needed to control services and direction of traffic
• Firewall addresses needed for each private network
• Policy-Based VPN
 Specify interface to private network, remote peer and VPN tunnel
 Single policy for inbound, outbound or both direction
• Route-Based VPN
 Requires ACCEPT policy for each direction
 Creates Virtual IPSec interface on interface connecting to remote
peer
Page: 247-250

Lab
• Configuring SSL VPN for Full Access (Web Portal and
Tunnel Mode)
• Configuring a Basic Gateway-to-Gateway VPN
Page: 251

Authentication
• User or administrator prompted to identify themselves
 Only allowed individuals perform actions
• Can be configured for:
 Any firewall policy with action of ACCEPT
 PPTP and L2TP VPNs
 Dial-up IPSEC VPN set up as XAuth server
 Dial-up VPN accepting user group as peer ID
Page: 263

Authentication Methods
• Local user
 User names and passwords used to authenticate stored on
FortiGate
• Remote
 Use existing systems to authenticate
• RADIUS
• LDAP
• PKI
• Windows Active Directory
• TACACS+
Page: 264-265

Users and User Groups
• Authentication based on user groups
 User created
 User added to groups
• User
 Account created on FortiGate or external authentication server
• User group
 Users or servers as members
 Specify allowed groups for each resource requiring authentication
 Group associated with protection profile
Page: 266-267

User Group Types
• Firewall
 Access to firewall policy that requires authentication
 FortiGate request user name and password (or certificate)
• Directory Service
 Allow access to users in DS groups already authenticated
• Single sign on
 Requires FSAE
• SSL VPN
 Access to firewall policy that requires SSL VPN authentication
Page: 268-270

Authentication overrides
• Require access to blocked site
 Override block for period of time
• Link to authenticate presented
Page: 271

Authentication Settings
Page: 272

PKI Authentication
• Valid certificate required
• SSL used for secure connection
• Trusted certificates installed on FortiGate and client
Page: 273

RADIUS Authentication
• User credentials sent to RADIUS server for authentication
• Shared key used to encrypt data exchanged
• Primary and secondary servers identified on FortiGate unit
Page: 274

LDAP Authentication
• User credentials sent to LDAP server for authentication
• LDAP servers details identified on FortiGate
Page: 275

TACACS+ Authentication
• User credentials sent to TACACS+ server for authentication
• Choice of authentication types:
 Auto
 ASCII
 PAP
 CHAP
 MSCHAP
Page: 276

Microsoft Active Directory Authentication
• Transparently authenticate users
 Fortinet Server Authentication Extensions (FSAE) passes
authentication information to FortiGate
 Sign in once to Windows, no authentication prompts from FortiGate
Page: 277

FSAE Components
• Domain Controller Agent
 Installed on every domain controller
 Monitors user logons, sends to Collector Agent
• Collector Agent
 Installed on at least one domain controller
 Sends information collected to FortiGate
Page: 278

FSAE Configuration on Microsoft AD
• Configure Microsoft AD user groups
 All members of a group have same access level
 FSAE only send Domain Local Security Group and Global Security
Group to FortiGate
• Configure Collector Agent settings
 Domain controllers to monitor
• Global Ignore list
 Exclude system accounts
• Group filters
 Control logon information sent to FortiGate
Page: 279-280

FSAE Configuration on FortiGate
• Configure Collector Agents
 FortiGate to access at least one collector agent
 Up to five can be listed
• Configure user groups
 AD groups added to FortiGate user groups
• Configure firewall policy
• Allow guests
 Users not listed in AD
 Protection profile for FSAE firewall police
Page: 281

Labs
• Firewall Policy Authentication
• Adding User Disclaimers and Redirecting URLs
Page: 282

Antivirus
• Detect and eliminate viruses, worms and spyware
• Scan HTTP and FTP traffic
• Scan SMTP, POP3, IMAP
Page: 289

