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Branding Management
Dr Nibras Hussein Mohammed
PHD in marketing Management
Introduction to Branding
REMARKABLE
Apple Retail 2001
Sorry Steve, Apple Stores Won‟t Work
(Business Week)
Apple Retail 2004:
Fastest retailer ever to reach the
$1 billion mark a year
Apple Retail 2006
Fastest retailer ever to reach
$1 billion/quarter mark
Apple Retail 2007
Sales per sq.meter = $ 30,176
(as comparison: BestBuy = $10,643)
•

Careful segmentation and focus on students, educators
and creative professionals (even now consumer appeal
broadens)

•

A retail experience differentiated by service before,
during and after sales (Genius bar)

•

Scenario or lifestyle Marketing & Sales vs. Product « What
do you want to do ? »

•

Style & design

THE RESPONSE
BREAKING ALL THE RULES
•No commissions
•Team bonuses
•Focus on experience
•Fashion & design people to run computer retail

Ron Johnson
Target

•Hire for personality, attitude and customer fit …
train the rest
•High identification: Tshirts, iPod, discounts, …

•3 week immersion at start of job ONLY on
customerrelationshipskills and
understandingcustomerneeds/lifestyle
•
MickeyDrexler
The Gap

•

All product training is online
(exceptgeniuses)
Training on store computers or
borrowedlaptop
FUTURELAB
RESULTS
Apple: 2007 Net Promoter Performance and 5 Year Trend vs.
Overall B2C High Tech Computer Hardware Manufacturers

FUTURELAB

Source: Net Promoter ™ Economics: the Impact of WOM, Satmetrix, 2008
Revenue Growth % 2007 vs 2008
Source: Fortune Magazine, May 5,2008

24,3

13,8
8,4

6,5

6,2

5,5
0,8

HP

FUTURELAB

Dell

Apple

Xerox

Sun

NCR

Pitney
Bowes

RESULTS
When both sides work together, you can build a
charismatic brand.

But first,

you have to master the FIVE DISCIPLINES
OF BRAND-BUILDING
4

FOCUS

2
1

IS THIS HOW YOUR CUSTOMERS SEE
YOU?

DIFFERENTIATE

Who are you?
What do you do?
 Why does it matter?

CREATIVITY IS WHAT GIVES
BRANDS THEIR TRACTION IN
THE MARKETPLACE.
Because creativity is rightbrained,

Unless you have compelling answers to
these questions, you need Focus

SOLUTION:
BE DIFFERENT

3

COLLABORATE
BUILDING A BRAND IS A
COLLABORATIVE PROJECT.

INNOVATE

and strategy is left-brained.
4

VALIDATE

A sustainable competitive advantage.
Brand stories and life
Summary of market positioning of mobile operators [1 of 2]
Functional

Functional

Emotional

Value

Emotional

Value

GHS

On-net

Off-net

GHS

On-net

Off-net

Domestic calls

0.10

0.10

Domestic calls

0.08

0.08

Domestic SMS

0.04

0.05

Domestic SMS

0.04

0.0424

 Mass market player with the largest community of
subscribers
 Large network investment (greatest coverage) - 73% of
population in June 2010
 “MTN, Ghana's most reliable voice and data
network has variety of services tailored to suit your
specific needs, lifestyle and economic situations”

 Strong focus on corporate customers
 In November 2010, it launched Blackberry services
 However, it only has a WCDMA network hence its data
services are inferior to those of MTN and Zain
Summary of market positioning of mobile operators [2 of
2]
Functional

Functional

Emotional

Value

Emotional

Value

GHS

On-net

Off-net

GHS

On-net

Off-net

Domestic calls

0.09

0.1620

Domestic calls

0.08

0.08

Domestic SMS

0.0403

0.0477

Domestic SMS

0.04

0.05

 Tigo targets primarily the consumer segment

 Zain was rebranding to Airtel in November 2010
 Bharti Airtel, the parent company of Airtel is renown for
aggressive pricing approach
 Airtel operates an HSPA network
Zain and Sudani are in the position to base their value
proposition on quality & value for money
Good value for money

 Zain has the highest association
with attributes that mobile users
consider important (call quality,
value for money and good
network coverage)

Great value
brand

Basic brand

High Quality (call quality &
network coverage)

Low Quality

Expensive
brand

Over-rated brand
Poor value for money

 Sudani is considered to have
good network coverage
 The company does also have a
good local connection to the
Sudanese people and is referred
to as the “proudly Sudanese”
operator
 MTN‟s strongest association is
with convenience (easy to
recharge)

Call quality, network coverage and value for
money are the most important attributes for mobile
owners when selecting an operator in Sudan

High quality & value for money are also the most appreciated attributes
Brand Atlas
Brand
association

Brand
promise

Brand
activation

Brand
awareness

Brand Call
and re-call

Brand
extension

Brand value

Brand
Identity

Brand
contact

Perceptiona
l map

Brand
insight

Brand Touch
Points

Brand
image

Brand
Attribute

Brand
Essence

Brand
personality

Brand
engagemen
t

Branded
recognition

Brand Equity

Brand
perception

Brand
Aartuchuers

Brand Vision

Brand
loyalty

Grow the
core

Brand story
Introduction
The market is crowded
with Nokia, Motorola, and
Ericsson fighting it out at
the top.

The world of the mobile
phone market is crowded.
The diverse products
available range from the
simple to the complex and
every manufacturer offers the
latest features.

However, Nokia replaced all its
competitors and it is now the number
one brand in many markets around
the world, effectively dislodging
Motorola from that position.

Also, several less
successful brands like
Samsung, Philips, Siemens
and Panasonic are trying
hard to make it into the
top competitors' market
share.

So what made Nokia
special from others? Why
did customers choose
Nokia? The answer lies in
what the „brand Nokia‟
means to customers.
What is the brand
So what exactly is a brand?

FIRST
A brand is not a logo.
SECOND

A BRAND IS A PERSON‟S
GUT FEELING ABOUT A
PRODUCT, SERVICE, OR
ORGANIZATION.

It is a PERSON‟S gut
feeling, because brands
are defined by
individuals, not
companies, markets, or
publics.
FINALL
Y
A brand is not a product.

IT‟S NOT WHAT YOU SAY IT IS.

IT‟S WHAT THEY SAY IT IS.
WHY IS BRANDING SO HOT?

People have too
many choices and
too little time

We tend to base
our buying choices
on trust

Most offerings have
similar quality and
features
What is a Brand?
Nokia brand promises „trust‟ and „strong

technology‟

The popular Starbucks has earned its brand image
from the opinions of its customers.
The brand Starbucks stands for bolder,
flavorful coffee.

more

Thus, you can see that Brands are “what the
consumers buy”, while products are “what
concern/companies make”.
Brand is a promise that the product will perform as per
customer‟s expectations.
It is a name, term, sign, symbol or a
combination of all these which differentiate the
goods/services of one seller or group of sellers from those
of competitors.
Some examples of well known brands are
Wrangler, Audi, Samsung, Coca Cola, etc.
What is a Brand?
On the other hand a name becomes a
brand when consumers associate it with a
set of tangible and intangible benefits that
they obtain from the product or service.

Brand is the seller’s promise to
deliver the same bundle of
benefits/services consistently
to buyers.

A product is any offering by a
company to a market that serves
to satisfy customer needs and
wants. A product can be an
object, service, idea, etc.

Brands are not
the same as
Products.

Brand differences are
often related to
attributes or benefits of
product itself.
Brand name selecting
process may you find
trivial but it is not.
Some brand names
are so good that
contribute to the
success of product.
Brand Elements

Brand Element Choice Criteria
Brand
names

Promise

Slogans

 Memorable
Elements

Characters

 Meaningful
 Likeability

Logos

Personality

 Transferable

 Adaptable
 Protectable
Why do Brands Matter?

Brands have become
important drivers of
growth for any
organization, good
or service.

B

The main reason
consumers flock to
some brands and
ignore others is that
behind the brand
stands an unspoken
promise of value.

R

A Brand is a
promise that the
product will
perform as per
customer’s
expectations.

A

A brand helps make
a mark and
differentiate a good
or service from
others in
marketplace.

A strong brand
makes people
aware of what
the company
represents and
about the
different
offerings of the
company.

N
D

Brands help
customers to
connect to the
product or
service on an
emotional level.

S
Service

Goods

Place

Physical
goods

Services

A store

A person

A place

An
organization

An Idea
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Source of
product

Lower risk

Consumers

Less cost of
searching for
a choice

Symbol of
Quality

Symbolic
device

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers
Source of
product

Lower risk

Consumers

Less cost of
searching for
a choice

Symbol of
Quality

Symbolic
device

Consumers can easily make a purchase decision based on
brands. Consumers usually find brands which satisfy their
need.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Source of
product

Lower risk

Consumers

Brands mean lower purchase risk to consumers as they are
dealing with a product or organization that they trust.

Less cost of
searching for
a choice

Symbol of
Quality

Symbolic
device

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Source of
product

Lower risk

Consumers

Less cost of
searching for
a choice

If the consumers recognize a particular brand and have
knowledge about it, they make quick purchase decision
and save lot of time. Also, they save search costs for
product.

Symbol of
Quality

Symbolic
device

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Source of
product

Lower risk

Consumers

Less cost of
searching for
a choice

Symbol of
Quality

Consumers see ‘brands’ as a symbol of quality and remain committed
and loyal to a brand as long as they believe that the brand will continue
meeting their expectations and perform in the desired manner
consistently.

Symbolic
device

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Source of
product

Lower risk

Consumers

Less cost of
searching for
a choice

Symbol of
Quality

Symbolic
device

Brands play a significant role in signifying certain product
features to consumers.

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Means of
Competitive
Advantage

Seller

A brand helps the firms to provide consistently a unique set
of characteristics, advantages, and services to the
buyers/consumers.

Legal
protection of
products‟
features

Satisfied
customer

Means of
Profits

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Means of
Competitive
Advantage

Seller

Legal
protection of
products‟
features

Brands help to protect the unique features/traits of
products by legal copyrights.

Satisfied
customer

Means of
Profits

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Means of
Competitive
Advantage

Seller

Legal
protection of
products‟
features

Satisfied
customer

Brand represents values, ideas and even personality and
hence leads to an assortment of memories in customers’
mind and hence satisfied customers.

Means of
Profits

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brands for Consumers and Sellers

Means of
Competitive
Advantage

Seller

Legal
protection of
products‟
features

Satisfied
customer

Means of
Profits

Brands form the basis of purchase decision among
consumers and thus are a means of financial profits.

The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
Brandpositioning
BRAND PROMISE

1)It is the heart of marketing
strategy.
2. It is the act of designing the
company‟s offer and image so
that it occupies a distinct and
value place in the target
customer minds.
3.How it is unique and how it is
similar to competitive
brands, and why consumer buy
and use it.

Redfern is a special place in Sydney and the
world. Building on our foundation as the heart of
urban Aboriginal Australia, we are alive with
art, music, culture and ideas.
BRAND ESSENCE

Our brand essence is ―Welcoming Spirit‖
Welcoming Means
BRAND VALUES
Vibrant
Diverse
Living culture
Forward thinking

BRAND PURPOSE

To champion Redfern as a
landmark destination
demonstrating respectful and
positive transformation;

Unique place to
live , work , play
and learn

Open to all –
current and
future residents

Socially
responsible

Embracing the
future with an
understanding of
the past

Addressing
fragmentation
Increasing advertising spending during
economic expansion often yields no
improvement in market share
Because 80% of your competitors are
also increasing their spending

Pull back
and let the
competition
eat your
brand

Stand firm be
aggressive eat your
competition lunch

We're toast :
go home
and save
every penny
A soft media market
means your ad dollars will
go further
The Role of Brands
Identify the maker
Simplify product handling
Organize accounting
Offer legal protection
Signify quality
Create barriers to entry

Serve as a competitive
advantage
Secure price premium
What is a Brand Promise?
 A brand promise sets an expectation
of an experience.
 It answers the question – What‟s in
it for the customer?
 An effective promise is
concise, relevant, sells a benefit
(not just a feature), and is
backed up by the product /
service.
 In the best case, your brand IS a
promise.
 Southwest Airlines
 Nordstrom‟s
 Disney

How Are Brand Promises Delivered?




Advertising
◦ Controlled messaging
◦ Aligned messaging
 Horizontally - Across media types
 Vertically – Up/Down thru Tier 1, II &
III
Experiential
◦ Branded Lifestyle / Off-line content
and programming
◦ Retailer / On-site transaction-based
experience
◦ 1 to 1 issue resolution via Consumer
Affairs / Help desk
Does Nissan Deliver its Brand Promise?
 Nissan‟s Brand Promise is – “Innovation that Excites”
 Key Product proof points



Nissan LEAF – the world‟s first mass produced 100% electric, zero-emissions car.
370Z / GT-R

 Key Marketing proof points


GT-Academy





Heisman partnership
Pathfinder Kinect
Prod & Mktg Innovation Labs

 Key Organizational proof points


French-owned, Japanese company where US is largest player… with a Brit as our Chairman of the
Americas and a Spaniard is our SVP, Sales & Mktg

 Key Operational proof points


Dedicated Social Engagement / CRM team and Agencies
Brand Management
What is Brand Management?

Now, that you have learnt about
‘brands’, let us see what is brand
management.
Brand management is the process of
building, managing and improving a
brand.
It begins by having a thorough
knowledge of the term “brand”.
Hence, brand management includes
developing a promise, making that
promise and maintaining it.
It means defining the brand, positioning the brand, and
delivering the brand. It is an art of creating and sustaining
the brand.
What is Brand Management?

The tangibles for product brands
include the product itself, its
The intangibles are made up of
characteristics, features, price, p the emotional connections with
ackaging, etc.
the product / service.

The tangible and
intangible characteristics
of brand are managed
through Brand
management.

Whereas, in case of
service brands, the
customers‟ experience
forms the tangibles.

Branding is assembling of various
marketing mix medium into a
whole so as to give the product
an identity.

Thus, you can see that
brand management is all
about Branding.

It is building a
brand name
that captures
the customer‟s
mind.
Purpose of Brand Management

The main aim of branding is to differentiate a company’s products and
services from its competitors.

