AI Ethics and Governance

Nikita Lukianets
@nikiluk
CTO, Founder of PocketConfidant AI
Governance and ethics of AI decisions
Quantitative Ethics

Nikita Lukianets @nikiluk
Quantitative Ethics - governance and ethics of AI decisions
The newera:
WhyEthics?

Successes
Deep Learning and AI Success Stories

Quantitative Ethics - governance and ethics of AI decisionsFace2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos (CVPR), IEEE, June 2016

AI beats * in *

Failures
Failures of Artificial Intelligence

Wherethediscussionusuallystarts…
We have common misconceptions about AI

So howtheworldwillchange?

Agenda
1. Data is the new electricity
2. Artificial intelligence and the decision making
3. Ethical frameworks for artificial intelligence

Data: the newelectricity

DataisthenewElectricity
IDC- 2017, 451 Research - 2017
10x 50x $138bn 75%
growth in worldwide
data by 2025
~163ZB (IDC)
growth in analyzable
data by 2025
~ 5.2ZB (IDC)
market opportunity
for data by 2021
(451R)
of enterprises
will use AI
(IDC)

4th Industrialrevolution
1784 1870 1969 20XXNikita Lukianets @nikiluk

People
will lose jobs.

50%
Report of the McKinsey Global Institute - January 2017
McKinsey analysts estimate this is the
share of activities workers are paid to do
now that could be automated using
currently available technologies by 2055.
[accounting for $15 trillion in wages]

Butwhat kind of
jobs willwe lose?

Yesterday:lessonsfromhistory
Robert C. Allen,“Engels’ pause” Explorations in Economic History, volume 46, issue 4, October 2009
Mechanization raised
output per worker, but
real wages stagnated
for ~50 years.

Today:skillsandoccupations
PEW Research, The State of American Jobs - 2016
Employment growth is more rapid
in occupations requiring higher
social or analytical skills.
83
77
18
Analytical skills
Social skills
Physical skills

Whatskillsarerequiredtomorrow?
Does it mean that in the Age of AI
we will see much higher relative
growth for social skills?
Analytical skills
Social skills
Physical skills

Tomorrow:lessonsfromhistory
Throughout history,
large-scale sector
employment declines
have been countered
by growth of new
sectors that have
absorbed workers
IPUMS USA 2017; US Bureau of Labor Statistics

Tomorrow:lessonsfromhistory
Technology drives the
creation of many more
jobs than it destroys
over time, mainly
outside the industry
itself.
Example of personal
computers
Net Jobs: 16M
Personal Computers 1970-2015 - IPUMS USA 2017; US Bureau of Labor Statistics
1%
3%
19%
77%
Direct: Equipment
manufacturing
Indirect: Suppliers
Enabled: Software and
services
Users: Utilizing industries

What is the rightdata
to fuel anAI?
Data is the new electricity. Capacity to generate, filter and process
big data will define the competitive landscape for nations.

What shouldwedo
to remainrelevant?
Learners must cultivate new skills to gain comparative advantage.

HowAI makes decisions?
AI will help humans to make decisions and
will decrease cognitive workload.

AI and the decisionmaking

2 main pillars of intelligence…
1.Perceive
environment
2.Act to succeed
at a goal,learn+

AI,ML,DL:historyandapproaches
Humans define
rules of decision
making
Machines select
important factors
for decision
making
Machines
generate own
criteria of decision
making

Howdowe teach machines?
Deep learning requires annotated data (Examples)

Huge
amounts of
work…
AI training depends on data annotated by
subject-matter experts (Lawyers, Linguists, Doctors)

AIhaslimitations
• Knows ONLY what is “taught” (Data in, Bias in)
• Controls ONLY what we give them control of
• Aware of nuances and can learn more of them

AIcan
• Do boring stuff
• Make consistent decisions
• Don’t get tired

BuildingAI:Whatquestionstoask?
Perceive Decide Act Evaluate
What information
do we need to
make decisions?
How do we decide
based on received
information?
What do we do
once we have our
decision?
How do we
evaluate the
quality of our
decision?

Bias:whotrainedyourAI?
Emails from the defunct Enron
Corp., once headed by CEO Kenneth
Lay, have become a commonly used
data set for training A.I. systems.
Enron email data set is composed of
1.6 million emails sent between
Enron employees that were publicly
released by the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission in 2003
http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2017/10/what_happens_when_the_data_used_to_train_a_i_is_biased_and_old.html

Bias:Wethinkdifferently.
Madhura Ingalhalikar et al. PNAS 2014
Average male brain:
Associative connections
Average female brain:
Interhemispheric connections

Decisionmaking
Collect
information
Identify
alternatives
Evidence
Chose from
alternatives
Implement
Evaluate
New Ideas
Main steps of the
decision process

Which ethics should
governAIdecisions?
AI will change the landscape of the decision making.