Antivirus Elements
• File filter
 File pattern and file type recognition
• Virus scan
 Virus definitions kept up-to-date through FortiGuard Subscription
Services
• Grayware
• Heuristics
 Detect virus-like behavior
Page: 289-290

File Filter
• File pattern
 Name, extension or pattern
 Built-in patterns or custom
• File type
 Analyze file to determine type
 Types pre-configured
• Actions
 Allow
 Block
• Replacement message sent
Page: 291

Enabling File Filtering
Page: 292

File Name Pattern Filtering
Page: 295

File Pattern Filtering
Page: 297

Virus Scan
• Virus definitions used to detect and eliminate threats
 Updated regularly
 FortiGuard Subscription Services license required
Page: 298

Updating Antivirus Definitions
Page: 299

Grayware
• Unsolicited commercial software
 Often installed without consent
• Scans for grayware in enabled categories
 Categories and content updated regularly
Page: 300

Grayware Categories
• Adware
 Pop-up advertising content
• Browser Helper Objects
 Add capabilities to browser
• Dialers
 Unwanted calls through modem or Internet connection
• Downloaders
 Retrieve files
• Games
• Hacker Tools
 Subvert network and host security
Page: 301-303

Grayware Categories
• Hijackers
 Manipulate settings
• Jokes
• Key loggers
 Log input for later retrieval
• Misc
 Uncategorized (multiple functionalities)
• NMT (Network Management Tool)
 Cause network disruption
• P2P
 File exchanges containing viruses
Page: 301-303

Grayware Categories
• Plugins
 Add additional features to an existing application
• Remote Administration Tools (RAT)
 Remotely change or monitor a computer on a network
• Toolbars
 Augment capabilities of browser
Page: 301-303

Spyware
• Component of adware
 Track user activities online
 Report activities to central server
 Target advertising based on online habits
Page: 304-305

Quarantine
• Quarantine blocked or infected files
 FortiGate unit with hard drive
 FortiAnalyzer
• Files uploaded to Fortinet for analysis
Page: 306-307

Proxies
• Intercepts all connection requests and responses
• Buffers and scans response before flushing to client
• Splicing
 Prevent client from timing out
 Server sends part of response to client while buffering
 Final part sent if response is clean
 FTP uploads, email protocols (SMTP, POP3, IMAP)
• Client comforting
 Prevent timeout while files buffered and scanned by FortiGate
 Can provide visual status to user that progress being made
 HTTP and FTP downloads
Page: 308

Scanning Options
Page: 309-310

Lab
• Configuring Global Antivirus Settings
• Configuring a Protection Profile
• Testing Protection Profile Settings for HTTP/FTP Antivirus
Scanning
Page: 311

Spam Filtering
• Manage unsolicited bulk email
 Detect spam messages
 Identify transmissions from known/suspected spam servers
Page: 321

Spam Filtering Methods
• IP address check
 Verify source IP address again list of known spammers
• URL check
 Extract URLs and verify against list of spam sources
• Email checksum check
 Calculate checksum of message and verify against list of known
spam messages
• Spam submission
 Inform FortiGuard
• Black/White list
 Check incoming IP and email addresses against known list
 SMTP only
Page: 322-323

Spam Filtering Methods
• HELO DNS lookup
 Check source domain name against registered IP address in DNS
• Return email DNS check
 Check incoming return address domain against registered IP in
DNS
• Banned word
 Check email against banned word list
• MIME headers check
 Check MIME headers against list
• DNSBL and ORDBL
 Check email against configured servers
Page: 322-323

FortiGuard Antispam Global Filters
• FortiIP sender IP reputation database
 Reputation of IP based on properties related to address
• Email volume from a sender
 Compare sender’s recent volume with historical pattern
• FortiSig
 Spam signature database
 FortiSig1
• Spamvertised URLs
 FortiSig2
• Spamvertised email addresses
 FortiSig3
• Spam checksums
• FortiRule
 Heuristic rules
 FortiMail only
Page: 324-325

