types of research and process of research

1. Research Methodology
in Architecture
Unit 1 : Introduction- Overview Of Research And
Its Methodologies
Lecture 2- types of research Qualitative and
Quantitative Assessment
Prof. Dr. Neha Bansal
M.C.P.(IIT Kharagpur),Ph.D. (IIT Roorkee)
Professor
SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Email: neha2000neha@gmail.com
Ph: +91 7669038518

2. Other
Classification Of
Research Types
Based On User
Needs
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3. Types of Research- Classification 2
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4. Types of Research- Classification 3
4

5. Types of Research- Classification 4
5

6. Types of Research- Classification 5
6
Types of research and activities
you can be part of: Nutrition,
lifestyle, new technology,
psychological therapy, physical
therapy, drug trial, citizen science,
survey / interview, brain imaging,
genetic test, cognitive test, social
engagement and procedure /
treatment.

7. Types of Research- Classification 6
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8. Types of Research- Classification 7
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9. 9

10. 10

11. Types of Research commonly used in
Architecture
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12. Types of
research
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13. Qualitative and
Quantitative Research

14. Primary research Secondary research

15. Research Process
Research Process

16. ▰ Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing
non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can
be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or
generate new ideas for research.
▰ Qualitative research is commonly used in the
humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as
anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences,
history, etc.
▰ Qualitative research is used to understand how
people experience the world. While there are many
approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be
flexible and focus on retaining rich meaning when
interpreting data.
▰ Approaches
Qualitative Research

17. Qualitative Research Approaches- 6 types
Action
Research

18. 18
Types of
Qualitative
Research-
Definition
Ethnographic Research
• this method involves the researcher embedding himself into the daily life and routine of the subject/s.
either as active participant or as observer the researcher experience their customs traditions,
mannerisms, reactions to situations etc. Ex. Testing products personally or in beta groups before
releasing them to the public is an example of ethnographic research.
Narrative research
• In this method, the researcher gathers data or facts from one or two subjects through interviews
Documents etc, over a period of time. It is then compiled and a narrative of the event is created. It is
also used to answer set of questions or suggestions through narration, which is based on facts and
evidences. Ex Businesses use the narrative method to define buyer personas and use them to identify
innovations that appeal to a target market.
Phenomenological research
• This method is used to study an event or activity as it happens from various angles. Using Interviews,
videos, on site visits etc., once can add on the existing information using perspective and insights from
the participants themselves about the activity or an event. Ex. Universities use this method to
understand applicants choice for applying the type of course
Grounded Research
• It starts with a question or collection of Data. Through systematic data collection and analysis, repetitive
ideas of actions are coded and codes are grouped or characterized into theoretical models . Ex.
Business use this theory for conducting satisfaction surveys based on the target product
Case Study Research
• It is a study that focuses on discussing a particular event or phenomenon. A case could be individual, a
group, a community, a city, an event a problem or a group of population

19. 19
Comparison of
different
Qualitative
Research types

20. Qualitative Research methods

21. 1. One on one interviews
Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research
methods. It is a personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a time.
This is purely a conversational method and invites opportunities to get details in depth
from the respondent.

22. 2. Focus groups
A focus group is best defined as a small group of carefully selected participants who contribute to open
discussions for research. The hosting organization carefully selects participants for the study to represent
the larger population they’re attempting to target.

23. 3. Ethnographic research method
Ethnographic research uses in-depth observational method and aims to understand the
cultures, challenges, motivations, and settings that occur. This type of research method
can last from a few days to a few years, as it involves in-depth observation and collecting
data on those grounds.

24. 4. Process of Observation
24
Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to gather systematic information
or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is the research process of using subjective methodologies to
gather information or data. Qualitative observation is primarily used to equate quality differences.
Qualitative observation deals with the 5 major sensory organs and their functioning – sight, smell, touch, taste, and
hearing. This doesn’t involve measurements or numbers but instead characteristics.

25. 5. Record keeping method
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This method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and similar sources of information as
the data source. This data can be used in new research. This is similar to going to a library. There one
can go over books and other reference material to collect relevant data that can likely be used in the
research.

26. 6. Case Study Research Method
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The case study method has evolved over the past few years and developed into a valuable qualitative research
method. As the name suggests it is used for explaining an organization or an entity. This type of research method
is used within a number of areas like education, social sciences and similar. This method may look difficult to
operate, however, it is one of the simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and thorough
understanding of the data collection methods and inferring the data.

27. “
”
Quantitative research is defined as a systematic
investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques.
Quantitative research collects information from
existing and potential customers using sampling
methods and sending out online surveys, online
polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which
can be depicted in the form of numerical. After
careful understanding of these numbers to predict
the future of a product or service and make
changes accordingly.

