2. 1-2
The Role of RetailingThe Role of Retailing
► Retailing:Retailing:
An important part of many marketing channels,An important part of many marketing channels,
includes all the activities involved in sellingincludes all the activities involved in selling
products and services to the ultimate, or final,products and services to the ultimate, or final,
consumer.consumer.
► Retail Sales:Retail Sales:
Sales to final consumers; wholesale sales areSales to final consumers; wholesale sales are
those to other businesses that in turn resell thethose to other businesses that in turn resell the
product or service, or use it in running theirproduct or service, or use it in running their
own businesses.own businesses.
5. 1-5
Types of RetailersTypes of Retailers
► IndependentIndependent
Retailers:Retailers:
Own and operateOwn and operate
only one retailonly one retail
outlet.outlet.
► Chains:Chains:
A retail chain ownsA retail chain owns
and operatesand operates
multiple retailmultiple retail
outlets.outlets.
6. 1-6
Types of RetailersTypes of Retailers
►Franchising:Franchising:
Retail franchising is a form of chainRetail franchising is a form of chain
ownership in which a franchisee pays theownership in which a franchisee pays the
franchisor (parent company) fees or royaltiesfranchisor (parent company) fees or royalties
and agrees to run the franchise byand agrees to run the franchise by
prescribed norms, in exchange for use of theprescribed norms, in exchange for use of the
franchisor’s name.franchisor’s name.
►McDonald’sMcDonald’s
►Jiffy LubeJiffy Lube
►Holiday InnHoliday Inn
►Franchising:Franchising:
Retail franchising is a form of chainRetail franchising is a form of chain
ownership in which a franchisee pays theownership in which a franchisee pays the
franchisor (parent company) fees or royaltiesfranchisor (parent company) fees or royalties
and agrees to run the franchise byand agrees to run the franchise by
prescribed norms, in exchange for use of theprescribed norms, in exchange for use of the
franchisor’s name.franchisor’s name.
►McDonald’sMcDonald’s
►Jiffy LubeJiffy Lube
►Holiday InnHoliday Inn
There are 3,000 franchise companies
in the U.S. that operate 558,000
separate establishments!
7. 1-7
Top 10 InternationalTop 10 International
Retail FranchisesRetail Franchises
1.1. McDonald’sMcDonald’s
2.2. Great WrapsGreat Wraps
3.3. SubwaySubway
4.4. Kentucky Fried ChickenKentucky Fried Chicken
5.5. Kumon Math and Reading CentersKumon Math and Reading Centers
6.6. Meineke Discount Muffler ShopsMeineke Discount Muffler Shops
7.7. TCBY TreatsTCBY Treats
8.8. Thrifty Car RentalThrifty Car Rental
9.9. Blimpie Subs & SaladsBlimpie Subs & Salads
10.10. Mail Boxes Etc.Mail Boxes Etc.
8. 1-8
Types of RetailersTypes of Retailers
► Leased Departments:Leased Departments:
Leased departments are sections in a retailLeased departments are sections in a retail
store that the owner rents to a secondstore that the owner rents to a second
party.party.
► CooperativesCooperatives
► Retail Cooperatives:Retail Cooperatives:
Independent retailers banding together toIndependent retailers banding together to
counter chain store competition.counter chain store competition.
9. 1-9
International Retailing DefinedInternational Retailing Defined
All the activities involved in sellingAll the activities involved in selling
products and services to finalproducts and services to final
international consumersinternational consumers
for their personal consumption.for their personal consumption.