Branding aims to convey a brand message vividly, create customer
loyalty, persuade the buyer for the product, and establish an emotional
connectivity with the customers and form customer perceptions about
the product.
Brand management plays a crucial role to form brands. The brand
management strategies also provide good support to the brand so that
it can sustain itself in long run.
Also, through brand management, brands are managed and brand
equity is built over a period of time. It helps in building a corporate
image. Thus, only a competent brand management system can create a
successful brand.
Strategic Brand Management Process
The Strategic Brand Management Process consistsof the following four
steps:

Strategic Brand
Management Process
Step 1: Identifying & Establishing Brand Position

Identifying
and Establishing
Brand Position
Customer
Based Brand
Equity

Brand
Positioning

Positioning
Guidelines

Building a Strong
Brand: Four Steps of
Brand Building

Identify and
Establishing
Brand Position
Step 1: Identifying & Establishing Brand Position

Identifying and Based Brand Equity
Customer
Establishing
Brand Position
The Brand position can be identified and established by
Customer
Based Brand
Equity

determining the customer-based brand equity using the
pyramid.
Identify and
•

Brand
Establishing
Positioning relates to aspects of awareness of
Brand Position
Brand Salience: This

the brand.
•
Brand Performance: This relates to ways in which
product/ service meets customers‟ needs.
Positioning
•
Building aBrand Imagery: It‟s how customers visualize a brand
Guidelines
abstractly, with no relevance to what the brand
Strong Brand:
actually does.
Four Steps of
•
Brand Judgments: The customers‟ personal opinions
Brand Building
and evaluations with regard to the brand.
•
Brand Feelings: The customers‟ emotional responses
and reactions with respect to the brand.
•
Brand Resonance: The ultimate relationship &level of
identification that the customer has with the brand.
Step 1: Identifying & Establishing Brand Position

Customer
Based Brand
Equity

Building a Strong Brand: Four Steps of Brand Building
The Four Steps of Brand Building are as follows:
Identifying (Who are you?)
• Identity
• and
Meaning (What are you?)
Establishing (What about you?)
• Response
• Position
Brand Relationship (What about you & me?)
Brand
Positioning

Building a
Strong Brand:
Four Steps of
Brand Building

Positioning
Guidelines

Identify and
Establishing
Brand Position
Step 1: Identifying & Establishing Brand Position

Identifying
and
Establishing
Brand Position
Customer Based
Brand Equity

Brand Positioning
The Brand Positioning is further
divided into two parts –
• Identify and Establishing Brand
Position
• Positioning Guidelines
Brand
Positioning

Building a
Strong Brand:
Four Steps of
Brand Building

Positioning
Guidelines

Identify and
Establishing
Let us look at
Brand Position

each one in detail.
Brand Positioning - Identify and Establishing Brand Position
Identify and Establishing Brand Position:

Basic Concepts

It is necessary to decide:
• Who the target consumer is
• Who the main competitors are
• How the brand is similar to these competitors
• How the brand is different from these
competitors
Target Market

The Target Market can be decided based on two
considerations:
• Segmentation Bases: a) Behavioral b)
Demographic c) Psychographic d) Geographic
• Segmentation Criteria: a) Identifiability b) Size c)
Accessibility d) Responsiveness
Brand Positioning - Positioning Guidelines

Positioning Guidelines:

The following are some of the positioning
guidelines that firms should follow for an effective
brand positioning:
•
•
•
•

Defining and Communicating the
Competitive Frame of Reference
Choosing Points of Parity and Points of
Difference
Establishing Points of Parity and Points of
Difference
Updating Positioning Over Time
Step 2: Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs
Planning &
Implementing
Brand Marketing
Programs

Co-branding

Leveraging
Secondary Brand
Associations to
Build Brand Equity

Licensing
Celebrity
Endorsement

Choosing
Brand
Elements to
Build Brand
Equity
Options and
Tactics for
Brand
Elements

Designing
Marketing
Programs to Build
Brand Equity
Channel
Strategy

Product
Strategy
Pricing
Strategy

Criteria for
Choosing
Brand
Elements
Step 2: Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs

Co-branding

Leveraging
Secondary
Brand
Associations to
Build Brand
Equity

Licensing
Celebrity
Endorsement

Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity
Planning & Elements are sometimes called „Brand
Brand
Identities‟. They are the trademark devices that
Implementing
help
Brand to identify and differentiate brands.
Choosing
Marketing
For example, the logo of tick mark of Nike, the
Criteria for
Brand
Programs
Choosing

Elements to
Indian Maharaja of Air India, the rings of Audi etc.
Brand
Build Brand
are brand elements.
Elements
Equity

Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity is further
Options and
Designing
Tactics for
divided into two parts:
Brand
Marketing
• Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements
Elements
Programs to
• Options and Tactics for Brand Elements
Build Brand
Equity

Product
Strategy

Let us look at each one in detail.
Channel
Strategy

Pricing
Strategy
Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Choosing Brand Elements

Criteria for

Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements :

The following criteria should be met to choose relevant brand elements such as:
•Memorability – Easily Recognized, Easily Recalled
• Meaningfulness – Descriptive, Persuasive
• Likability – Fun and Interesting, Aesthetically Pleasing
• Transferability – Within Cross Product Categories, Across Geographical Boundaries and
Cultures
• Adaptability – Flexible, Updateable
•Protectability – Legally Protected, Competitively Protected
Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Tactics for Brand Elements

Options and

Options and Tactics for Brand Elements:
The following are few options and tactics for Brand Elements:

Brand Names:
Descriptive brand names in
which the function is described
literally in brand name.

Suggestive brand names in
which the name is
suggestive of a benefit
provided by the brand to
the customer.

URLs:
• Keep the URLs as simple as
possible,
• Avoid clichés,
• Use a new term for the
real word
•Use catchy phrases

Logos and Symbols:
Various kinds that can be used
• are:
Family Shields

• Fonts
• Symbols

• Abstract – shapes and image
Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Tactics for Brand Elements

Options and

Options and Tactics for Brand Elements:
The following are few options and tactics for Brand Elements:

Characters:
Characters can also
be used as brand
elements.

Slogans:
Slogans are short
phrases that are
descriptive or
persuasive in nature
and provide more
info about the
brands.

Jingles:
These are musical
slogans that help in
reminding by
repetition.
Examples: The axe
song and
O Fortuna, the Old
Spice Theme Song.

Packaging:
Packaging is an important
brand element. It helps to
identify the brand, convey
descriptive and persuasive
information through
labelling, allows
protection, transportation, st
orage and consumption of
product .
Step 2: Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs
Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity
Brand Equity can be built by focussing on designing effective marketing
Planning &
programs keeping the following in consideration:
• Implementing
Product Strategy
Brand
• Pricing Strategy
Leveraging
• Marketing
Channel Strategy Choosing

Co-branding

Secondary
Brand
Programs
Brand
Elements to
Let us look at each one Build Brand
in detail.
Associations to
Build Brand
Equity
Equity

Licensing
Celebrity
Endorsement

Designing
Marketing
Programs to
Build Brand
Equity

Product
Strategy
Pricing
Strategy

Options and
Tactics for
Brand
Elements

Channel
Strategy

Criteria for
Choosing
Brand
Elements
Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity
Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity

Planning &
Implementing
Brand
Marketing
Programs

Product Strategy
Businesses should ensure that they have an effective product strategy
to remain competitive in the cutting edge markets. An efficient
product strategy would ensure that the product remains updated
with the latest features, technology and enhancements and has
something extra to offer to the customers.

Pricing Strategy
Businesses can ensure profitability and longevity by paying close
attention to their pricing strategy. An efficient pricing strategy helps
companies to best position themselves within the market.

Designing
Marketing
Programs to Build
Brand Equity

Channel Strategy
Channel
Strategy

Product
Strategy
Pricing
Strategy

Channel Marketing is the practice of applying appropriate marketing
methods to distribution channels to reach customers. It involves
developing go-to-market plans, educating channel marketers or
middlemen about products or services, and motivating the members
of the marketing channel to promote products and services.
Hence, marketing and sales alignment is critical to an effective
channel strategy.
Step 2: Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs

Co-branding

Leveraging
Secondary
Brand
Associations to
Build Brand
Equity

Licensing
Celebrity
Endorsement

Planning &
Implementing
Brand
Marketing
Programs

Designing
Marketing
Programs to
Build Brand
Equity

Product
Strategy
Pricing
Strategy

Choosing
Brand
Elements to
Build Brand
Equity
Options and
Tactics for
Brand
Elements

Channel
Strategy

Criteria for
Choosing
Brand
Elements

Leveraging
Secondary Brand
Associations to
Build Brand Equity
The Leveraging
Secondary Brand
Associations to
Build Brand Equity is
further divided into
three parts –
• Co-branding
• Licensing
• Celebrity
Endorsement
Leveraging Secondary Brand
Associations to Build Brand
Equity
Planning &
Implementing
Brand Marketing
Programs

Co-branding

Leveraging
Secondary Brand
Associations to
Build Brand Equity

Licensing
Celebrity
Endorsement

Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to
Build Brand Equity
Co-branding
Co-branding occurs when two or more existing brands are
combined into a joint product or are marketed together
in some fashion. A few examples are: Sony
Ericsson, Yoplait Trix Yogurt, Nestle‟s Cheerios Cookie Bars

Licensing
Licensing involves contractual arrangements whereby
firms can use the names, logos, characters, and so forth of
other brands for some fixed fee. A few examples are:
Entertainment (The Matrix, Shrek, etc.), Television and
cartoon characters (Mickey Mouse), Designer apparel
and accessories (Gucci, Armani, etc.)

Celebrity Endorsement
Firms can also use a celebrity to endorse their brands to
help build brand equity. Celebrity endorsement helps to
draw attention to the brand and to shape the
perceptions of the brand. A celebrity should be greatly
popular and have a high level of visibility. He or she should
also have a rich set of useful associations, judgments, and
feelings associated with him/her by the general public.
Step 3: Measuring & Interpreting Performance

Measuring &
Interpreting Brand
Performance
Qualitative
Research
Techniques

Measuring
Sources of
Brand Equity
Quantitative
Research
Techniques

Brand Value
Chain

Measuring
Outcomes of
Brand Equity

Developing
Brand Equity
Measurement
&
Management Establishing a
System
Brand Equity
Designing
Brand
Tracking
Studies

Management
System

Holistic
Methods

Comparative
Methods
Step 3: Measuring & Interpreting Performance
Developing a Brand Equity Measurement & Management System

Qualitative
Research
Techniques

Measuring &
The Developing a Brand Equity Measurement and Management System
Interpreting
is further divided into three parts –
Brand
• Brand Value Chain
• Performance Tracking Studies
Designing Brand
Measuring
Measuring
• Establishing a Brand Equity Management System
Comparative
Sources of
Outcomes of

Brand Equity

Brand Equity

Let us look at each one in detail.
Quantitative
Research
Techniques

Brand Value
Chain

Developing
Brand Equity
Measurement
&
Management Establishing a
System
Brand Equity
Designing
Brand
Tracking
Studies

Management
System

Holistic
Methods

Methods
Step 3: Measuring & Interpreting Performance

Qualitative
Research
Techniques

Measuring
Sources of
Brand Equity

Measuring Sources of Brand Equity: Capturing
Customer Mind-Set
There
Measuring &are two methods that are used for
measuring the sources of brand equity or to
Interpreting
capture the customer‟s mind-set, which are as
Brand
follows:
Performance
Measuring
• Qualitative Research Techniques
Comparative
Outcomes of
Methods
• Quantitative Research Techniques
Brand Equity
Let us look at each one in detail.

Quantitative
Research
Techniques

Brand Value
Chain

Developing
Brand Equity
Measurement
&
Management Establishing a
System
Brand Equity
Designing
Brand
Tracking
Studies

Management
System

Holistic
Methods
Measuring Sources of Brand Equity –
Quantitative Research Techniques

Awareness
Brand awareness is related to the strength of the brand in
memory. Brand awareness is reflected by consumers‟ ability to
identify various brand elements.
The following factors must be taken into consideration while
measuring brand awareness:
• Recognition: This relates to consumers‟ ability to identify the
brand under different circumstances.
•
Recall: „Unaided recall‟ means the identification with
minimal cues. „Aided recall‟ means various cues were used
to assist recall.
•
Corrections for Guessing: The research data collected for
measure must consider the issue of consumers „making up‟
responses or „guessing‟. These may affect strategic brand
decisions.
•
Strategic Implications: It is important that researchers
understand that recognition and recall is essential in
analyzing formation of consideration sets and product
decisions made by consumers.
Step 3: Measuring & Interpreting Performance

Qualitative
Research
Techniques

Measuring
Sources of
Brand Equity

Measuring Outcomes of Brand Equity: Capturing Market
Performance
There are
Measuring & two methods that are used for measuring the
outcomes
Interpreting of brand equity or to capture the market
performance, which are as follows:
Brand
• Comparative methods
Performance
Measuring
• Holistic methods
Comparative
Outcomes of
Brand Equity

Let us look at each one in detail.
Quantitative
Research
Techniques

Brand Value
Chain

Developing
Brand Equity
Measurement
&
Management Establishing a
System
Brand Equity
Designing
Brand
Tracking
Studies

Management
System

Holistic
Methods

Methods
Step 4: Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity

Brand
Architecture

Designing and
Implementing
Branding
Strategies

Growing and
Sustaining
Brand Equity

Brand
Hierarchy

New Products
and Brand
Extensions

Managing
Brands over
Time

Introducing
& Naming
Products and
Brand
Extensions

Advantages
of Extensions

Revitalising
Brands

Disadvantage
s of Extensions

Reinforcing
Brands
Step 4: Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity

Brand
Architecture

Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies
Most brands are part of a wider organization. The
Growing and
Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies is further
Sustaining
divided
Brand Equity into two parts –
Designing and
• Brand Architecture
Managing
Reinforcing
Implementing
• Brand hierarchy over
Brands
Branding
Strategies

Brand
Hierarchy

New Products
and Brand
Extensions

Brands

Time

Introducing
& Naming
Products and
Brand
Extensions

Advantages
of Extensions

Revitalising
Brands

Disadvantage
s of Extensions
Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies –
Brand Architecture
Brand Architecture
It is the structure and organization of brands.

Breadth of a Branding Strategy

Breadth of Product Mix: Three factors determine the inherent attractiveness of a product
category:
1. Aggregate market factors
2. Category factors
3. Environmental factors
Depth of Product Mix: An important rule to remember to decide the depth of the product
mix is: “A product line is too short if the manager can increase long-term profits by adding
items; the line is too long if the manager can increase profits by dropping items”.

Depth of a Branding Strategy:
Flankers: Flanker brands are used to create stronger points of parity with
competitors‟ brands.
Cash Cows: In firms, there are some brands that retain loyal customers and
generate healthy profits with virtually no market support.
Low-end Entry-level / High-end Prestige Brands: The first category low-end entrylevel are called “traffic builders” and they are able to “trade up” customers to the
higher-priced brands.
Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies –
Brand Hierarchy
Brand Hierarchy
It is a means of summarizing the branding strategy by displaying the number and nature of common and
distinctive brand elements across the firm‟s products. It helps to reveal the explicit ordering of brand
elements.