28. Quantitative Research types

29. SURVEY RESEARCH
Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various
types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-
intercept surveys, etc.

30. TYPES OF SURVEY

31. DOMAINS IN surveys

32. Correlational research
Correlation research is conducted
to establish a relationship between
two closely-knit entities and how
one impacts the other and what
are the changes that are
eventually observed.

33. Experimental research

34. Also called quasi-experimental
research, this quantitative research
method is used by researchers to
conclude the cause-effect equation
between two or more variables, where
one variable is dependent on the other
independent variable.
Causal-comparative research

35. Research Methodology
in Architecture
Introduction- Types of research and
research language
Lecture 4
Prof. Dr. Neha Bansal
M.C.P.(IIT Kharagpur),Ph.D. (IIT Roorkee)
Professor
SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Email: neha2000neha@gmail.com
Ph: +91 7669038518

36. Other types
of
Researches
36

37. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
▰ A longitudinal study is observational. So,
researchers do not interfere with their
subjects. However, in a longitudinal
study, researchers conduct several
observations of the same subjects over a
period of time, sometimes lasting many
years.
37

38. Simulation Research
and method
▰ Simulation process is used in operational
research. Hence is also called operational
research
▰ Simulation, in industry, science, and
education, a research or teaching
technique that reproduces actual events
and processes under test conditions. ...
Simulation implements range from paper-
and-pencil and board-game
reproductions of situations to complex
computer-aided interactive systems.
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Simulating a set
of conditions

39. Field Setting Research
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▰ Field Research is a method of collecting
qualitative data with the aim to understand,
observe, and interact with people in their
natural setting. It requires specialized market
research tools.

40. ▰ Laboratory research is scientific study conducted in a laboratory
or other such workplace, where the investigator has some degree
of direct control over the environment and can manipulate the
independent variables.
▰ Laboratory experiments are a particular method that enables the
highest level of control for hypothesis testing. Like other types of
experiments, they use random assignment and intentional
manipulations, but these experiments are conducted in a room or
a suite of rooms dedicated to that purpose. Although experimental
research can be conducted in places besides laboratories, such as
in classrooms or business organizations, a laboratory setting is
usually preferable, because an investigator can create optimal
conditions for testing the ideas guiding the research.
40
Laboratory Research
An overview of Laboratory
Experimental Method

41. ▰ A clinical study involves research
using human volunteers (also
called participants) that is
intended to add to medical
knowledge. There are two main
types of clinical studies: clinical
trials (also called interventional
studies) and observational
studies.
41
CLINICAL RESEARCH

42. ▰ Exploratory research is defined as a research used to
investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. It is
conducted to have a better understanding of the existing
problem, but will not provide conclusive results.
▰ For such a research, a researcher starts with a general
idea and uses this research as a medium to identify
issues, that can be the focus for future research. An
important aspect here is that the researcher should be
willing to change his/her direction subject to the
revelation of new data or insight. Such a research is
usually carried out when the problem is at a preliminary
stage. It is often referred to as grounded theory
approach or interpretive research as it used to answer
questions like what, why and how.
42
Exploratory Research

43. ▰ R
▰ r
43
Exploratory Research

44. Exploratory Research
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45. Formalized Research / Exploratory Research
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46. Conclusion Oriented research
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Research can also be classified as conclusion-
oriented and decision-oriented.
While doing conclusion-oriented research,
a researcher is free to pick up a problem,
redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is
prepared to conceptualize as he wishes.
Decision oriented research is always for the need
of a decision maker and the researcher in this case
is not free to embark upon research since it is a
scientific method of providing executive departments
with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding
operations under their control.

47. Example- Decision Oriented Research in
Architecture
47

48. ▰ Historical research is a qualitative technique.
Historical research studies the meaning of past
events in an attempt to interpret the facts and
explain the cause of events, and their effect in
the present events.
▰ It is a procedure in which a researcher collects
and evaluates data to understand reports or
observation made by others. It tests
hypotheses concerning causes, effects or
trends that may help to explain present events
and anticipate future events
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Historical Research

49. Step by step method of doing historical
research
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PRIMARY SOURCES
SECONDARY SOURCES
SECONDARY SOURCES
•Secondary sources are created
by someone who was either not
present when the event
occurred or removed from it in
time.
•History books, encyclopedias,
historical dictionaries, and
academic (scholarly) articles are
secondary sources.

50. Descriptive Research
50
Descriptive research is defined as a research method that describes the
characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. This methodology
focuses more on the “what” of the research subject than the “why” of the
research subject.
The descriptive research method primarily focuses on describing the
nature of a demographic segment, without focusing on “why” a particular
phenomenon occurs. In other words, it “describes” the subject of the
research, without covering “why” it happens.
Descriptive research is a part of quantitative market research or social
research study which involves conducting survey research using
quantitative variables on a market research tool or social research tool.