10. 1-10
Retail Formats: Variations in Different MarketsRetail Formats: Variations in Different Markets
►Specialty StoresSpecialty Stores
Retailers offering a narrow product line and wideRetailers offering a narrow product line and wide
assortmentassortment
- Virgin Records (music products)Virgin Records (music products)
- Mango (youth fashion)Mango (youth fashion)
►Specialized MarketsSpecialized Markets
Markets that house stores specializing in a particularMarkets that house stores specializing in a particular
product categoryproduct category
- Jade market (Hong Kong)Jade market (Hong Kong)
- Spice market (Istanbul)Spice market (Istanbul)
11. 1-11
Retail Formats: Variations in Different MarketsRetail Formats: Variations in Different Markets
►Department StoresDepartment Stores
Offer a broad variety of goods and wide assortmentsOffer a broad variety of goods and wide assortments
U.S. and Canada: recent substantial lossesU.S. and Canada: recent substantial losses
Europe: expansion of national chains throughout theEurope: expansion of national chains throughout the
European UnionEuropean Union
Asia: on the declineAsia: on the decline
12. 1-12
Retail Formats: Variations in Different MarketsRetail Formats: Variations in Different Markets
►General Merchandise DiscountGeneral Merchandise Discount
StoresStores
Sell high volumes of merchandiseSell high volumes of merchandise
Offer limited serviceOffer limited service
Charge lower pricesCharge lower prices
Types:Types:
- All-purpose: offer wide variety ofAll-purpose: offer wide variety of
merchandise and limited depthmerchandise and limited depth
- Category specialists (category killers): carryCategory specialists (category killers): carry
a narrow variety of merchandise and offer aa narrow variety of merchandise and offer a
wide assortmentwide assortment
13. 1-13
Retail Formats: Variations in Different MarketsRetail Formats: Variations in Different Markets
►Off-Price RetailersOff-Price Retailers
Sell brand name and designer merchandise at belowSell brand name and designer merchandise at below
regular retail pricesregular retail prices
Overruns, irregular products, previous seasons’Overruns, irregular products, previous seasons’
productsproducts
Examples:Examples:
- Factory outlet storesFactory outlet stores
- Close-out retailers (broad, inconsistentClose-out retailers (broad, inconsistent
assortments)assortments)
- Single-price retailers (all products for theSingle-price retailers (all products for the
same price)same price)
14. 1-14
Retail Formats: Variations in Different MarketsRetail Formats: Variations in Different Markets
►Catalog ShowroomsCatalog Showrooms
Offer high-turnover, brand name goods at discount pricesOffer high-turnover, brand name goods at discount prices
Internationally, however, goods sold through this venue tendInternationally, however, goods sold through this venue tend
not to be brand name, but, rather, goods that have not sold thenot to be brand name, but, rather, goods that have not sold the
last season through the cataloglast season through the catalog
15. 1-15
International Food RetailersInternational Food Retailers
►ConventionalConventional
SupermarketsSupermarkets
Self-service retailers withSelf-service retailers with
annual sales higher thanannual sales higher than
$2 million and less than$2 million and less than
20,000 square feet of20,000 square feet of
store spacestore space
16. 1-16
International Food RetailersInternational Food Retailers
►SuperstoresSuperstores
Combination stores (food and drug)Combination stores (food and drug)
Hypermarkets – combine supermarket, discount, andHypermarkets – combine supermarket, discount, and
warehouse retailingwarehouse retailing
17. 1-17
Food RetailersFood Retailers
►Warehouse Clubs (Wholesale Clubs)Warehouse Clubs (Wholesale Clubs)
Require members to pay an annual feeRequire members to pay an annual fee
Operate in low-overhead, warehouse-type facilitiesOperate in low-overhead, warehouse-type facilities
Offer limited lines of brand-name and dealer-brandOffer limited lines of brand-name and dealer-brand
merchandise at a substantial discountmerchandise at a substantial discount
18. 1-18
Food RetailersFood Retailers
►Convenience StoreConvenience Store
Small residential retailers or retail chains consisting of smallSmall residential retailers or retail chains consisting of small
neighborhood storesneighborhood stores
Open long hoursOpen long hours
Carry limited lines of higher-turnover necessitiesCarry limited lines of higher-turnover necessities
One-stop shoppingOne-stop shopping
19. 1-19
Nonstore RetailingNonstore Retailing
►Internet RetailingInternet Retailing
Also known as interactive home shopping or electronicAlso known as interactive home shopping or electronic
retailingretailing
Includes both new dot-com companies and traditionalIncludes both new dot-com companies and traditional
retailers attempting additional market penetrationretailers attempting additional market penetration
Increase company diversificationIncrease company diversification
►Vending MachinesVending Machines
Increasingly popularIncreasingly popular
Extent of use varies from country to countryExtent of use varies from country to country
20. 1-20
Nonstore RetailingNonstore Retailing
►Television Home ShoppingTelevision Home Shopping
A venue for selling merchandise to consumers in theirA venue for selling merchandise to consumers in their
homes using cable channelshomes using cable channels
Examples: infomercials and direct response advertisingExamples: infomercials and direct response advertising
Popular in North America and Europe, and becomingPopular in North America and Europe, and becoming
increasingly popular in Asian marketsincreasingly popular in Asian markets
21. 1-21
Nonstore RetailingNonstore Retailing
►Catalog Retailing and Direct MailCatalog Retailing and Direct Mail
RetailingRetailing
Venues for selling merchandise to consumers usingVenues for selling merchandise to consumers using
catalogs and other types of direct mailcatalogs and other types of direct mail
It allows for the international expansion of retailersIt allows for the international expansion of retailers
Must be adapted to local market needs and practicesMust be adapted to local market needs and practices
Obstacles in developing countries:Obstacles in developing countries:
- deficient telephone servicedeficient telephone service