Potential Levels of Brand Hierarchy:
A simple representation of possible brand elements and thus, potential levels of a brand
hierarchy might be as follows:
1. Corporate brand e.g. Chrysler-Daimler
2. Family brand e.g. Mercedes-Benz
3. Individual Brand e.g. 1000 SEL
4. Modifier (designating item or model) LX / VX

Brand Hierarchy Built within a Firm:
Brand hierarchy is a means of summarizing the branding strategy by displaying the number and
nature of common and distinctive brand elements across the firm‟s products. It helps to reveal
the explicit ordering of brand elements.
Let us now look at how brand hierarchy can be built within a firm. This can be done in two ways:
By Building Equity at Different Hierarchy Levels
By Creating Corporate Image Dimensions
Step 4: Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity

Brand
Architecture

Introducing and Naming New Products and Brand Extensions
The Introducing and Naming New Products and Brand Extensions is
Growing and
further divided into three parts –
Sustaining
• New Products and Brand Extensions
Brand Equity
• Advantages of Extensions
Designing and
Managing
Reinforcing
Implementing • Disadvantages of Brand Extensions
Brands over
Time

Branding
Strategies

Brand
Hierarchy

New Products
and Brand
Extensions

Introducing
& Naming
Products and
Brand
Extensions

Advantages
of Extensions

Revitalising
Brands

Disadvantage
s of Extensions

Brands
Step 4: Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity
Managing Brands over Time

Brand
Architecture

Designing and
Implementing
Branding
Strategies

Growing is very important to understand the long term effects of
It and
Sustaining
marketing activities on the brand equity. Firms should
Brand Equity consider the consumer response to past
carefully

Brand
Hierarchy

New Products
and Brand
Extensions

Managing
marketing activities, the brand awareness and image, as
Reinforcing
Brands over
well as the customer response to current marketing
Brands
activities and toTime the response to future activities.
predict
Analyzing this information will help firms to manage the
brands over a long period of time. There are various
Revitalising
Introducing
strategies that are used to manage the brands over a long
Brands
& Naming of time which are as follows:
period
Products Reinforcing Brands
• and
Brand
• Re-vitalising Brands
Extensions

Advantages
of Extensions

Disadvantage
s of Extensions
Brand Management Guidelines

8

Affix Products & Services
An effective strategy of brand management is
to ensure that the brand is associated to the
most popular products and services offered by
the licensee’s products and services.

7

6

Decide about License Agreements:
The decision of whether the license agreement should be
exclusive or non–exclusive will have important
implications for all of the business.

Establish and Maintain the Brand
It is necessary that for establishing and maintaining a brand, a
holistic approach, or an “overall brand strategy” is used.

Enforce Key Provisions through License agreements
Enforcing various important concerns such as quality
control standards and reporting standards can be done
through a properly charted out license agreements.

5

4

Select Proper License Partners
The profile of the ideal license partner should be developed and
the focus should be to ensure long-term relationships with the
licensors and licensees.

Actively Integrate the Brand Management Strategy
into Product Development and Launch Activities
It is important that the Companies actively integrate
the brand strategy into product development and
launch activities by using a clear and proactive
strategy.

Maximize the Strategic Advantage of the Brand
It is important that organizations focus on maximizing
the leverage of the brand.

3
2

1

Maintain Consistency between the Brand Strategy and
Overall Business Goals
The brand strategy should be in line with the overall
business goals of the organization.

The following key points provide some strategic brand management guidelines that should be
Brand Strategy Defined
The brand strategy should influence the total operation of a business to
ensure consistent brand behavior in the marketplace and consistent brand
experiences for the customer.
Trends
Motivations/”Sweet spots”
The purpose of a brand
Decision-making process/criteria
strategy is to provide a plan
Higher level benefits
for the systematic
Image/Identity gaps
development of a strong
New Segments
coherent brand in order to
Unmet needs
enhance revenue and profits.
The strategy should be driven
Where to Find Insights
by the principles of
differentiation and sustained
The purpose of a target insight is to
consumer appeal.
describe how a meaningful connection
can be established between what the
brand offers and the target‟s explicit or
implicit needs in order to help identify a
relevant brand promise.
Branding
Core
Brand

Internal

Living the brand

Operations
Who are you

Core values, core
purpose, core
attributesand business
model

Positioning

Definition of your
customers, competitors
, differentiationand
brand touch points

Product/service design,
Systems and procedures and
brand culture maintenance

Identity

Your brand name,
Brand design
standards,
and key touch point
concepts

Communication

External

Marketing plan

Marketing

Core
Brand

Website, Collateral, Packag
ing, PR, Advertising, Environ
ments, Interactive, Media,
etc.
80

Brand Strategy and Marketing Strategy
Brand Strategy is an integral part of the overall strategic
marketing process. It helps to bridge the gap between business
strategy and marketing strategy.

 Brand Strategy is separate from the
4P‟s. It guides and inform decisions
about every aspect of the
marketing mix.

Strategic Marketing Process
I. Corporate Objectives & Brand Portfolio
II. Marketing Objectives
III. Brand Strategy
Communications Strategy

Product and Pricing Strategy
Channel and Distribution Strategy

IV. Marketing Execution & Monitoring
Brand Strategy Process
The process of creating a brand strategy begins with a brand audit and ends with
a plan for executing the brand across all touch points. It can be generally thought
of as having three stages..

Brand Audit
Competitive
Brand
Assessment
Inventory
Points of Parity and Difference

Target & Insight

Brand Strategy
Equity
Pyramid

Positioning

Personality

Objectives & Metrics

Brand Execution
Brand
Elements

Communications
Strategy
Brand Experience Map

CRM &
Community
Building
Insights Examples
 Mastercard “Priceless” campaign
 “What we found was that people buy things because of how those
things make them feel… So the idea is that the item allows you to get
to some other place in your life that makes you feel good.”

 National Youth Anti-Drug Program “Above the
Influence” campaign
 “We wanted to elevate the conversation to make it more „pro-me‟
than anti-drug. We know teens are very sensitive to
influences, positive and negative, from peers and the media. That‟s
why we positioned it so teens would see influence as the enemy and
marijuana as one of the influences that gets in their way. It‟s a way of
empowering them so they can stand on their own at a key moment
of choice – seeing that they could be above the influence.”
Points of Parity and Difference

Potential Brand Differences

Wants and Needs

Consumers

Our
Brand

PODs
Competitive Brand Differences

POPs
• Points of Parity (Category Benefits)

Their
PODs
Competition

The purpose of a POD‟s analysis
is to identify what ideas from
our brand and competitive
brands are most meaningful
and potentially differentiating.
The purpose of a POP‟s analysis
is to identify which category
benefits are critical for
Brand Pyramid
The purpose of the brand equity pyramid is to outline the basic building blocks of a what the brand
should stand for in order to guide the process of building brand equity. It is the basis for determining key
elements of the brand strategy – brand vision, brand positioning, and brand personality and brand
measurement.

Brand Equity Pyramid

Relationship

Resonance
Response

Consumer Judgments

Consumer
Feelings

The model was developed by Kevin Keller, professor
of brand strategy at Dartmouth, based on his
„Customer Based Brand Equity Model‟ (CBBE). Keller
is the author of two definitive texts on brand
building. The pyramid is just one of 4-5 leading
representations of the components of brand equity.
Other models include Y&R‟s Brand Asset
Valuator, Millward Brown‟s BrandDynamics
model, etc. While each model has its
adherents, upon closer scrutiny, they are all very
similar in their content and purpose. Whichever is
selected, what is important is that it provide a
shared basis for understanding what is meant by
„brand equity‟ and how this construct applies to
your brand.

Meaning

Brand Imagery

Brand Performance
Identity

Salience
Brand Positioning
The purpose of brand positioning is to explain how the brand will create a sustainable competitive
advantage in the minds of prospects & customers in order to win loyal customers and ensure revenue and
profits.

For (Target), (Brand/Company) is the only/best (consumer frame of
reference) that (statement of key benefit or guiding value), because/by
(reason to believe, key credibility point).

Evaluation Criteria: Brand Fit, Customer Relevance, Uniqueness, Sustainability, Credibilit
Positioning Building Blocks



Homeowners/Business owners



Adults 35+; HHI $50,000+



Experiencing -----

BENEFIT

SUPPORT



Product quality or value



Most Reputable Company



Service or delivery difference

Category definition



Aware of ------





Need state or problem
Branding stage

Brand
Strateg
y

Vision

Design

Conception

Launch

Production
Branding and Stage Gate Process
3. Analyze
competition and
environment to
identify branding
opportunity

1. Identify goals
that branding
can address

Ideation

Gate
1

5. Preliminary
evaluation of
brand

Detailed
Preliminary Gate
Gate Development Gate
investigation 3
investigation
2
4

Testing and
validation

6. Full evaluation
of brand

Gate
5

Full product
and market
launch

PIR
Postimplementation
review

Initial
screen

Second
screen

2. Map existing
brand culture

Decision on
business
case

Postdevelopment
review

4. Design
brand strategy

Precommunication
business analysis

Advertising public
relations
corporate
communications
pricing
promotions
personal selling
channels/ retail

Your
Branding and Stage Gate Process
3. Analyze
competition and
environment to
identify branding
opportunity

1. Identify goals
that branding
can address

Ideation

Gate
1

5. Preliminary
evaluation of
brand

Detailed
Preliminary Gate
Gate Development Gate
investigation 3
investigation
2
4

Testing and
validation

6. Full evaluation
of brand

Gate
5

Full product
and market
launch

PIR
Postimplementation
review

Initial
screen

Second
screen

2. Map existing
brand culture

Decision on
business
case

Postdevelopment
review

4. Design
brand strategy

Precommunication
business analysis

Advertising public
relations
corporate
communications
pricing
promotions
personal selling
channels/ retail

Your
 An “Inside Out”
Look At Brand
 Opportunities and
Vulnerabilities

Strategic Brand Assessment
Most marketers have a good “Outside In” perspective on their
brands.

Awareness

Trial

Penetration

Consumer
Attitudes

Brand
Ratings

Preference
Scores

All important measures of marketing
effectiveness.

An “Inside Out” Perspective
The Strategic Brand Assessment delivers
an “Inside Out” perspective by providing
insights and perceptions
From three critical audiences:
Executives, Employees, Channel Partners

Increasingly, the success of a brand is not
just the result of well crafted marketing
But… programs.
Strong brands are those that have
achieved alignment of values with both
internal and external audiences.
Think: Starbucks, Southwest
Airlines, Google, Nordtrom’s.

A strong brand is the result of effective
marketing plus:

Corporate vision.

Culture and
Structure.

Internal
Communications.

Management.

Customer
Services…
BRAND EQUITY
A brand is a name or symbol used to
identity the source of the product. The
brand can add significant value when it
is well recognized and has positive
associations in the mind of the
consumer. This concept is known as
brand equity.

PERSPECTIVES OF BRAND EQUITY
Financial


Brand extension



Consumer based

Brand is an intangible asset that
produces added benefits for the
business. This is the domain of
strategic brand management : how
to create value with brand
management.

•Loyalty (price premium, satisfaction).
•
•
NEED FOR BRAND EQUITY
Values of brand equity ?
Value to the customer ?
Value to the firm ?

Perceived quality (popularity).
Association (brand personality, organizational

association).
•

Awareness (brand awareness).

•

Market behavior (market share).
Brand equity is

a set of brand assets and liabilities
linked to a brand
Earning wealth and recognized through the power of
brand name or symbol.

NEED FOR BRAND EQUITY
A brand is a name or
Values of brand equity ?
symbol used to identity
the source of the
Value to the customer ?
product. The brand can
add significant value

when it is well recognized Value to the firm ?
and has positive
associations in the mind

of the consumer. This
concept is known as

brand equity.

PERSPECTIVES OF BRAND
EQUITY
Financial
Brand extension
Consumer based
Elements of Brand Equity:

Brand Strategy

Brand Loyalty
Brand Awareness

Developing Brand Vision

Perceived Quality

Establishing Brand Position

Brand Associations

Fulfilling Brand Contract

Measuring Brand Loyalty

Communicating Brand Position

•

Purchase Behavior Patterns

•

Switching Cost Analysis

•

Satisfaction Measurement

Strategic Value of Brand Loyalty
•
•

•

Reduce marketing cost
Trade (channel distribution)
leverage
Attracting new customers
ASPECTS OF BRAND EQUITY
Brand

MEASURING BRAND EQUITY

Brand awareness
Brand association
Brand loyalty
Brand position
Brand proposition
Brand equity

Loyalty (price
premium, satisfaction).

Perceived quality
(popularity).

Association (brand
personality,

organizational
association).

Awareness (brand
awareness).

Market behavior
(market share).
What are the respective brand images?
Healthy, rejuvenating “miracle elixir”, for
people on the go, status symbol (you want to
be seen with Vitamin Water)

What perceptions does the brand seek to
establish?
What does the brand stand for? (brand
essence)
•
•

Health, vitality, enhanced water, enhanced
lifestyle, trendy
“Not your ordinary bottled water” “Hydration
for every occasion” – tagline

There is a new kid on the block – a
delicious, nutritious, flavoured water – one for
every “need”
Brand Equity Concept
Brand Equity is the value, both tangible and
intangible, that a brand adds to a product/service; the
added value a brand name identity brings to a product
or service beyond the functional benefits provided.

Brand Equity

Customerbased

The customer – based brand equity
focuses exclusively on the
relationship customers have with the
brand

The concept of brand equity is measured in
two terms:

Market based

The market – based brand
equity aims at producing
measures in dollars, euros or
yen.
Brand Equity Concept

You can see that when a
commodity becomes a
brand, it is said to have
equity. Brand equity is the
premium a brand can
command in the market
or the difference
between the perceived
value and the intrinsic
value.

Brand equity can be
thought of as the "added
value" endowed to a
product in the
thoughts, words, and
actions of consumers.
There are many different
ways that this added
value can be created for
a brand.

Therefore, it is important
that Brand Equity should
be nourished and
replenished.
Brand Equity Concept

Companies must take
care of its brands so that
the brand equity is not
diluted or dissipated.

A few examples of
products with excellent
brand equity include
Google, Nike and
Starbucks.

Let us now look at the
process of building
brands.
Measuring Brand Equity
Steps in Calculating Brand Equity
Brand Audits
Brand Tracking

Market
segmentation

Financial
analysis

Brand strength

Role of
branding

Brand Valuation

Brand value
calculation
WHAT IS BRAND EQUITY
Awareness
Loyalty

Preference

Availability

Familiarity

Image and
personality

Associations
Building a Strong Brand

a great
product
Building a Strong Brand

a great
product

brand image
Building a Strong Brand

a great
product

brand image

customer
experience
Building a Strong Brand

GREAT
PRODUCT

a great
product

BRAND
IMAGE

CUSTOMER
EXPERIENCE

brand image

customer
experience
Building a Strong Brand

GREAT
PRODUCTS

BRAND
IMAGE

CUSTOMER
EXPERIENCE

CUSTOMER-CENTRIC MARKET STUDY
Building a Strong Brand

GREAT
PRODUCTS

BRAND
IMAGE

CUSTOMER
EXPERIENCE

CUSTOMER-CENTRIC MARKET STUDY
MARKETING SUPPORT AND PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT
High Brand Equity

GREAT
PRODUCTS

BRAND
IMAGE

#1

CUSTOMER
EXPERIENCE

CUSTOMER-CENTRIC MARKET STUDY
MARKETING SUPPORT AND PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT
BRAND BUILDING PRINCIPALS
High Loyalty

2. Brandz
1.

Brand Asset
Valuator



Differentiation



Energy



Relevance



Esteem



Knowledge

Bonding
Advantage
Performance
Relative

Presence

Low
Loyalty
Building brand equity
Adv

Personnel
selling
Brand
awareness

Sales
prom

Brand
Image
Event
Experience

Marketing
communication
programs

Brand equity

Brand
responses

PR
Brand
relationships
Direct
Marketing

Word of
mouse
Measuring Brand Equity
Measuring Brand Equity
Strength

Differentiation

The Brand's
unique points
of difference
relates to
premium
margins

Strength

Relevance

How
appropriate
the brand to
you relates to
market
penetration

Esteem

Knowledge

How well
regarded the
brand is relates
to its delivery
on promise

A deep
understanding
of the brand
relates to
overall
customer
experience
What makes a Brand Strong?
It is important that in order to make a strong impact, a brand should be strong.
There are a few characteristics that make a „strong‟ brand, which are as follows:
A strong brand is a major driver of shareholder value.
A strong brand is like an asset. It can be used as collateral for financial loans , buying and
selling as an asset.