Customized Filters
• Compliment FortiGuard
• Banned word lists
• Local black/white list
• Heuristic rules
• Bayesian
 FortiMail only
Page: 325

Spam Actions
• Tag or discard spam email
 Add custom text to subject or instead MIME header and value
• Only discard if SMTP and virus check enabled
• Spam actions logged
Page: 327

Banned Word
• Block messages containing specific words or patterns
 Values assigned to matches
 If threshold exceeded, messages marked as spam
• Perl regular expressions and wildcards can be used
Page: 328-334

Black/White List
• IP address filtering
 Compare IP address of sender to IP address list
 If match, action is taken
• Email address filtering
 Compare email address of sender to email address list
Page: 335

Configuring IP Address List
Page: 336-338

Configuring Email Address List
Page: 339-342

MIME Headers Check
• MIME headers added to email
 Describe content type and encoding
• Malformed headers can fool spam or virus filters
• Compare MIME header key-value of incoming email to list
Page: 343

DNSBL and ORDBL
• Published lists of suspected spammers
• Add subscribed servers
 Define action
Page: 344

FortiMail Antispam
• Enhanced set of features for detecting and blocking spam
 Some techniques not available in FortiGate
• Stand-alone antispam system
 Can be second layer in addition to FortiGate
• Legacy virus protection
• Email quarantine
Page: 345

Web Filtering
• Process web content to block inappropriate or malicious
content
• Categorized content
 76 categories
 40 million domains
 Billions of web pages
 Automated updates
• Check web addresses against list
• Customizable
Page: 349

Order of Filtering
• URL Filtering
 Exempt, Block, Allow
• FortiGuard Web Filtering
• Content Exempt
 Customizable
• Content Block
 Customizable
• Script Filter
Page: 349

Web Content Block
• Block specific words or patterns
 Score assigned to pattern
 Page blocked if greater than threshold
 Perl regular expressions or wildcards can be used
Page: 350-353

Web Content Exemption
• Override web content block
 Even if banned words appear
Page: 354-357

Web Content Exemption
Page: 356

Enabling Web Filtering
Page: 358

URL Filter
• Block specific pages
 Displays replacement message
• Text, regular expressions and wildcards can be used
Page: 359-362

FortiGuard Web Filter
• Managed web filtering solution
 Web pages rated and categorized
• Determines category of site
 Follows firewall policy
• Allow, block, log, or override
• Ratings based on:
 Text analysis
 Exploitation of web structure
 Human raters
Page: 363

Web Filtering Categories
• Categories based on suitability for enterprises, schools, and
home
 Potentially liable
 Controversial
 Potentially non-productive
 Potentially bandwidth consuming
 Potential security risks
 General interest
 Business oriented
 Others
Page: 364

Web Filtering Classes
• Classify web page based on media type or source
 Further refine web access
 Prevent finding material
• Classes
 Cached contents
 Image search
 Audio search
 Video search
 Multimedia search
 Spam URL
 Unclassified
Page: 365

Enabling FortiGuard Web Filtering
Page: 366

Enabling FortiGuard Web Filtering Options
Page: 367-368

Web Filtering Overrides
• Give user ability to override firewall filter block
 Administrative overrides
 User overrides
• Override permissions configured at user group level or with
override rules
• User group level overrides
 Group of users have same level of overrides
 Assumes authentication enabled on policy
• Override rules
 Fine granularity
 Access domain, directory or category
Page: 369

Allowing Override at User Group Level
Page: 370

Configuring Override Rules (Directory or Domain)
Page: 371-372

Configuring Override Rules (Category)
Page: 373

Web Filtering Override Page
Page: 375

Web Filtering Authentication Page
Page: 375

Local Ratings
• Administrator controlled block of web sites
• Per protection profile basis
Page: 376

Local Categories
• Administrator controlled block on group of web sites
• Per protection profile basis
Page: 377

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