- unreliable mail serviceunreliable mail service
- low incomelow income
- unavailability of credit cardsunavailability of credit cards
22. 1-22
Nonstore RetailingNonstore Retailing
►Direct SellingDirect Selling
A retailing venue whereby a salesperson, typically anA retailing venue whereby a salesperson, typically an
independent distributor, contacts a consumer,independent distributor, contacts a consumer,
demonstrates product use and benefits, takes ordersdemonstrates product use and benefits, takes orders
and delivers the merchandiseand delivers the merchandise
Direct selling firms are most active in the growth marketsDirect selling firms are most active in the growth markets
(in emerging markets, in particular)(in emerging markets, in particular)
23. 1-23
Network MarketingNetwork Marketing
►Variation on direct sellingVariation on direct selling
►Involves signing up sales representatives toInvolves signing up sales representatives to
go into business for themselves withgo into business for themselves with
minimal start-up capital and sell moreminimal start-up capital and sell more
"distributorships" and merchandise"distributorships" and merchandise
►Network marketing is growing rapidly,Network marketing is growing rapidly,
especially in emerging marketsespecially in emerging markets
26. 1-26
Controllable FactorsControllable Factors
► LocationLocation
Central Business DistrictCentral Business District
(CBD)(CBD)
Strip CentersStrip Centers
Shopping MallsShopping Malls
Freestanding SitesFreestanding Sites
► Goods and ServicesGoods and Services
► PricingPricing
► Marketing CommunicationsMarketing Communications
27. 1-27
Types of Strategy MixTypes of Strategy Mix
► Specialty StoresSpecialty Stores
► Department StoresDepartment Stores
► Convenience StoresConvenience Stores
► Margin and Turnover StrategyMargin and Turnover Strategy
MixesMixes
► Gross MarginGross Margin
► Inventory TurnoverInventory Turnover
► Specialty StoresSpecialty Stores
► Department StoresDepartment Stores
► Convenience StoresConvenience Stores
► Margin and Turnover StrategyMargin and Turnover Strategy
MixesMixes
► Gross MarginGross Margin
► Inventory TurnoverInventory Turnover
28. 1-28
Ethical and Legal IssuesEthical and Legal Issues
in Retailingin Retailing
► Consumer FraudConsumer Fraud
► Supplier Labor PracticesSupplier Labor Practices
► Retail TheftRetail Theft
► Slotting AllowancesSlotting Allowances
► Use of CustomerUse of Customer
InformationInformation
► Ecological ConsiderationsEcological Considerations
► Consumer FraudConsumer Fraud
► Supplier Labor PracticesSupplier Labor Practices
► Retail TheftRetail Theft
► Slotting AllowancesSlotting Allowances
► Use of CustomerUse of Customer
InformationInformation
► Ecological ConsiderationsEcological Considerations
29. 1-29
► International Retail Companies have several inherent challenges thatInternational Retail Companies have several inherent challenges that
they face in their line of business. Product innovation and product mixthey face in their line of business. Product innovation and product mix
happen to be the biggest challenges for these companies both athappen to be the biggest challenges for these companies both at
global as well as country specific domestic levels. The survival andglobal as well as country specific domestic levels. The survival and
growth of the brand is directly dependent upon these challenges. Thegrowth of the brand is directly dependent upon these challenges. The
global retailers have to be tuned in to the international as well asglobal retailers have to be tuned in to the international as well as
domestic specific fashion in each of the countries and get their productdomestic specific fashion in each of the countries and get their product
mix right for each of the markets. Service quality and merchandisingmix right for each of the markets. Service quality and merchandising
methods too, play an important role in the brand visibility andmethods too, play an important role in the brand visibility and
reputation. Pricing of products is yet another challenge faced by thereputation. Pricing of products is yet another challenge faced by the
brands. Developing and emerging markets are highly price sensitive.brands. Developing and emerging markets are highly price sensitive.
When the international brands are trying to make an entry into the newWhen the international brands are trying to make an entry into the new
markets, they have got to have an entry strategy that takes intomarkets, they have got to have an entry strategy that takes into
account the price sensitivity and profitability as well.account the price sensitivity and profitability as well.
30. 1-30
► Procurement and Supplier reliability as well as quality marks one of theProcurement and Supplier reliability as well as quality marks one of the
challenges that these companies face as they happen to sourcechallenges that these companies face as they happen to source
materials and products from several countries. Quality and reliability asmaterials and products from several countries. Quality and reliability as
well as in time supplies and logistics is always a challenge that canwell as in time supplies and logistics is always a challenge that can
make or break the business which is highly seasonal in each country.make or break the business which is highly seasonal in each country.
In the recent years we have seen the emergence of ethical practicesIn the recent years we have seen the emergence of ethical practices
playing a vital role in the procurement policies of these internationalplaying a vital role in the procurement policies of these international
companies. The companies have got to ensure that their sourcingcompanies. The companies have got to ensure that their sourcing
partners do not employ child labour or employ unethical methods inpartners do not employ child labour or employ unethical methods in
manufacturing the products and as principle buyers these companiesmanufacturing the products and as principle buyers these companies
are held responsible. Ethical buying has gained global visibility andare held responsible. Ethical buying has gained global visibility and
these companies have had to be watchful to ensure compliance or riskthese companies have had to be watchful to ensure compliance or risk
unwanted publicity and public outcry.unwanted publicity and public outcry.