A strong brand has strong attributes, values and personality that the consumers associate
with the brand.
A strong brand is a means of attaining higher customer loyalty.
A strong brand always delivers the benefits that customers truly desire.
A strong brand makes use of and coordinates full range of marketing activities to build
equity.
A strong brand has the right blend of product quality, design, features, costs and prices.
A strong brand is properly positioned and occupies a particular niche in consumers'
minds.
A strong brand compels consumers to willingly pay a substantial and consistent premium
price for the brand versus a competing product and service.
Gillette as a Strong Brand

Gillette is one of the strongest brands in the market of men‟s personal care
products. It has tied the actual quality of its products to various intangible
factors such as:
User Imagery
The type of person who uses Gillette, the type of situations in which the
brand is used, the type of personality Gillette portrays etc.

Technology
Its razor blades are as technologically advanced as possible through
continuously spending millions of dollars in R&D.

Sub-branding
It has developed several sub brands such as Trac
II, Altra, Sensor, Mach3 to remain on top of its competitors.

Enhancements
It makes constant improvements with modifiers like Altra Plus, Sensor
Excel.
Insight about branding

Your brand represents
your future earnings

Successful companies
both innovate and
build brands

Branding is about
customer perceptions

Strong brands are
worth a lot of money

Keep your brand
consistent

A brand is not just a
name or Logo

The Customer is
anyone involved in
the purchase decision

Perceived value is the
maximum your
customer will pay – all
marketing is the
management of
perceived value

A brand with multiple
positioning may
confused
Disney
Wal – Mart
Fedex
McDonalds
Apple
Google
Toyota

Family Fun Entertainment
Low Prices and Good Values
Guaranteed Overnight Delivery
Food and Fun
Innovation
Simplicity
Reliability
Some Metrics to Measure Return
on Brand Investment:
•

•

Brand name
knowledge, awareness, recog
nition, recall: measures
strength of the brand as
reflected by customer's ability
to identify the brand under
varying conditions
Contract fulfillment: measures
the degree to which your
brand is upholding its Brand
Contract

Some Metrics to Measure
Return on Brand Investment:
Acquired customers: counts customers claiming
they have come to your company based on
the strength of the brand
•

Customer loyalty: measures the degree to
which customers continue to purchase your
brand and how long that loyalty has lasted

•

Financial value: reports the financial value
of your brand in the marketplace

•

Price premium: finds the percentage of
price premium your brand is able to
command over private-label brands, as well
as key competitor brands
Definition
 The Marketing Communications
Mix
 The specific mix of
advertising, personal
selling, sales promotion, and
public relations a company
uses to pursue its advertising
and marketing objectives.

Introduction to Marketing Communications
(Marcom)

Integrated Marketing
Communication (IMC)
Programs

Business-to-Consumer
(B2C)

Business-to-Business
(B2B)

Integrated Marcom
B2C&B
Table 1.1

The Tools of Marketing Communications

1. Media Advertising
• TV
• Radio
• Magazines
• Newspapers
2. Direct Response and Interactive
Advertising
• Direct mail
• Telephone solicitation
• Online advertising
3. Place Advertising
• Billboards and bulletins
• Posters
• Transit ads
• Cinema ads
4. Store Signage and Point-ofPurchase Advertising
• External store signs
• In-store shelf signs
• Shopping cart ads
• In-store radio and TV

5. Trade- and Consumer-Oriented
Promotions
• Trade deals and buying
allowances
• Display and advertising
allowances
• Trade shows
• Cooperative advertising
• Samples
• Coupons
• Premiums
• Refunds/rebates
• Contests/sweepstakes
• Promotional games
• Bonus packs
• Price-off deals

6. Event Marketing and
Sponsorships
• Sponsorship of sporting events
• Sponsorship of arts, fairs, and
festivals
• Sponsorship of causes
7. Marketing-Oriented Public
Relations and Publicity
8. Personal Selling
Marketing Communications Mix

Word-ofMouth
Advertising

Direct and
Interactive
Marketing

Events and
Experiences

Public Relations and
Publicity

Sales
Promotion

Sales Force
Integrated Marketing Communications
Clarity
Consistency
Maximum Impact

Advertising

Direct Response

Integrated
Marketing
Communications

Sales Force

Events and Experiences
A planning process designed to assure that all brand
contacts received by a customer or prospect for a
product, service or organization are relevant to that
person and consistent over time.
Marketing Communication
Effects
TV Ads

Sponsorship
“Outdoors”

SUBARU

“Active”

“Rugged”
Communications Process Models

Macromodel

Micromodel

Sender  Receiver

Consumers‟Response
Precondition for promotion: communication

Source

Medium
of
Transmission

Encoding
Process

Decoding
Process

Receiver
or
Audience

Feedback
NOISE
Source/Sender
Ad agency
Intends to share
meaning

NOISE
anything decreases
clarity
translating
meaning of
message into
some form
(Got Milk?)

Means of
reaching
target (print
ad, T.V., sales
person)

(different markets
see same message
differently
Target makes
sense of
message
Fragility of Communication Process
Probability

Awareness

50%

Knowledge

50%

Liking

50%

.5 X .5 X .5 X .5 X .5 X .5 = 1.56%

Preference

50%

Conviction

50%

Purchase

50%
Developing Effective Communications

The Basics

Identify target
audience

Determine
objectives

Design
communications

Establish budget

Select channels
Identify the Target Audience
Category
Needs

Potential Buyers
Deciders or Influencers

Determine Objectives
Brand Attitude
Positive
Brand Purchase Intention

Current Users

Brand
Awareness

Negative
Design Communications
What to say?
(Message Strategy)

Select Channels

Personal Communications
How to say it?
(Creative Strategy)

Who should say it?
(Message source)

NonPersonal (Mass)
Communications
Establish Budget
CompetitiveParity
Affordable Method

Objective-and-Task

Percentage-of-Sales
Marketing Communications Mix
Characteristics

Factors in Setting the Mix
Type of Product Market

Buyer-Readiness Stage

Factors

Measuring

Product Life-Cycle Stage
Cost-Effectiveness / Buyer-Readiness
Measuring Communication Results

Reach

Frequency

Awareness
Attitudes
Consumer States for Two Brands
Promotion Mix Over The PLC
Introduction
Industry
Sales

Maturity

Decline

Advertising
PR; Selling
Advertising
PR; Selling;
Promotions

Publicity
Advertising
Dollars

Growth

0
Time

Advertising
Promotions;
Selling
Objectives of communication
PROVIDE INFORMATION
• Goal is informing the market about the availability of a
product.

INCREASE DEMAND

• May increase primary demand, or desire for a
particular product category.
• May increase selective demand, or desire for a
specific brand.

ACCENTUATE THE PRODUCT’S
VALUE
• Greater value helps justify a higher
price in the marketplace.
• Marketers advise staying away from
these words—
quality, value, service, caring, and
integrity—because they are overused
and vague.

DIFFERENTIATE THE PRODUCT

STABILIZE SALES

• Differentiation allows firms more control over
marketing variables such as price.

• Can help make demand more
consistent throughout the year.
Making Brand-Level Marcom Decisions and Achieving Desired
Outcomes
Steps in Developing Communication Program

1. Identifying the
Target Audience

2. Determining the
Response Sought

3. Designing a
Message

4. Choosing Media

5. Selecting the
Message Source

6. Collecting
Feedback
Integrated Marketing Communications Planning Model
Review of Marketing Plan

Promotional Program Situation Analysis
Analysis of the Communications Process
Budget Determination
Develop Integrated Marketing Communications Programs
Advertising
Advertising
Objectives

Message
Strategy

Sales
Promotion
Sales
Promotion
Objectives
Sales
Promotion
Strategy

PR/
Publicity

Personal
Selling

Direct
Marketing

Internet/
Interactive

PR/
Publicity
Objectives

Personal
Selling
Objectives

Direct
Marketing
Objectives

Internet/
Interactive
Objectives

PR/
Publicity
Strategy

Personal
Selling
Strategy

Direct
Marketing
Strategy

Internet/
Interactive
Strategy

Integration & Implementation of Marketing Communications Strategies
Monitor, Evaluate & Control Promotional Program
IMC Program Situation Analysis
External Factors
Environmental analysis
– Technological
Political/Legal
– Demographic
Socio/Cultural
– Economic
Competitive Analysis
– Direct and indirect competitors
– Position relative to competitors
– Size of competitors’ advertising/
promotional budgets
– IMC strategies being used by competitors

Analyze best combination of
source,
message and channel
factors for
communicating with target
audience.
Establish communication goals
and objectives.

Potential Communications
Objectives
Sales
Customer loyalty
Company image
Brand image
Store patronage
Service contract

An inquiry
A visit by a prospect
Product trial
Recommendation
Adoption of the product
AIDA: Attention?
 Attention-> Interest-> Desire ->ACTION!!!
 It gets harder as you go….
 Attention (e.g., sign-flippers, clowns)

AIDA: Interest?
 Keep Interest – difficult in ―our ADD

world‖
 Tactics:

 Headline (New York Post; only part read)

 Drama/story (Dos Equiss )

 Visuals (sex)

 Cartoons (M&Ms)

 Layout

 Dialog (it’s a Diet Coke Thing;

 Colors
 Size (Times Square)
 Electronic: sound; music; animation
 Gross images (this nasty eyeball gets your

attention!)

 Wusssssup?)
AIDA: Desire?
 Arouse desire
 Tactics:

 USP: Unique selling proposition







(Gillette razor; clear
deodorant, clear soda)
Provide a rationale (―I’m worth it‖)
Address ―you‖ with their
needs/problems
(―Do you want to make more $?‖;
―Have you been injured in an
accident?‖)

Federal Express: When it
absolutely, positively has to be
there overnight.

AIDA: Action?
 Action – if consumers’ desire, hope action is natural

(and realistic for them):
 Ask consumers to do something (log on to…; call..)
 Imperative: ―Drink Coke,‖ ―Fly the Friendly Skies‖
 Facilitate: 1-800 or web
 Direct competitive: supplies are limited!!
 Do you view ads after purchasing that product?: Why?
Marketing - Communication Instruments

Comparisson of the classical (above the line) and the “non-classical”
(below the line) communication instruments
Above The Line (ATL)
Classical marketingrecognizable for everybody

Below The Line (BTL)
Alternative marketingmainly visible only for
targeted groups

Classical advertisement
Print media
Radio / TV / Movies
Outdoor advertisement / Billboard
advertisement
Public relations

Sponsoring
Event marketing
Exhibitions / Trade fair
Product placement
Promotions
Direct marketing
Mobile marketing
Online marketing / Search engines
Viral marketing / Guerilla marketing
Word of Mouth Communication
HOW TO USE WORD-OF-MOUTH MARKETING
(WOMM) TECHNIQUES AND SOCIAL MEDIA TO
DRIVE GROWTH BY CREATING A POSITIOVE
BUZZ AROUND YOUR PRODUCT OR SERVICE.
ONLY 14% TRUST ADS
ONLY 18% OF TV ADS
GENERATE POSITIVE ROI
84% OF B2B CAMPAIGNS
RESULTED IN LOWER SALES
100% INCREASE IN AD
SPENDING
JUST TO ADD 1% - 2% IN
SALES

…the
JESUS
PHONE
rocks!

..I got to
have an
phone
LAW OF FEW
10% INFLUENCE PURCHASING BEHAVIOR OF
OTHER 90%

BRAND ADVOCATES
AVERAGE
CUSTOMERS,
CLIENTS,
CONSUMERS
WOMM = C2C CONVERSATION

91% LIKELY TO BUY ON RECOMMENDATION

Consumer-to-consumer conversation
76% of consumers don‟t believe that
companies tell the truth in
advertisements
Yankelowich,2006
Multi-Channel-Marketing
 Display of different marketing channels
Personal Sales

E-Mail Marketing

Search Engine Marketing

Database Marketing

Multi-Channel
Marketing

Online Advertising

Direct Mail Marketing

Telemarketing

Social Media
Mapping Customer experience
Customer
experienc
e elements

Customer
expectation
s

Functional
areas

Getting to
know

Buying

Activa
ting

Using

Paying

Contacti
ng

Leaving

•Brand
awareness
•Offer
availability
•What ?
And where

•Offer
Availability
•Value of
money
•Acquisitio
n

•Speed
•Convinced
•Getting
started

•Usability
•Coverage
•Reliability
• Quality
•Roaming

•Accuracy
• Control
•Choice
•Convinced

•Responsive
ness
•Friendly
Consistency
•Helpfulness
•Resource
fullness

•Flexibility
•Loyalty

•MAKT
•Sales
•Customer
service

•MAKT
•Logistic
•Sales
•Customer
service
•IT

•MAKT
•Sales
•Customer
service
•Network
•IT
•Portals

•Network
•IT
•Customer
service

•Sales
•IT
•Customer
service

•Customer
service
•Sales
•IT
•Portals

•MAKT
•Sales
•Customer
service
•IT
Branded Customer experience
Tow routes to create branded customer
experience

Experiencing the brand

Brand essence

Translates
into

•What you
communicate to the
marketplace

Market
Opportunity

Experiencing the brand
Branding the experience

Brand promise

•The value you commit
to deliver to customers

Conceived
customer
VP

Create
customer
experience

Develop the
route to
market

Translates
into

Different in
starting point

Branded Customer
experience (BCE)
•Delivery of your brand promise
through every interaction your
customer have with your people
, processes and products

Design the
brand to
communicate

Customer realization
of the BCE
Branded Customer experience
Branding the experience

Branded customer
experience
•Creating a unique
experience through
every interaction your
customers have with
your people
, processes and
product

Translates
into

Brand value

•The value your
customers come to
expect and rely on

Is powerful driver of
customer loyalty

Translates
into

Brand image

•What you become
known for in the
marketplace
To Customer
Centric Retail
Innovation

steps

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Take the Customer Perspective
Get the Customer Heartbeat
Focus Your Efforts
Make Sure your People Are With You
Start Swimming
#5 START SWIMMING

YOU
Flipchart Time
Which are the steps in the
customer journey when
booking a holiday?
How could you innovate
on them?

THE CUSTOMER JOURNEY

CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE
THE CUSTOMER JOURNEY

CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

I dream of going on holiday
I research my holiday
I plan my holiday
I select my holiday
I purchase my holiday
I receive travel documents &
tickets
7. I anticipate departure
8. I prepare my trip
9. I travel to my destination
10.I discover my destination
11.I experience my destination
12.I record my memories
13.I share my experience
14.I travel back home
15.I share my memories

How Can You Innovate Now?
GET THE CUSTOMER HEARTBEAT
WHAT DO YOUR CUSTOMERS
REALLY CARE ABOUT?