Ethical frameworksforAI

What is the
threat?
this?
Or this?

Decisionmaking
Collect
information
Identify
alternatives
Evidence
Chose from
alternatives
Implement
Evaluate
New Ideas

Ethicaldilemma:
2+ possible
moral
imperatives
Neither of is
acceptable or
preferable

Example:thetrolleyproblemandAI
Should AI decide based on the
importance of certain lives or
based on law, consequences, …?

The solution
depends on the
worldview
(POV).

Decisionsare
boundedwith
4factors
Lawrence Lessig, 1999. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace
4. Norms
3. Markets
2. Law
1.Architecture
boundaries

Frameworkexamples
Consequentialism
Ethics
Virtue
Ethics
Duty
Ethics

Consequentialist Duty Virtue
Deliberative
process
What kind of outcomes should I
produce (or try to produce)?
What are my obligations in this
situation, and what are the things I
should never do?
What kind of person should I be (or
try to be), and what will my actions
show about my character?
Focus
Directs attention to the future
effects of an action, for all people
who will be directly or indirectly
affected by the action.
Directs attention to the duties that
exist prior to the situation and
determines obligations.
Attempts to discern character traits
(virtues and vices) that are, or could
be, motivating the people involved
in the situation.
Definition of
Ethical
Conduct
Ethical conduct is the action that
will achieve the best consequences.
Ethical conduct involves always
doing the right thing: never failing
to do one's duty.
Ethical conduct is whatever a fully
virtuous person would do in the
circumstances.
Motivation Aim is to produce the most good. Aim is to perform the right action. Aim is to develop one’s character.
Prioritiesareshiftedindifferentframeworks

What POVdatasets should be
used to trainAI?
We have 25 centuries of philosophical history that shows that right
and wrong depend on the point of view (POV),

Shouldwe haveAI consortiums
that accountdifferentPOVs

What metricsshouldwecreate
to evaluateAI decisions?

Safety Failure Transparency Judicial Transparency
Value Alignment
Human Control
Emotional Value
POV1

Non-subversion Compassion
Cross-national Security Non-influence Traceability of decisions
POV2

Safety Failure Transparency Judicial Transparency Responsibility
Value Alignment Personal Privacy Liberty and Privacy Shared Benefit
Human Control Non-subversion Compassion Shared Prosperity
Emotional Value Cross-national Security Non-influence Traceability of decisions

Alternative1

Alternative2

Alternative3

OpenEthics?
?Open Metrics
Open POVs
Open Decisions

OpenQuestions

Howdoweact on
IAdecisions?
Given deep learning systems act like a black box,
and they are not classical rule-based algorithms.

What effortsshouldwedo to
educate policymakers?

Can genderbalancehelp in
reducingthe bias?
13% women in AI today (SU data, 2017).

Can blockchainhelp
to manageAI?
an AI coded in a DAO with specific smart contracts will be able to
only perform those actions, and nothing more (it will have a limited
action space then).

Howshouldwegovern
augmentedhuman-AIdecisions?
The question concerns the design of the decision making system
where the responsibility and the ultimate truth is shared between
human and AI.

3AofAI ethics

Augmentationbydesign.
Augment human capacity, don’t replace it.

Accountabilitybydesign.
Individuals and interactions over tools, software and technology.

Respect bydesign.
Respect values and goals.

Relatedreading

Data
• Datasets for Analysis & Download
https://data.world/
• G8 Open Data Charter and Technical Annex
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-data-
charter/g8-open-data-charter-and-technical-annex
• Towards a Genealogy of Open Data
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2605828
• 2600+ Open Data Portals Around the World
https://opendatainception.io/

AI
• MIT series on AI Ethics
https://www.media.mit.edu/courses/the-ethics-and-governance-
of-artificial-intelligence/
• OpenAI
https://openai.com/
• Asilomar AI principles
https://futureoflife.org/ai-principles/
• The Future Computed: AI and its role in society (Microsoft, 2018)
PDF

Ethics
• WEForum
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/top-10-ethical-issues-
in-artificial-intelligence/
• Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions In A Time Of
Automation. McKinsey Global Institute 2017
PDF
• A Framework for Making Ethical Decisions
Brown.edu
• Center for Humane Technology
http://humanetech.com/

What kind ofworlddowe
want to design?

AI Ethics and Governance

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