nursing

1. By: Darlene G. Cardinal

2. General Objectives:
At the end of the discussion,
graduate students will be able to
understand Transcultural Theory
and
its application to nursing
practice.

3. be able to know the history and source of the
theory
be able to differentiate cultural diversity and
cultural universality
be able to understand the metaparadigm in
nursing
be able to analyze and apply the theory to current
situation
Specific
Objectives:

4. o Dr. Leininger is the
founder of transcultural
nursing.
o Initiated this field of
nursing in the mid-1950s.
o Born in Sutton, Nebraska,
lived on a farm with two
brothers and sisters.
o Attended Sutton High
School, Scholastica
College, the Catholic
University of America in
DC, and the University of
Washington, Seattle

5. o She brought nursing and anthropology together and
coined the term transcultural nursing as an essential
formal area of study and practice.
o Her Culture Care Diversity & Universality theory was
one of the earliest nursing theories and it remains the
only theory focused specifically on transcultural
nursing with a culture care focus. Her theory is used
worldwide.
o Dr. Leininger was the first professional nurse with a
graduate preparation to complete a PhD in
anthropology.

6. Theoretical Source:
Derived from the discipline of
Anthropology. Conceptualized the theory to
be relevant to nursing.
Leininger recognized that one of the
most important contributions of
Anthropology to nursing is the realization
that health and illness states are strongly
influenced by culture.

7. Metaparadigm in nursing
Nursing – care has the greatest meaning which
explains nursing
Person – not only refers to individual but families,
groups and communities
Health – not distinct to nursing as many
disciplines use this term
Environment – included events with
meanings and interpretations given to them in
particular physical, ecological, socio-political, or
cultural setting

9. Theoritical Assertion/
Major Concepts
Care – assist others with real or anticipated needsto
promotehealth and wellness
Culture – learned, shared, and transmitted values,
beliefs, normsof agroup that influences behavior
Culture Care – aspectsof culturethat influenceor
enableaperson to deal with illnessor death
Culture Care Diversity – differencesin meanings,
values, or careof different groupsof people
Culture Care Universality – common careor
similaritiesamong cultures

10. Emic perspective of Culture – refersto an insider’sviewsand
knowledgeof theculture
Etic perspective of Culture – meanstheoutsider’sviewpointsof
the cultureand reflectsmoreon professional anglesof nursing.
Transcultural Nursing – branch of nursing which focuses
upon thecomparativestudy and analysisof cultures with respect
to nursing and health-illnesscaring practices, beliefsand values
Cultural Competence – acombination of culturally congruent
behaviors, practiceattitudes, and policiesthat allow nurses to
work affectively in crosscultural situations
Culture Congruent Care – cognitively based assistive, supportive,
facilitative, or enabling actsor decisionsthat aretailor-
madeto fit with individual, group, or institutional cultural
values, beliefsand lifewaysin order to provideor support
meaningful, beneficial and satisfying healthcareor well- being
services

11. 3 Modes of Nursing Care
decisions and actions
Culture care preservation/maintenance
help people of a particular culture to retain and/or preserve
relevant care values so that they can maintain their well-being,
recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death
 Culture care accommodation/negotiation
help people of a designated culture to adapt to or to negotiate with
others for beneficial or satisfying health outcomes
 Culture care re-patterning / reconstructing
help clients reorder, change, or greatly modify their life ways for
new, different, and beneficial health care patterns while respecting
the clients cultural values and belief

12. Acceptance by the Nursing
Community
Practice - accepted in nursing practice
- provides new insights related to nursing and
transcultural nursing
Education - a critical need remains for nurses to be
educated in transcultural nursing in undergraduate and
graduate programs
- educational preparations remains weak and is
limited for nurses worldwide
Research - Leininger’s Culture care theory has been used
for research by nurses
- Transcultural nurses have stimulated other nurses
to pursue research and discover new knowledge in nursing

13. Analysis
Simplicity – not simple; truly transcultural, global in scope and
highly complex; holistic and comprehensive.
Generality – general; qualitatively-oriented theory that is broad,
comprehensive and worldwide in scope, useful and applicable to
groups and individuals with the goal of rendering culture-specific
nursing care.
Empirical Precision – researchable; qualitative research has
been the primary paradigm to discover largely unknown
phenomena of care and health to diverse cultures.
Derivable Consequences – the theory is useful, applicable and
essential to nursing practice, education and research. It could be
the means to establish a sound and defensible discipline and
profession.