WHICH EMOTIONS ?
ARE ALL EMOTIONS EQUALLY
STRONG?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

I dream of going on holiday
I research my holiday
I plan my holiday
I select my holiday
I purchase my holiday
I receive travel documents &
tickets
7. I anticipate departure
8. I prepare my trip
9. I travel to my destination
10.I discover my destination
11.I experience my destination
12.I record my memories
13.I share my experience
14.I travel back home
15.I share my memories
Customer Relationship Management
Suspect
• Mass Email
• Website Hosting
• Search Engine
Optimization

Lead

Repurchase
•

• Lead
Dashboard
• Intranet Sales &
• Marketing Tools

Upsell/ Cross-sell

Prospect

Service
Delivery
• Customer Portal

• Advanced
• Forecasting

• Project Tracking
• Time & Expense

Order
• Integrated Order
Mgmt.
• Bookings Dashboard
• Incentive
Management

Quote
• Integrated
Quotes/Proposals
• Document Management
• Document Publishing

Quality

Your Text Goes here.
Dow nload this
aweso me dia gra m.
Bring your presentation
t o
l i f e .

• Product Catalog
• Service Catalog
Get
Quote

Meet

• Group Calendaring
• Resource Availability

Your Logo
End of the training

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Branding management

  • 1. Branding Management Dr Nibras Hussein Mohammed PHD in marketing Management
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  • 4. REMARKABLE Apple Retail 2001 Sorry Steve, Apple Stores Won‟t Work (Business Week) Apple Retail 2004: Fastest retailer ever to reach the $1 billion mark a year Apple Retail 2006 Fastest retailer ever to reach $1 billion/quarter mark Apple Retail 2007 Sales per sq.meter = $ 30,176 (as comparison: BestBuy = $10,643)
  • 5. • Careful segmentation and focus on students, educators and creative professionals (even now consumer appeal broadens) • A retail experience differentiated by service before, during and after sales (Genius bar) • Scenario or lifestyle Marketing & Sales vs. Product « What do you want to do ? » • Style & design THE RESPONSE
  • 6. BREAKING ALL THE RULES •No commissions •Team bonuses •Focus on experience •Fashion & design people to run computer retail Ron Johnson Target •Hire for personality, attitude and customer fit … train the rest •High identification: Tshirts, iPod, discounts, … •3 week immersion at start of job ONLY on customerrelationshipskills and understandingcustomerneeds/lifestyle • MickeyDrexler The Gap • All product training is online (exceptgeniuses) Training on store computers or borrowedlaptop FUTURELAB
  • 7. RESULTS Apple: 2007 Net Promoter Performance and 5 Year Trend vs. Overall B2C High Tech Computer Hardware Manufacturers FUTURELAB Source: Net Promoter ™ Economics: the Impact of WOM, Satmetrix, 2008
  • 8. Revenue Growth % 2007 vs 2008 Source: Fortune Magazine, May 5,2008 24,3 13,8 8,4 6,5 6,2 5,5 0,8 HP FUTURELAB Dell Apple Xerox Sun NCR Pitney Bowes RESULTS
  • 9. When both sides work together, you can build a charismatic brand. But first, you have to master the FIVE DISCIPLINES OF BRAND-BUILDING 4 FOCUS 2 1 IS THIS HOW YOUR CUSTOMERS SEE YOU? DIFFERENTIATE Who are you? What do you do?  Why does it matter? CREATIVITY IS WHAT GIVES BRANDS THEIR TRACTION IN THE MARKETPLACE. Because creativity is rightbrained, Unless you have compelling answers to these questions, you need Focus SOLUTION: BE DIFFERENT 3 COLLABORATE BUILDING A BRAND IS A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT. INNOVATE and strategy is left-brained. 4 VALIDATE A sustainable competitive advantage.
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  • 19. Summary of market positioning of mobile operators [1 of 2] Functional Functional Emotional Value Emotional Value GHS On-net Off-net GHS On-net Off-net Domestic calls 0.10 0.10 Domestic calls 0.08 0.08 Domestic SMS 0.04 0.05 Domestic SMS 0.04 0.0424  Mass market player with the largest community of subscribers  Large network investment (greatest coverage) - 73% of population in June 2010  “MTN, Ghana's most reliable voice and data network has variety of services tailored to suit your specific needs, lifestyle and economic situations”  Strong focus on corporate customers  In November 2010, it launched Blackberry services  However, it only has a WCDMA network hence its data services are inferior to those of MTN and Zain
  • 20. Summary of market positioning of mobile operators [2 of 2] Functional Functional Emotional Value Emotional Value GHS On-net Off-net GHS On-net Off-net Domestic calls 0.09 0.1620 Domestic calls 0.08 0.08 Domestic SMS 0.0403 0.0477 Domestic SMS 0.04 0.05  Tigo targets primarily the consumer segment  Zain was rebranding to Airtel in November 2010  Bharti Airtel, the parent company of Airtel is renown for aggressive pricing approach  Airtel operates an HSPA network
  • 21. Zain and Sudani are in the position to base their value proposition on quality & value for money Good value for money  Zain has the highest association with attributes that mobile users consider important (call quality, value for money and good network coverage) Great value brand Basic brand High Quality (call quality & network coverage) Low Quality Expensive brand Over-rated brand Poor value for money  Sudani is considered to have good network coverage  The company does also have a good local connection to the Sudanese people and is referred to as the “proudly Sudanese” operator  MTN‟s strongest association is with convenience (easy to recharge) Call quality, network coverage and value for money are the most important attributes for mobile owners when selecting an operator in Sudan High quality & value for money are also the most appreciated attributes
  • 22. Brand Atlas Brand association Brand promise Brand activation Brand awareness Brand Call and re-call Brand extension Brand value Brand Identity Brand contact Perceptiona l map Brand insight Brand Touch Points Brand image Brand Attribute Brand Essence Brand personality Brand engagemen t Branded recognition Brand Equity Brand perception Brand Aartuchuers Brand Vision Brand loyalty Grow the core Brand story
  • 23. Introduction The market is crowded with Nokia, Motorola, and Ericsson fighting it out at the top. The world of the mobile phone market is crowded. The diverse products available range from the simple to the complex and every manufacturer offers the latest features. However, Nokia replaced all its competitors and it is now the number one brand in many markets around the world, effectively dislodging Motorola from that position. Also, several less successful brands like Samsung, Philips, Siemens and Panasonic are trying hard to make it into the top competitors' market share. So what made Nokia special from others? Why did customers choose Nokia? The answer lies in what the „brand Nokia‟ means to customers.
  • 24. What is the brand So what exactly is a brand? FIRST A brand is not a logo. SECOND A BRAND IS A PERSON‟S GUT FEELING ABOUT A PRODUCT, SERVICE, OR ORGANIZATION. It is a PERSON‟S gut feeling, because brands are defined by individuals, not companies, markets, or publics. FINALL Y A brand is not a product. IT‟S NOT WHAT YOU SAY IT IS. IT‟S WHAT THEY SAY IT IS.
  • 25. WHY IS BRANDING SO HOT? People have too many choices and too little time We tend to base our buying choices on trust Most offerings have similar quality and features
  • 26. What is a Brand? Nokia brand promises „trust‟ and „strong technology‟ The popular Starbucks has earned its brand image from the opinions of its customers. The brand Starbucks stands for bolder, flavorful coffee. more Thus, you can see that Brands are “what the consumers buy”, while products are “what concern/companies make”. Brand is a promise that the product will perform as per customer‟s expectations. It is a name, term, sign, symbol or a combination of all these which differentiate the goods/services of one seller or group of sellers from those of competitors. Some examples of well known brands are Wrangler, Audi, Samsung, Coca Cola, etc.
  • 27. What is a Brand? On the other hand a name becomes a brand when consumers associate it with a set of tangible and intangible benefits that they obtain from the product or service. Brand is the seller’s promise to deliver the same bundle of benefits/services consistently to buyers. A product is any offering by a company to a market that serves to satisfy customer needs and wants. A product can be an object, service, idea, etc. Brands are not the same as Products. Brand differences are often related to attributes or benefits of product itself. Brand name selecting process may you find trivial but it is not. Some brand names are so good that contribute to the success of product.
  • 28. Brand Elements Brand Element Choice Criteria Brand names Promise Slogans  Memorable Elements Characters  Meaningful  Likeability Logos Personality  Transferable  Adaptable  Protectable
  • 29. Why do Brands Matter? Brands have become important drivers of growth for any organization, good or service. B The main reason consumers flock to some brands and ignore others is that behind the brand stands an unspoken promise of value. R A Brand is a promise that the product will perform as per customer’s expectations. A A brand helps make a mark and differentiate a good or service from others in marketplace. A strong brand makes people aware of what the company represents and about the different offerings of the company. N D Brands help customers to connect to the product or service on an emotional level. S
  • 31. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Source of product Lower risk Consumers Less cost of searching for a choice Symbol of Quality Symbolic device The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 32. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Source of product Lower risk Consumers Less cost of searching for a choice Symbol of Quality Symbolic device Consumers can easily make a purchase decision based on brands. Consumers usually find brands which satisfy their need.
  • 33. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Source of product Lower risk Consumers Brands mean lower purchase risk to consumers as they are dealing with a product or organization that they trust. Less cost of searching for a choice Symbol of Quality Symbolic device The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 34. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Source of product Lower risk Consumers Less cost of searching for a choice If the consumers recognize a particular brand and have knowledge about it, they make quick purchase decision and save lot of time. Also, they save search costs for product. Symbol of Quality Symbolic device The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 35. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Source of product Lower risk Consumers Less cost of searching for a choice Symbol of Quality Consumers see ‘brands’ as a symbol of quality and remain committed and loyal to a brand as long as they believe that the brand will continue meeting their expectations and perform in the desired manner consistently. Symbolic device The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 36. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Source of product Lower risk Consumers Less cost of searching for a choice Symbol of Quality Symbolic device Brands play a significant role in signifying certain product features to consumers. The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 37. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Means of Competitive Advantage Seller A brand helps the firms to provide consistently a unique set of characteristics, advantages, and services to the buyers/consumers. Legal protection of products‟ features Satisfied customer Means of Profits The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 38. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Means of Competitive Advantage Seller Legal protection of products‟ features Brands help to protect the unique features/traits of products by legal copyrights. Satisfied customer Means of Profits The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 39. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Means of Competitive Advantage Seller Legal protection of products‟ features Satisfied customer Brand represents values, ideas and even personality and hence leads to an assortment of memories in customers’ mind and hence satisfied customers. Means of Profits The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 40. Brands for Consumers and Sellers Means of Competitive Advantage Seller Legal protection of products‟ features Satisfied customer Means of Profits Brands form the basis of purchase decision among consumers and thus are a means of financial profits. The word „Brand‟ signifies different things to consumers and sellers.
  • 41. Brandpositioning BRAND PROMISE 1)It is the heart of marketing strategy. 2. It is the act of designing the company‟s offer and image so that it occupies a distinct and value place in the target customer minds. 3.How it is unique and how it is similar to competitive brands, and why consumer buy and use it. Redfern is a special place in Sydney and the world. Building on our foundation as the heart of urban Aboriginal Australia, we are alive with art, music, culture and ideas. BRAND ESSENCE Our brand essence is ―Welcoming Spirit‖ Welcoming Means BRAND VALUES Vibrant Diverse Living culture Forward thinking BRAND PURPOSE To champion Redfern as a landmark destination demonstrating respectful and positive transformation; Unique place to live , work , play and learn Open to all – current and future residents Socially responsible Embracing the future with an understanding of the past Addressing fragmentation
  • 42. Increasing advertising spending during economic expansion often yields no improvement in market share Because 80% of your competitors are also increasing their spending Pull back and let the competition eat your brand Stand firm be aggressive eat your competition lunch We're toast : go home and save every penny A soft media market means your ad dollars will go further
  • 43. The Role of Brands Identify the maker Simplify product handling Organize accounting Offer legal protection Signify quality Create barriers to entry Serve as a competitive advantage Secure price premium
  • 44. What is a Brand Promise?  A brand promise sets an expectation of an experience.  It answers the question – What‟s in it for the customer?  An effective promise is concise, relevant, sells a benefit (not just a feature), and is backed up by the product / service.  In the best case, your brand IS a promise.  Southwest Airlines  Nordstrom‟s  Disney How Are Brand Promises Delivered?   Advertising ◦ Controlled messaging ◦ Aligned messaging  Horizontally - Across media types  Vertically – Up/Down thru Tier 1, II & III Experiential ◦ Branded Lifestyle / Off-line content and programming ◦ Retailer / On-site transaction-based experience ◦ 1 to 1 issue resolution via Consumer Affairs / Help desk
  • 45. Does Nissan Deliver its Brand Promise?  Nissan‟s Brand Promise is – “Innovation that Excites”  Key Product proof points   Nissan LEAF – the world‟s first mass produced 100% electric, zero-emissions car. 370Z / GT-R  Key Marketing proof points  GT-Academy    Heisman partnership Pathfinder Kinect Prod & Mktg Innovation Labs  Key Organizational proof points  French-owned, Japanese company where US is largest player… with a Brit as our Chairman of the Americas and a Spaniard is our SVP, Sales & Mktg  Key Operational proof points  Dedicated Social Engagement / CRM team and Agencies
  • 47. What is Brand Management? Now, that you have learnt about ‘brands’, let us see what is brand management. Brand management is the process of building, managing and improving a brand. It begins by having a thorough knowledge of the term “brand”. Hence, brand management includes developing a promise, making that promise and maintaining it. It means defining the brand, positioning the brand, and delivering the brand. It is an art of creating and sustaining the brand.
  • 48. What is Brand Management? The tangibles for product brands include the product itself, its The intangibles are made up of characteristics, features, price, p the emotional connections with ackaging, etc. the product / service. The tangible and intangible characteristics of brand are managed through Brand management. Whereas, in case of service brands, the customers‟ experience forms the tangibles. Branding is assembling of various marketing mix medium into a whole so as to give the product an identity. Thus, you can see that brand management is all about Branding. It is building a brand name that captures the customer‟s mind.
  • 49. Purpose of Brand Management The main aim of branding is to differentiate a company’s products and services from its competitors. Branding aims to convey a brand message vividly, create customer loyalty, persuade the buyer for the product, and establish an emotional connectivity with the customers and form customer perceptions about the product. Brand management plays a crucial role to form brands. The brand management strategies also provide good support to the brand so that it can sustain itself in long run. Also, through brand management, brands are managed and brand equity is built over a period of time. It helps in building a corporate image. Thus, only a competent brand management system can create a successful brand.
  • 50. Strategic Brand Management Process The Strategic Brand Management Process consistsof the following four steps: Strategic Brand Management Process
  • 51. Step 1: Identifying & Establishing Brand Position Identifying and Establishing Brand Position Customer Based Brand Equity Brand Positioning Positioning Guidelines Building a Strong Brand: Four Steps of Brand Building Identify and Establishing Brand Position
  • 52. Step 1: Identifying & Establishing Brand Position Identifying and Based Brand Equity Customer Establishing Brand Position The Brand position can be identified and established by Customer Based Brand Equity determining the customer-based brand equity using the pyramid. Identify and • Brand Establishing Positioning relates to aspects of awareness of Brand Position Brand Salience: This the brand. • Brand Performance: This relates to ways in which product/ service meets customers‟ needs. Positioning • Building aBrand Imagery: It‟s how customers visualize a brand Guidelines abstractly, with no relevance to what the brand Strong Brand: actually does. Four Steps of • Brand Judgments: The customers‟ personal opinions Brand Building and evaluations with regard to the brand. • Brand Feelings: The customers‟ emotional responses and reactions with respect to the brand. • Brand Resonance: The ultimate relationship &level of identification that the customer has with the brand.
  • 53. Step 1: Identifying & Establishing Brand Position Customer Based Brand Equity Building a Strong Brand: Four Steps of Brand Building The Four Steps of Brand Building are as follows: Identifying (Who are you?) • Identity • and Meaning (What are you?) Establishing (What about you?) • Response • Position Brand Relationship (What about you & me?) Brand Positioning Building a Strong Brand: Four Steps of Brand Building Positioning Guidelines Identify and Establishing Brand Position
  • 54. Step 1: Identifying & Establishing Brand Position Identifying and Establishing Brand Position Customer Based Brand Equity Brand Positioning The Brand Positioning is further divided into two parts – • Identify and Establishing Brand Position • Positioning Guidelines Brand Positioning Building a Strong Brand: Four Steps of Brand Building Positioning Guidelines Identify and Establishing Let us look at Brand Position each one in detail.
  • 55. Brand Positioning - Identify and Establishing Brand Position Identify and Establishing Brand Position: Basic Concepts It is necessary to decide: • Who the target consumer is • Who the main competitors are • How the brand is similar to these competitors • How the brand is different from these competitors Target Market The Target Market can be decided based on two considerations: • Segmentation Bases: a) Behavioral b) Demographic c) Psychographic d) Geographic • Segmentation Criteria: a) Identifiability b) Size c) Accessibility d) Responsiveness
  • 56. Brand Positioning - Positioning Guidelines Positioning Guidelines: The following are some of the positioning guidelines that firms should follow for an effective brand positioning: • • • • Defining and Communicating the Competitive Frame of Reference Choosing Points of Parity and Points of Difference Establishing Points of Parity and Points of Difference Updating Positioning Over Time
  • 57. Step 2: Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs Co-branding Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity Licensing Celebrity Endorsement Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Options and Tactics for Brand Elements Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity Channel Strategy Product Strategy Pricing Strategy Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements
  • 58. Step 2: Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs Co-branding Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity Licensing Celebrity Endorsement Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Planning & Elements are sometimes called „Brand Brand Identities‟. They are the trademark devices that Implementing help Brand to identify and differentiate brands. Choosing Marketing For example, the logo of tick mark of Nike, the Criteria for Brand Programs Choosing Elements to Indian Maharaja of Air India, the rings of Audi etc. Brand Build Brand are brand elements. Elements Equity Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity is further Options and Designing Tactics for divided into two parts: Brand Marketing • Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements Elements Programs to • Options and Tactics for Brand Elements Build Brand Equity Product Strategy Let us look at each one in detail. Channel Strategy Pricing Strategy
  • 59. Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Choosing Brand Elements Criteria for Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements : The following criteria should be met to choose relevant brand elements such as: •Memorability – Easily Recognized, Easily Recalled • Meaningfulness – Descriptive, Persuasive • Likability – Fun and Interesting, Aesthetically Pleasing • Transferability – Within Cross Product Categories, Across Geographical Boundaries and Cultures • Adaptability – Flexible, Updateable •Protectability – Legally Protected, Competitively Protected