51. Characteristics of Descriptive Research
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Quantitative
Research
collects quantifiable
information for
statistical analysis of
sample population
Uncontrolled
Variables
none of the variables
are influenced in any
way. This uses
observational
methods to conduct
the research.
Cross Sectional
Studies
a cross-sectional
study where different
sections belonging to
the same group are
studied.
Basis for further
research
The results obtained
from descriptive
research is in
statistical form and
can also be used as
input data for similar
research . In addition
to this, different
research techniques
applied to the data for
the analysis can be
inputs .
Natural Settings
Descriptive researches
are usually conducted in
natural settings. For
example, you can
distribute questionnaires
of surveys among
random people or in an
observational method,
you can observe the
behavior of people in a
particular environment

52. Methods of Descriptive research
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Case study
method
Observational
Method
Survey
Research

53. Application of Descriptive Research
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54. Comparisons between different types
of research
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55. Difference between Descriptive and Analytical Research
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• It describes the
phenomenon as it
exits
Definition
• It is used to
identify and obtain
information on the
characteristics of
a particular issue
characteristics
• Describes the
characteristics of a study
group by answering the
question “ what is” . Does
not need hypothesis
Objective
• Types include,
case study
reports, case
series, survey
reports
Applications
• Uses both quantitative
and qualitative
research
methodologies
Methods
• It aims to understand
phenomenon by
discovering and
measuring cause
and effect
relationship
Definition
• Analyses the
relationship between
the parameters/ in
processes of
research
characteristics
• Aims to analyze, explore
and manipulate the given
variables so as to support
or reject a hypothesis, by
answering “what if”. Based
on hypothesis
Objective
• Types include,
observational,
cross sectional,
experimental
studies
Applications
• Primarily Uses
quantitative
research
methodologies
Methods
Descriptive
Research
Analytical
Research
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2
3
4
5

56. Basic/Fundamental research Vs Applied
research
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Definition
Efficacy
Alarmed
with
Environment
Environment
Alarmed
with
Nature of
Research
Aim

57. Conceptual vs Empirical Research
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58. 58

59. Qualitative vs Quantitative research
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60. Quantitative vs Qualitative research
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61. “
”
Scientific Method of Research
The scientific method is an empirical method of
acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development
of science. The scientific method is a constant process: one
discovery can lead to many more questions which, when
investigated, can lead to more answers
The six steps of the scientific method include
1) asking a question about something you observe, 2) doing
background research to learn what is already known about the
topic, 3) constructing a hypothesis, 4) experimenting to test the
hypothesis, 5) analyzing the data from the experiment and
drawing conclusions, and communicating the results to others.
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62. Scientific Method of Research-steps
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Iterative
process

63. “
”
▰ Several terms have been introduced that are
important to mastering research as a
language. The main terms include theory,
concept, construct, definition,
operationalization, variables, hypothesis,
and sample, validity, reliability, data
63
Language of Research

64. 64
Concept
Construct
Variable
operationalization
Theory
Definition
Models
Language of
Research

65. Language of research
65
• Theory is defined here as an explanation that offers to classify,
organize, explain, predict, and/or understand the occurrence of specific phenomena.
• Based on the definition, a theory is a statement that attempts to make sense of reality.
Reality consists of those phenomena that we can identify, recognize, and observe.
Theory
• An operational definition defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing
criteria.
• The act of operationalizing is the describing of how a concept is measured. This
process is best defined as the conversion of the abstract idea or notion into a measurable
item. In other words, it involves taking something that is conceptual and making it
observable, or going from abstract to concrete. Operationalization is one of the more
important tasks prior to conducting any research. However, there is no one right way to go
about operationalizing; how this is accomplished is up to the researcher.
Operationalization
• A concept is best defined as an abstract label that represents an aspect of reality (usually in the form of an
object, policy, issue, problem, or phenomenon). Every discipline has its own concepts. For example,
common concepts in criminal justice and criminology include criminality, law, rehabilitation, and
punishment.
Concept
• A construct is an abstract concept that is specifically chosen (or “created”) to explain a given
phenomenon. A construct may be a simple concept, such as a person’s weight, or a combination of a set of
related concepts such as a person’s communication skill, which may consist of several underlying concepts
such as the person’s vocabulary, syntax, and spelling. The former instance (weight) is a uni-dimensional
construct, while the latter (communication skill) is a multi-dimensional construct (i.e., it consists of
multiple underlying concepts).
Construct
• Variables are concepts that may be divided into two or more categories or groupings known as attributes.
The ability to divide the variables into categories enables us to study their relationships with other
variables. Attributes are the grouping into which variables may be divided. As an example, “male” is an
attribute of the variable “gender.” There are two types of variables: dependent and independent.
Variable

66. Thank you
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