  • 60. Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Tactics for Brand Elements Options and Options and Tactics for Brand Elements: The following are few options and tactics for Brand Elements: Brand Names: Descriptive brand names in which the function is described literally in brand name. Suggestive brand names in which the name is suggestive of a benefit provided by the brand to the customer. URLs: • Keep the URLs as simple as possible, • Avoid clichés, • Use a new term for the real word •Use catchy phrases Logos and Symbols: Various kinds that can be used • are: Family Shields • Fonts • Symbols • Abstract – shapes and image
  • 61. Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Tactics for Brand Elements Options and Options and Tactics for Brand Elements: The following are few options and tactics for Brand Elements: Characters: Characters can also be used as brand elements. Slogans: Slogans are short phrases that are descriptive or persuasive in nature and provide more info about the brands. Jingles: These are musical slogans that help in reminding by repetition. Examples: The axe song and O Fortuna, the Old Spice Theme Song. Packaging: Packaging is an important brand element. It helps to identify the brand, convey descriptive and persuasive information through labelling, allows protection, transportation, st orage and consumption of product .
  • 62. Step 2: Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity Brand Equity can be built by focussing on designing effective marketing Planning & programs keeping the following in consideration: • Implementing Product Strategy Brand • Pricing Strategy Leveraging • Marketing Channel Strategy Choosing Co-branding Secondary Brand Programs Brand Elements to Let us look at each one Build Brand in detail. Associations to Build Brand Equity Equity Licensing Celebrity Endorsement Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity Product Strategy Pricing Strategy Options and Tactics for Brand Elements Channel Strategy Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements
  • 63. Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs Product Strategy Businesses should ensure that they have an effective product strategy to remain competitive in the cutting edge markets. An efficient product strategy would ensure that the product remains updated with the latest features, technology and enhancements and has something extra to offer to the customers. Pricing Strategy Businesses can ensure profitability and longevity by paying close attention to their pricing strategy. An efficient pricing strategy helps companies to best position themselves within the market. Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity Channel Strategy Channel Strategy Product Strategy Pricing Strategy Channel Marketing is the practice of applying appropriate marketing methods to distribution channels to reach customers. It involves developing go-to-market plans, educating channel marketers or middlemen about products or services, and motivating the members of the marketing channel to promote products and services. Hence, marketing and sales alignment is critical to an effective channel strategy.
  • 64. Step 2: Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs Co-branding Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity Licensing Celebrity Endorsement Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs Designing Marketing Programs to Build Brand Equity Product Strategy Pricing Strategy Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity Options and Tactics for Brand Elements Channel Strategy Criteria for Choosing Brand Elements Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity The Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity is further divided into three parts – • Co-branding • Licensing • Celebrity Endorsement
  • 65. Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity Planning & Implementing Brand Marketing Programs Co-branding Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity Licensing Celebrity Endorsement Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Build Brand Equity Co-branding Co-branding occurs when two or more existing brands are combined into a joint product or are marketed together in some fashion. A few examples are: Sony Ericsson, Yoplait Trix Yogurt, Nestle‟s Cheerios Cookie Bars Licensing Licensing involves contractual arrangements whereby firms can use the names, logos, characters, and so forth of other brands for some fixed fee. A few examples are: Entertainment (The Matrix, Shrek, etc.), Television and cartoon characters (Mickey Mouse), Designer apparel and accessories (Gucci, Armani, etc.) Celebrity Endorsement Firms can also use a celebrity to endorse their brands to help build brand equity. Celebrity endorsement helps to draw attention to the brand and to shape the perceptions of the brand. A celebrity should be greatly popular and have a high level of visibility. He or she should also have a rich set of useful associations, judgments, and feelings associated with him/her by the general public.
  • 66. Step 3: Measuring & Interpreting Performance Measuring & Interpreting Brand Performance Qualitative Research Techniques Measuring Sources of Brand Equity Quantitative Research Techniques Brand Value Chain Measuring Outcomes of Brand Equity Developing Brand Equity Measurement & Management Establishing a System Brand Equity Designing Brand Tracking Studies Management System Holistic Methods Comparative Methods
  • 67. Step 3: Measuring & Interpreting Performance Developing a Brand Equity Measurement & Management System Qualitative Research Techniques Measuring & The Developing a Brand Equity Measurement and Management System Interpreting is further divided into three parts – Brand • Brand Value Chain • Performance Tracking Studies Designing Brand Measuring Measuring • Establishing a Brand Equity Management System Comparative Sources of Outcomes of Brand Equity Brand Equity Let us look at each one in detail. Quantitative Research Techniques Brand Value Chain Developing Brand Equity Measurement & Management Establishing a System Brand Equity Designing Brand Tracking Studies Management System Holistic Methods Methods
  • 68. Step 3: Measuring & Interpreting Performance Qualitative Research Techniques Measuring Sources of Brand Equity Measuring Sources of Brand Equity: Capturing Customer Mind-Set There Measuring &are two methods that are used for measuring the sources of brand equity or to Interpreting capture the customer‟s mind-set, which are as Brand follows: Performance Measuring • Qualitative Research Techniques Comparative Outcomes of Methods • Quantitative Research Techniques Brand Equity Let us look at each one in detail. Quantitative Research Techniques Brand Value Chain Developing Brand Equity Measurement & Management Establishing a System Brand Equity Designing Brand Tracking Studies Management System Holistic Methods
  • 69. Measuring Sources of Brand Equity – Quantitative Research Techniques Awareness Brand awareness is related to the strength of the brand in memory. Brand awareness is reflected by consumers‟ ability to identify various brand elements. The following factors must be taken into consideration while measuring brand awareness: • Recognition: This relates to consumers‟ ability to identify the brand under different circumstances. • Recall: „Unaided recall‟ means the identification with minimal cues. „Aided recall‟ means various cues were used to assist recall. • Corrections for Guessing: The research data collected for measure must consider the issue of consumers „making up‟ responses or „guessing‟. These may affect strategic brand decisions. • Strategic Implications: It is important that researchers understand that recognition and recall is essential in analyzing formation of consideration sets and product decisions made by consumers.
  • 70. Step 3: Measuring & Interpreting Performance Qualitative Research Techniques Measuring Sources of Brand Equity Measuring Outcomes of Brand Equity: Capturing Market Performance There are Measuring & two methods that are used for measuring the outcomes Interpreting of brand equity or to capture the market performance, which are as follows: Brand • Comparative methods Performance Measuring • Holistic methods Comparative Outcomes of Brand Equity Let us look at each one in detail. Quantitative Research Techniques Brand Value Chain Developing Brand Equity Measurement & Management Establishing a System Brand Equity Designing Brand Tracking Studies Management System Holistic Methods Methods
  • 71. Step 4: Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity Brand Architecture Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity Brand Hierarchy New Products and Brand Extensions Managing Brands over Time Introducing & Naming Products and Brand Extensions Advantages of Extensions Revitalising Brands Disadvantage s of Extensions Reinforcing Brands
  • 72. Step 4: Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity Brand Architecture Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies Most brands are part of a wider organization. The Growing and Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies is further Sustaining divided Brand Equity into two parts – Designing and • Brand Architecture Managing Reinforcing Implementing • Brand hierarchy over Brands Branding Strategies Brand Hierarchy New Products and Brand Extensions Brands Time Introducing & Naming Products and Brand Extensions Advantages of Extensions Revitalising Brands Disadvantage s of Extensions
  • 73. Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies – Brand Architecture Brand Architecture It is the structure and organization of brands. Breadth of a Branding Strategy Breadth of Product Mix: Three factors determine the inherent attractiveness of a product category: 1. Aggregate market factors 2. Category factors 3. Environmental factors Depth of Product Mix: An important rule to remember to decide the depth of the product mix is: “A product line is too short if the manager can increase long-term profits by adding items; the line is too long if the manager can increase profits by dropping items”. Depth of a Branding Strategy: Flankers: Flanker brands are used to create stronger points of parity with competitors‟ brands. Cash Cows: In firms, there are some brands that retain loyal customers and generate healthy profits with virtually no market support. Low-end Entry-level / High-end Prestige Brands: The first category low-end entrylevel are called “traffic builders” and they are able to “trade up” customers to the higher-priced brands.
  • 74. Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies – Brand Hierarchy Brand Hierarchy It is a means of summarizing the branding strategy by displaying the number and nature of common and distinctive brand elements across the firm‟s products. It helps to reveal the explicit ordering of brand elements. Potential Levels of Brand Hierarchy: A simple representation of possible brand elements and thus, potential levels of a brand hierarchy might be as follows: 1. Corporate brand e.g. Chrysler-Daimler 2. Family brand e.g. Mercedes-Benz 3. Individual Brand e.g. 1000 SEL 4. Modifier (designating item or model) LX / VX Brand Hierarchy Built within a Firm: Brand hierarchy is a means of summarizing the branding strategy by displaying the number and nature of common and distinctive brand elements across the firm‟s products. It helps to reveal the explicit ordering of brand elements. Let us now look at how brand hierarchy can be built within a firm. This can be done in two ways: By Building Equity at Different Hierarchy Levels By Creating Corporate Image Dimensions
  • 75. Step 4: Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity Brand Architecture Introducing and Naming New Products and Brand Extensions The Introducing and Naming New Products and Brand Extensions is Growing and further divided into three parts – Sustaining • New Products and Brand Extensions Brand Equity • Advantages of Extensions Designing and Managing Reinforcing Implementing • Disadvantages of Brand Extensions Brands over Time Branding Strategies Brand Hierarchy New Products and Brand Extensions Introducing & Naming Products and Brand Extensions Advantages of Extensions Revitalising Brands Disadvantage s of Extensions Brands
  • 76. Step 4: Growing and Sustaining Brand Equity Managing Brands over Time Brand Architecture Designing and Implementing Branding Strategies Growing is very important to understand the long term effects of It and Sustaining marketing activities on the brand equity. Firms should Brand Equity consider the consumer response to past carefully Brand Hierarchy New Products and Brand Extensions Managing marketing activities, the brand awareness and image, as Reinforcing Brands over well as the customer response to current marketing Brands activities and toTime the response to future activities. predict Analyzing this information will help firms to manage the brands over a long period of time. There are various Revitalising Introducing strategies that are used to manage the brands over a long Brands & Naming of time which are as follows: period Products Reinforcing Brands • and Brand • Re-vitalising Brands Extensions Advantages of Extensions Disadvantage s of Extensions
  • 77. Brand Management Guidelines 8 Affix Products & Services An effective strategy of brand management is to ensure that the brand is associated to the most popular products and services offered by the licensee’s products and services. 7 6 Decide about License Agreements: The decision of whether the license agreement should be exclusive or non–exclusive will have important implications for all of the business. Establish and Maintain the Brand It is necessary that for establishing and maintaining a brand, a holistic approach, or an “overall brand strategy” is used. Enforce Key Provisions through License agreements Enforcing various important concerns such as quality control standards and reporting standards can be done through a properly charted out license agreements. 5 4 Select Proper License Partners The profile of the ideal license partner should be developed and the focus should be to ensure long-term relationships with the licensors and licensees. Actively Integrate the Brand Management Strategy into Product Development and Launch Activities It is important that the Companies actively integrate the brand strategy into product development and launch activities by using a clear and proactive strategy. Maximize the Strategic Advantage of the Brand It is important that organizations focus on maximizing the leverage of the brand. 3 2 1 Maintain Consistency between the Brand Strategy and Overall Business Goals The brand strategy should be in line with the overall business goals of the organization. The following key points provide some strategic brand management guidelines that should be
  • 78. Brand Strategy Defined The brand strategy should influence the total operation of a business to ensure consistent brand behavior in the marketplace and consistent brand experiences for the customer. Trends Motivations/”Sweet spots” The purpose of a brand Decision-making process/criteria strategy is to provide a plan Higher level benefits for the systematic Image/Identity gaps development of a strong New Segments coherent brand in order to Unmet needs enhance revenue and profits. The strategy should be driven Where to Find Insights by the principles of differentiation and sustained The purpose of a target insight is to consumer appeal. describe how a meaningful connection can be established between what the brand offers and the target‟s explicit or implicit needs in order to help identify a relevant brand promise.
  • 79. Branding Core Brand Internal Living the brand Operations Who are you Core values, core purpose, core attributesand business model Positioning Definition of your customers, competitors , differentiationand brand touch points Product/service design, Systems and procedures and brand culture maintenance Identity Your brand name, Brand design standards, and key touch point concepts Communication External Marketing plan Marketing Core Brand Website, Collateral, Packag ing, PR, Advertising, Environ ments, Interactive, Media, etc.
  • 80. 80 Brand Strategy and Marketing Strategy Brand Strategy is an integral part of the overall strategic marketing process. It helps to bridge the gap between business strategy and marketing strategy.  Brand Strategy is separate from the 4P‟s. It guides and inform decisions about every aspect of the marketing mix. Strategic Marketing Process I. Corporate Objectives & Brand Portfolio II. Marketing Objectives III. Brand Strategy Communications Strategy Product and Pricing Strategy Channel and Distribution Strategy IV. Marketing Execution & Monitoring
  • 81. Brand Strategy Process The process of creating a brand strategy begins with a brand audit and ends with a plan for executing the brand across all touch points. It can be generally thought of as having three stages.. Brand Audit Competitive Brand Assessment Inventory Points of Parity and Difference Target & Insight Brand Strategy Equity Pyramid Positioning Personality Objectives & Metrics Brand Execution Brand Elements Communications Strategy Brand Experience Map CRM & Community Building
  • 82. Insights Examples  Mastercard “Priceless” campaign  “What we found was that people buy things because of how those things make them feel… So the idea is that the item allows you to get to some other place in your life that makes you feel good.”  National Youth Anti-Drug Program “Above the Influence” campaign  “We wanted to elevate the conversation to make it more „pro-me‟ than anti-drug. We know teens are very sensitive to influences, positive and negative, from peers and the media. That‟s why we positioned it so teens would see influence as the enemy and marijuana as one of the influences that gets in their way. It‟s a way of empowering them so they can stand on their own at a key moment of choice – seeing that they could be above the influence.”
  • 83. Points of Parity and Difference Potential Brand Differences Wants and Needs Consumers Our Brand PODs Competitive Brand Differences POPs • Points of Parity (Category Benefits) Their PODs Competition The purpose of a POD‟s analysis is to identify what ideas from our brand and competitive brands are most meaningful and potentially differentiating. The purpose of a POP‟s analysis is to identify which category benefits are critical for
  • 84. Brand Pyramid The purpose of the brand equity pyramid is to outline the basic building blocks of a what the brand should stand for in order to guide the process of building brand equity. It is the basis for determining key elements of the brand strategy – brand vision, brand positioning, and brand personality and brand measurement. Brand Equity Pyramid Relationship Resonance Response Consumer Judgments Consumer Feelings The model was developed by Kevin Keller, professor of brand strategy at Dartmouth, based on his „Customer Based Brand Equity Model‟ (CBBE). Keller is the author of two definitive texts on brand building. The pyramid is just one of 4-5 leading representations of the components of brand equity. Other models include Y&R‟s Brand Asset Valuator, Millward Brown‟s BrandDynamics model, etc. While each model has its adherents, upon closer scrutiny, they are all very similar in their content and purpose. Whichever is selected, what is important is that it provide a shared basis for understanding what is meant by „brand equity‟ and how this construct applies to your brand. Meaning Brand Imagery Brand Performance Identity Salience
  • 85. Brand Positioning The purpose of brand positioning is to explain how the brand will create a sustainable competitive advantage in the minds of prospects & customers in order to win loyal customers and ensure revenue and profits. For (Target), (Brand/Company) is the only/best (consumer frame of reference) that (statement of key benefit or guiding value), because/by (reason to believe, key credibility point). Evaluation Criteria: Brand Fit, Customer Relevance, Uniqueness, Sustainability, Credibilit
  • 86. Positioning Building Blocks  Homeowners/Business owners  Adults 35+; HHI $50,000+  Experiencing ----- BENEFIT SUPPORT  Product quality or value  Most Reputable Company  Service or delivery difference Category definition  Aware of ------   Need state or problem
  • 88. Branding and Stage Gate Process 3. Analyze competition and environment to identify branding opportunity 1. Identify goals that branding can address Ideation Gate 1 5. Preliminary evaluation of brand Detailed Preliminary Gate Gate Development Gate investigation 3 investigation 2 4 Testing and validation 6. Full evaluation of brand Gate 5 Full product and market launch PIR Postimplementation review Initial screen Second screen 2. Map existing brand culture Decision on business case Postdevelopment review 4. Design brand strategy Precommunication business analysis Advertising public relations corporate communications pricing promotions personal selling channels/ retail Your
  • 89. Branding and Stage Gate Process 3. Analyze competition and environment to identify branding opportunity 1. Identify goals that branding can address Ideation Gate 1 5. Preliminary evaluation of brand Detailed Preliminary Gate Gate Development Gate investigation 3 investigation 2 4 Testing and validation 6. Full evaluation of brand Gate 5 Full product and market launch PIR Postimplementation review Initial screen Second screen 2. Map existing brand culture Decision on business case Postdevelopment review 4. Design brand strategy Precommunication business analysis Advertising public relations corporate communications pricing promotions personal selling channels/ retail Your
  • 90.  An “Inside Out” Look At Brand  Opportunities and Vulnerabilities Strategic Brand Assessment
  • 91. Most marketers have a good “Outside In” perspective on their brands. Awareness Trial Penetration Consumer Attitudes Brand Ratings Preference Scores All important measures of marketing effectiveness. An “Inside Out” Perspective The Strategic Brand Assessment delivers an “Inside Out” perspective by providing insights and perceptions From three critical audiences: Executives, Employees, Channel Partners Increasingly, the success of a brand is not just the result of well crafted marketing But… programs. Strong brands are those that have achieved alignment of values with both internal and external audiences. Think: Starbucks, Southwest Airlines, Google, Nordtrom’s. A strong brand is the result of effective marketing plus: Corporate vision. Culture and Structure. Internal Communications. Management. Customer Services…
  • 92. BRAND EQUITY A brand is a name or symbol used to identity the source of the product. The brand can add significant value when it is well recognized and has positive associations in the mind of the consumer. This concept is known as brand equity. PERSPECTIVES OF BRAND EQUITY Financial  Brand extension  Consumer based Brand is an intangible asset that produces added benefits for the business. This is the domain of strategic brand management : how to create value with brand management. •Loyalty (price premium, satisfaction). • • NEED FOR BRAND EQUITY Values of brand equity ? Value to the customer ? Value to the firm ? Perceived quality (popularity). Association (brand personality, organizational association). • Awareness (brand awareness). • Market behavior (market share).
  • 93. Brand equity is a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand Earning wealth and recognized through the power of brand name or symbol. NEED FOR BRAND EQUITY A brand is a name or Values of brand equity ? symbol used to identity the source of the Value to the customer ? product. The brand can add significant value  when it is well recognized Value to the firm ? and has positive associations in the mind  of the consumer. This concept is known as  brand equity. PERSPECTIVES OF BRAND EQUITY Financial Brand extension Consumer based
  • 94. Elements of Brand Equity: Brand Strategy Brand Loyalty Brand Awareness Developing Brand Vision Perceived Quality Establishing Brand Position Brand Associations Fulfilling Brand Contract Measuring Brand Loyalty Communicating Brand Position • Purchase Behavior Patterns • Switching Cost Analysis • Satisfaction Measurement Strategic Value of Brand Loyalty • • • Reduce marketing cost Trade (channel distribution) leverage Attracting new customers
  • 95. ASPECTS OF BRAND EQUITY Brand MEASURING BRAND EQUITY Brand awareness Brand association Brand loyalty Brand position Brand proposition Brand equity Loyalty (price premium, satisfaction). Perceived quality (popularity). Association (brand personality, organizational association). Awareness (brand awareness). Market behavior (market share).
  • 96. What are the respective brand images? Healthy, rejuvenating “miracle elixir”, for people on the go, status symbol (you want to be seen with Vitamin Water) What perceptions does the brand seek to establish? What does the brand stand for? (brand essence) • • Health, vitality, enhanced water, enhanced lifestyle, trendy “Not your ordinary bottled water” “Hydration for every occasion” – tagline There is a new kid on the block – a delicious, nutritious, flavoured water – one for every “need”
  • 97. Brand Equity Concept Brand Equity is the value, both tangible and intangible, that a brand adds to a product/service; the added value a brand name identity brings to a product or service beyond the functional benefits provided. Brand Equity Customerbased The customer – based brand equity focuses exclusively on the relationship customers have with the brand The concept of brand equity is measured in two terms: Market based The market – based brand equity aims at producing measures in dollars, euros or yen.
  • 98. Brand Equity Concept You can see that when a commodity becomes a brand, it is said to have equity. Brand equity is the premium a brand can command in the market or the difference between the perceived value and the intrinsic value. Brand equity can be thought of as the "added value" endowed to a product in the thoughts, words, and actions of consumers. There are many different ways that this added value can be created for a brand. Therefore, it is important that Brand Equity should be nourished and replenished.
  • 99. Brand Equity Concept Companies must take care of its brands so that the brand equity is not diluted or dissipated. A few examples of products with excellent brand equity include Google, Nike and Starbucks. Let us now look at the process of building brands.
  • 100. Measuring Brand Equity Steps in Calculating Brand Equity Brand Audits Brand Tracking Market segmentation Financial analysis Brand strength Role of branding Brand Valuation Brand value calculation
  • 101. WHAT IS BRAND EQUITY Awareness Loyalty Preference Availability Familiarity Image and personality Associations
  • 102. Building a Strong Brand a great product
  • 103. Building a Strong Brand a great product brand image
  • 104. Building a Strong Brand a great product brand image customer experience
  • 105. Building a Strong Brand GREAT PRODUCT a great product BRAND IMAGE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE brand image customer experience
  • 106. Building a Strong Brand GREAT PRODUCTS BRAND IMAGE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE CUSTOMER-CENTRIC MARKET STUDY
  • 107. Building a Strong Brand GREAT PRODUCTS BRAND IMAGE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE CUSTOMER-CENTRIC MARKET STUDY MARKETING SUPPORT AND PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT
  • 108. High Brand Equity GREAT PRODUCTS BRAND IMAGE #1 CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE CUSTOMER-CENTRIC MARKET STUDY MARKETING SUPPORT AND PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT
  • 109. BRAND BUILDING PRINCIPALS High Loyalty 2. Brandz 1. Brand Asset Valuator  Differentiation  Energy  Relevance  Esteem  Knowledge Bonding Advantage Performance Relative Presence Low Loyalty
  • 112. Measuring Brand Equity Strength Differentiation The Brand's unique points of difference relates to premium margins Strength Relevance How appropriate the brand to you relates to market penetration Esteem Knowledge How well regarded the brand is relates to its delivery on promise A deep understanding of the brand relates to overall customer experience
  • 113. What makes a Brand Strong? It is important that in order to make a strong impact, a brand should be strong. There are a few characteristics that make a „strong‟ brand, which are as follows: A strong brand is a major driver of shareholder value. A strong brand is like an asset. It can be used as collateral for financial loans , buying and selling as an asset. A strong brand has strong attributes, values and personality that the consumers associate with the brand. A strong brand is a means of attaining higher customer loyalty. A strong brand always delivers the benefits that customers truly desire. A strong brand makes use of and coordinates full range of marketing activities to build equity. A strong brand has the right blend of product quality, design, features, costs and prices. A strong brand is properly positioned and occupies a particular niche in consumers' minds. A strong brand compels consumers to willingly pay a substantial and consistent premium price for the brand versus a competing product and service.
  • 114. Gillette as a Strong Brand Gillette is one of the strongest brands in the market of men‟s personal care products. It has tied the actual quality of its products to various intangible factors such as: User Imagery The type of person who uses Gillette, the type of situations in which the brand is used, the type of personality Gillette portrays etc. Technology Its razor blades are as technologically advanced as possible through continuously spending millions of dollars in R&D. Sub-branding It has developed several sub brands such as Trac II, Altra, Sensor, Mach3 to remain on top of its competitors. Enhancements It makes constant improvements with modifiers like Altra Plus, Sensor Excel.
  • 115. Insight about branding Your brand represents your future earnings Successful companies both innovate and build brands Branding is about customer perceptions Strong brands are worth a lot of money Keep your brand consistent A brand is not just a name or Logo The Customer is anyone involved in the purchase decision Perceived value is the maximum your customer will pay – all marketing is the management of perceived value A brand with multiple positioning may confused
  • 116. Disney Wal – Mart Fedex McDonalds Apple Google Toyota Family Fun Entertainment Low Prices and Good Values Guaranteed Overnight Delivery Food and Fun Innovation Simplicity Reliability
  • 117. Some Metrics to Measure Return on Brand Investment: • • Brand name knowledge, awareness, recog nition, recall: measures strength of the brand as reflected by customer's ability to identify the brand under varying conditions Contract fulfillment: measures the degree to which your brand is upholding its Brand Contract Some Metrics to Measure Return on Brand Investment: Acquired customers: counts customers claiming they have come to your company based on the strength of the brand • Customer loyalty: measures the degree to which customers continue to purchase your brand and how long that loyalty has lasted • Financial value: reports the financial value of your brand in the marketplace • Price premium: finds the percentage of price premium your brand is able to command over private-label brands, as well as key competitor brands
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  • 124. Definition  The Marketing Communications Mix  The specific mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and public relations a company uses to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives. Introduction to Marketing Communications (Marcom) Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Programs Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Business-to-Business (B2B) Integrated Marcom B2C&B
  • 125. Table 1.1 The Tools of Marketing Communications 1. Media Advertising • TV • Radio • Magazines • Newspapers 2. Direct Response and Interactive Advertising • Direct mail • Telephone solicitation • Online advertising 3. Place Advertising • Billboards and bulletins • Posters • Transit ads • Cinema ads 4. Store Signage and Point-ofPurchase Advertising • External store signs • In-store shelf signs • Shopping cart ads • In-store radio and TV 5. Trade- and Consumer-Oriented Promotions • Trade deals and buying allowances • Display and advertising allowances • Trade shows • Cooperative advertising • Samples • Coupons • Premiums • Refunds/rebates • Contests/sweepstakes • Promotional games • Bonus packs • Price-off deals 6. Event Marketing and Sponsorships • Sponsorship of sporting events • Sponsorship of arts, fairs, and festivals • Sponsorship of causes 7. Marketing-Oriented Public Relations and Publicity 8. Personal Selling
  • 126. Marketing Communications Mix Word-ofMouth Advertising Direct and Interactive Marketing Events and Experiences Public Relations and Publicity Sales Promotion Sales Force
  • 127. Integrated Marketing Communications Clarity Consistency Maximum Impact Advertising Direct Response Integrated Marketing Communications Sales Force Events and Experiences A planning process designed to assure that all brand contacts received by a customer or prospect for a product, service or organization are relevant to that person and consistent over time.
  • 130. Precondition for promotion: communication Source Medium of Transmission Encoding Process Decoding Process Receiver or Audience Feedback NOISE Source/Sender Ad agency Intends to share meaning NOISE anything decreases clarity translating meaning of message into some form (Got Milk?) Means of reaching target (print ad, T.V., sales person) (different markets see same message differently Target makes sense of message
  • 131. Fragility of Communication Process Probability Awareness 50% Knowledge 50% Liking 50% .5 X .5 X .5 X .5 X .5 X .5 = 1.56% Preference 50% Conviction 50% Purchase 50%
  • 132. Developing Effective Communications The Basics Identify target audience Determine objectives Design communications Establish budget Select channels
  • 133. Identify the Target Audience Category Needs Potential Buyers Deciders or Influencers Determine Objectives Brand Attitude Positive Brand Purchase Intention Current Users Brand Awareness Negative
  • 134. Design Communications What to say? (Message Strategy) Select Channels Personal Communications How to say it? (Creative Strategy) Who should say it? (Message source) NonPersonal (Mass) Communications
  • 136. Marketing Communications Mix Characteristics Factors in Setting the Mix Type of Product Market Buyer-Readiness Stage Factors Measuring Product Life-Cycle Stage
  • 139. Consumer States for Two Brands
  • 140. Promotion Mix Over The PLC Introduction Industry Sales Maturity Decline Advertising PR; Selling Advertising PR; Selling; Promotions Publicity Advertising Dollars Growth 0 Time Advertising Promotions; Selling
  • 141. Objectives of communication PROVIDE INFORMATION • Goal is informing the market about the availability of a product. INCREASE DEMAND • May increase primary demand, or desire for a particular product category. • May increase selective demand, or desire for a specific brand. ACCENTUATE THE PRODUCT’S VALUE • Greater value helps justify a higher price in the marketplace. • Marketers advise staying away from these words— quality, value, service, caring, and integrity—because they are overused and vague. DIFFERENTIATE THE PRODUCT STABILIZE SALES • Differentiation allows firms more control over marketing variables such as price. • Can help make demand more consistent throughout the year.
  • 142. Making Brand-Level Marcom Decisions and Achieving Desired Outcomes
  • 143. Steps in Developing Communication Program 1. Identifying the Target Audience 2. Determining the Response Sought 3. Designing a Message 4. Choosing Media 5. Selecting the Message Source 6. Collecting Feedback
  • 144. Integrated Marketing Communications Planning Model Review of Marketing Plan Promotional Program Situation Analysis Analysis of the Communications Process Budget Determination Develop Integrated Marketing Communications Programs Advertising Advertising Objectives Message Strategy Sales Promotion Sales Promotion Objectives Sales Promotion Strategy PR/ Publicity Personal Selling Direct Marketing Internet/ Interactive PR/ Publicity Objectives Personal Selling Objectives Direct Marketing Objectives Internet/ Interactive Objectives PR/ Publicity Strategy Personal Selling Strategy Direct Marketing Strategy Internet/ Interactive Strategy Integration & Implementation of Marketing Communications Strategies Monitor, Evaluate & Control Promotional Program
  • 145. IMC Program Situation Analysis External Factors Environmental analysis – Technological Political/Legal – Demographic Socio/Cultural – Economic Competitive Analysis – Direct and indirect competitors – Position relative to competitors – Size of competitors’ advertising/ promotional budgets – IMC strategies being used by competitors Analyze best combination of source, message and channel factors for communicating with target audience. Establish communication goals and objectives. Potential Communications Objectives Sales Customer loyalty Company image Brand image Store patronage Service contract An inquiry A visit by a prospect Product trial Recommendation Adoption of the product
  • 146. AIDA: Attention?  Attention-> Interest-> Desire ->ACTION!!!  It gets harder as you go….  Attention (e.g., sign-flippers, clowns) AIDA: Interest?  Keep Interest – difficult in ―our ADD world‖  Tactics:  Headline (New York Post; only part read)  Drama/story (Dos Equiss )  Visuals (sex)  Cartoons (M&Ms)  Layout  Dialog (it’s a Diet Coke Thing;  Colors  Size (Times Square)  Electronic: sound; music; animation  Gross images (this nasty eyeball gets your attention!)  Wusssssup?)
  • 147. AIDA: Desire?  Arouse desire  Tactics:  USP: Unique selling proposition     (Gillette razor; clear deodorant, clear soda) Provide a rationale (―I’m worth it‖) Address ―you‖ with their needs/problems (―Do you want to make more $?‖; ―Have you been injured in an accident?‖) Federal Express: When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight. AIDA: Action?  Action – if consumers’ desire, hope action is natural (and realistic for them):  Ask consumers to do something (log on to…; call..)  Imperative: ―Drink Coke,‖ ―Fly the Friendly Skies‖  Facilitate: 1-800 or web  Direct competitive: supplies are limited!!  Do you view ads after purchasing that product?: Why?
  • 148. Marketing - Communication Instruments Comparisson of the classical (above the line) and the “non-classical” (below the line) communication instruments Above The Line (ATL) Classical marketingrecognizable for everybody Below The Line (BTL) Alternative marketingmainly visible only for targeted groups Classical advertisement Print media Radio / TV / Movies Outdoor advertisement / Billboard advertisement Public relations Sponsoring Event marketing Exhibitions / Trade fair Product placement Promotions Direct marketing Mobile marketing Online marketing / Search engines Viral marketing / Guerilla marketing
  • 149. Word of Mouth Communication HOW TO USE WORD-OF-MOUTH MARKETING (WOMM) TECHNIQUES AND SOCIAL MEDIA TO DRIVE GROWTH BY CREATING A POSITIOVE BUZZ AROUND YOUR PRODUCT OR SERVICE. ONLY 14% TRUST ADS ONLY 18% OF TV ADS GENERATE POSITIVE ROI 84% OF B2B CAMPAIGNS RESULTED IN LOWER SALES 100% INCREASE IN AD SPENDING JUST TO ADD 1% - 2% IN SALES …the JESUS PHONE rocks! ..I got to have an phone
  • 150. LAW OF FEW 10% INFLUENCE PURCHASING BEHAVIOR OF OTHER 90% BRAND ADVOCATES AVERAGE CUSTOMERS, CLIENTS, CONSUMERS WOMM = C2C CONVERSATION 91% LIKELY TO BUY ON RECOMMENDATION Consumer-to-consumer conversation
  • 151. 76% of consumers don‟t believe that companies tell the truth in advertisements Yankelowich,2006
  • 152. Multi-Channel-Marketing  Display of different marketing channels Personal Sales E-Mail Marketing Search Engine Marketing Database Marketing Multi-Channel Marketing Online Advertising Direct Mail Marketing Telemarketing Social Media
  • 153.
  • 154.
  • 155.
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  • 157.
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  • 159.
  • 160. Mapping Customer experience Customer experienc e elements Customer expectation s Functional areas Getting to know Buying Activa ting Using Paying Contacti ng Leaving •Brand awareness •Offer availability •What ? And where •Offer Availability •Value of money •Acquisitio n •Speed •Convinced •Getting started •Usability •Coverage •Reliability • Quality •Roaming •Accuracy • Control •Choice •Convinced •Responsive ness •Friendly Consistency •Helpfulness •Resource fullness •Flexibility •Loyalty •MAKT •Sales •Customer service •MAKT •Logistic •Sales •Customer service •IT •MAKT •Sales •Customer service •Network •IT •Portals •Network •IT •Customer service •Sales •IT •Customer service •Customer service •Sales •IT •Portals •MAKT •Sales •Customer service •IT
  • 161. Branded Customer experience Tow routes to create branded customer experience Experiencing the brand Brand essence Translates into •What you communicate to the marketplace Market Opportunity Experiencing the brand Branding the experience Brand promise •The value you commit to deliver to customers Conceived customer VP Create customer experience Develop the route to market Translates into Different in starting point Branded Customer experience (BCE) •Delivery of your brand promise through every interaction your customer have with your people , processes and products Design the brand to communicate Customer realization of the BCE
  • 162. Branded Customer experience Branding the experience Branded customer experience •Creating a unique experience through every interaction your customers have with your people , processes and product Translates into Brand value •The value your customers come to expect and rely on Is powerful driver of customer loyalty Translates into Brand image •What you become known for in the marketplace
  • 163. To Customer Centric Retail Innovation steps 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Take the Customer Perspective Get the Customer Heartbeat Focus Your Efforts Make Sure your People Are With You Start Swimming
  • 165. Flipchart Time Which are the steps in the customer journey when booking a holiday? How could you innovate on them? THE CUSTOMER JOURNEY CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE
  • 166. THE CUSTOMER JOURNEY CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I dream of going on holiday I research my holiday I plan my holiday I select my holiday I purchase my holiday I receive travel documents & tickets 7. I anticipate departure 8. I prepare my trip 9. I travel to my destination 10.I discover my destination 11.I experience my destination 12.I record my memories 13.I share my experience 14.I travel back home 15.I share my memories How Can You Innovate Now?
  • 167. GET THE CUSTOMER HEARTBEAT
  • 168. WHAT DO YOUR CUSTOMERS REALLY CARE ABOUT? WHICH EMOTIONS ? ARE ALL EMOTIONS EQUALLY STRONG? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I dream of going on holiday I research my holiday I plan my holiday I select my holiday I purchase my holiday I receive travel documents & tickets 7. I anticipate departure 8. I prepare my trip 9. I travel to my destination 10.I discover my destination 11.I experience my destination 12.I record my memories 13.I share my experience 14.I travel back home 15.I share my memories
  • 169. Customer Relationship Management Suspect • Mass Email • Website Hosting • Search Engine Optimization Lead Repurchase • • Lead Dashboard • Intranet Sales & • Marketing Tools Upsell/ Cross-sell Prospect Service Delivery • Customer Portal • Advanced • Forecasting • Project Tracking • Time & Expense Order • Integrated Order Mgmt. • Bookings Dashboard • Incentive Management Quote • Integrated Quotes/Proposals • Document Management • Document Publishing Quality Your Text Goes here. Dow nload this aweso me dia gra m. Bring your presentation t o l i f e . • Product Catalog • Service Catalog Get Quote Meet • Group Calendaring • Resource Availability Your Logo
  • 170. End of the training

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Source: http://www.ifoapplestore.com/the_stores.html
  2. As a result, the number of Apple Advocates trends well above that of the B2C technology companies
  3. As a result, in spite of already being the third largest computer and office equipment company in the Fortune 500, Apple still captures growth rates will in excess of any of its competitors.
  4. The marketing communications mix consists of eight major modes of communication.
  5. Subaru wants to insure that the messages being sent from its advertising, direct response, sales people, and events and experiences provide clarity, consistency, and deliver the maximum impact.
  6. The way brand associations are formed does not matter. Marketing communications activities must be integrated to deliver a consistent message and achieve the strategic positioning. The starting point in planning marketing communications is a communication audit that profiles all interactions customers in the target market may have with the company and all its products and services. To implement the right communications programs and allocate dollars efficiently, marketers need to assess which experiences and impressions will have the most influence at each stage of the buying process.In building brand equity, marketers should be “media neutral” and evaluate all communication options on effectiveness (how well does it work?) and efficiency (how much does it cost?).
  7. In the hierarchy-of-effects model (the second column of Figure 17.2), there are six steps involved in a marketing communications campaign. Assume each of the six steps has a 50% of chance of being successfully accomplished, the likelihood of all six steps occurring successfully is .5 × .5 × .5 × .5 × .5 × .5, which equals 1.5625 percent. If the probability of each step’s occurring were 10 percent, then the joint probability of all six events occurring is .0001 percent—or only 1 chance in 1,000,000!To increase the odds for a successful marketing communications campaign, marketers must ensure that:1. The right consumer is exposed to the right message at the right place and at the right time.2. The ad causes the consumer to pay attention but does not distract from the intended message.3. The ad properly reflects the consumer’s level of understanding of and behaviors with the product and the brand.4. The ad correctly positions the brand in terms of desirable and deliverable points-of-difference and points-of-parity.5. The ad motivates consumers to consider purchase of the brand.6. The ad creates strong brand associations with all these stored communications effects so they can have an impact when consumers are considering making a purchase.
  8. The target audience is a critical influence on the communicator’s decisions about what to say, how, when, where, and to whom.Target audience can be profiled in terms of market segmentsusage and loyaltybrand knowledgeCategory Need—Establishing a product or service category as necessary to remove or satisfy a perceived discrepancy between a current motivational state and a desired motivational state. Brand Awareness—Fostering the consumer’s ability to recognize or recall the brand within the category, in sufficient detail to make a purchase. Brand Attitude—Helping consumers evaluate the brand’s perceived ability to meet a currently relevant need.Brand Purchase Intention—Moving consumers to decide to purchase the brand or take purchase-related action.
  9. Message strategy: buyers expected one of four types of reward from a product: rational, sensory, social, or ego satisfaction. Management searches for appeals, themes, or ideas that will tie in to the brand positioning and help establish points-of-parity or points-of-difference.Creative strategy are the way marketers translate their messages into a specific communication. They can be classified as either an informational appeal that elaborates on product or service attributes or benefits or a transformational appeal thatelaborates on a nonproduct-related benefit or image.Message source: messages delivered by attractive or popular sources can achieve higher attention and recall, which is why advertisers often use celebrities as spokespeople.Personal communications channels let two or more persons communicate face-to-face or person-to-audience through a phone, surface email, or e-mail. They derive their effectiveness from individualized presentation and feedback and include direct and interactive marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, and personal selling.Nonpersonal channels are communications directed to more than one person and include advertising, sales promotions, events and experiences, and public relations.
  10. Competitive-parity method: set budget to achieve share-of-voice parity with competitors.Affordable method: set budget at what the company can afford. Percentage-of-sales method: set expenditures at a specified percentage of current or anticipated sales or of the sales price.Objective-and-task method: develop budgets by defining specific objectives, determining the tasks that must be performed to achieve these objectives, and estimating the costs of performing them. The sum of these costs is the proposed communication budget.
  11. Companies must allocate budget over various modes of communication. Within the same industry, companies can differ considerably in their media and channel choices. The substitutability among communications tools requires marketing functions to be coordinated.Type of product market - Consumer marketers tend to spend more on sales promotion and advertising; business marketers tend to spend more on personal selling.Buyer readiness stage - Advertising and publicity play the most important roles in the awareness-building stage. Customer comprehension is primarily affected by advertising and personal selling. Customer conviction is influenced mostly by personal selling. Closing the sale is influenced mostly by personal selling and sales promotion. Reordering is also affected mostly by personal selling and sales promotion, and somewhat by reminder advertising.product life cycle stage - In the introduction stage, advertising, events and experiences, and publicity have the highest cost-effectiveness, followed by personal selling to gain distribution coverage and sales promotion and direct marketing to induce trial. In the growth stage, demand has its own momentum through word of mouth and interactive marketing. Advertising, events and experiences, and personal selling all become more important in the maturity stage. In the decline stage, sales promotion continues strong, other communication tools are reduced, and salespeople give the product only minimal attention.
  12. Figure 17.4 shows the relative cost-effectiveness of three communication tools.
  13. Communications input need to be translated into intermediate outputs such as reach and frequency (the percentage of target market exposed to a communication and the number of exposures), recall and recognition scores, persuasion changes, and cost-per-thousand calculations. Ultimately, behavior-change measures capture the real payoff.Communications impact is measured by the target audience response as to whether they recognize or recall the message, how many times they saw it, what points they recall, how they felt about the message, and what are their previous and current attitudes toward the product and the company. It could also be measured by audience behaviors such as how many people bought the product, liked it, and talked to others about it.
  14. Figure 17.5 provides an example of good feedback measurement.