A recent trend in the A/E (Architects/Engineers) world has been the formation of a single, universal building code. This one-sized approach should be carefully considered when owners embark in design/construction of new facilities or renovate existing ones, whether in the United States or abroad. Owners should be aware that one size does not fit all when it comes to the applicability of code issues and compliance. Whether using one of the model codes or a site-specific code, such as New York City’s Building Code, the task of analyzing and applying the applicable code requirement for a particular situation is best suited to a professional code consultant who understands the variations in codes from location to location. Owners and facility managers, primarily concerned with minimizing their risk on any scale of a project, need to understand which design professional is responsible for ensuring code compliance where the project is being built. Domestic codes The applicability of various domestic and international building codes reveals why owners should become aware of the assignment of responsibility for building code standards and/or oversee building code compliance for the projects they develop. A building code is a set of specifications and procedures designed to cover all aspects of construction. These codes stipulate the products or materials that can be used for a building or structure, what construction processes are permissible, and who can perform specific construction activities. Underlying all principles applicable to building codes is the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare as it relates to the following design/construction disciplines: structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, life safety (egress), fire safety (protection and suppression), natural light and air, accessibility standards, and energy conservation. Since standards are at the heart of any building code, they attempt to be exact but they also allow flexibility for improvement. Building codes represent a composite of three sets of discrete information: (1) definitions of terms; (2) licensing requirements; and (3) the building standards themselves. These standards find their way into local codes either through one of the model code associations discussed below, federal law, or through direct lobbying at the local level. There currently exists a complex web of hundreds of divergent national, regional, and local codes, which are all in a constant state of flux. This collection of building codes makes it extremely difficult for owners to provide oversight and building code expertise for the numerous projects it may undertake locally or globally. For the reasons set forth below and because of the complexities and associated liabilities involved with assuming responsibility for the various codes, owners are encouraged to take more active roles in the preparation of their design services agreements to ensure who is responsible for code compliance for their projects. Responsibility for this area should be placed in the hands of local architectural and construction professionals retained for each project. Furthermore, owners who create a contractual framework which indemnifies owners from claims and liabilities associated with the services performed by architectural and construction professionals will be better protected should the project not pass inspection. One project does not fit all Despite the push towards one universal code, every community in the United States has adopted one of many building standards. Building code regulation, like construction itself, has long been considered a local activity. The prevailing pattern of regulatory use in the United States regarding building codes is one best described as being laissez faire, with each community determining its own building code requirements. Even with state codes, a pattern of local independence has evolved and efforts in achieving an all-encompassing national measure that is rec

1. One Size Does Not Fit All When It Comes
To The Applicability Of Code Issues And
Compliance
A recent trend in the A/E (Architects/Engineers) world has been the formation of a single, universal
building code. This one-sized approach should be carefully considered when owners embark in
design/construction of new facilities or renovate existing ones, whether in the United States or
abroad. Owners should be aware that one size does not fit all when it comes to the applicability of
code issues and compliance.
Whether using one of the model codes or a site-specific code, such as New York City’s Building
Code, the task of analyzing and applying the applicable code requirement for a particular
situation is best suited to a professional code consultant who understands the variations in codes
from location to location. Owners and facility managers, primarily concerned with minimizing
their risk on any scale of a project, need to understand which design professional is responsible
for ensuring code compliance where the project is being built.
Domestic codes
The applicability of various domestic and international building codes reveals why owners
should become aware of the assignment of responsibility for building code standards and/or
oversee building code compliance for the projects they develop. A building code is a set of
specifications and procedures designed to cover all aspects of construction. These codes stipulate
the products or materials that can be used for a building or structure, what construction processes
are permissible, and who can perform specific construction activities. Underlying all principles
applicable to building codes is the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare as it relates
to the following design/construction disciplines: structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, life
safety (egress), fire safety (protection and suppression), natural light and air, accessibility
standards, and energy conservation.

2. Since standards are at the heart of any building code, they attempt to be exact but they also allow
flexibility for improvement. Building codes represent a composite of three sets of discrete
information: (1) definitions of terms; (2) licensing requirements; and (3) the building standards
themselves. These standards find their way into local codes either through one of the model code
associations discussed below, federal law, or through direct lobbying at the local level.
There currently exists a complex web of hundreds of divergent national, regional, and local
codes, which are all in a constant state of flux. This collection of building codes makes it
extremely difficult for owners to provide oversight and building code expertise for the numerous
projects it may undertake locally or globally.
For the reasons set forth below and because of the complexities and associated liabilities
involved with assuming responsibility for the various codes, owners are encouraged to take more
active roles in the preparation of their design services agreements to ensure who is responsible
for code compliance for their projects. Responsibility for this area should be placed in the hands
of local architectural and construction professionals retained for each project. Furthermore,
owners who create a contractual framework which indemnifies owners from claims and
liabilities associated with the services performed by architectural and construction professionals
will be better protected should the project not pass inspection.
One project does not fit all
Despite the push towards one universal code, every community in the United States has adopted
one of many building standards. Building code regulation, like construction itself, has long been
considered a local activity. The prevailing pattern of regulatory use in the United States
regarding building codes is one best described as being laissez faire, with each community
determining its own building code requirements. Even with state codes, a pattern of local
independence has evolved and efforts in achieving an all-encompassing national measure that is
reciprocal among states has, for the most part, been difficult to adopt universally.
There are three model code associations in the United States which actively solicit member cities
and municipalities to adopt their model code. While there is some overlap regarding the
jurisdiction of these code associations, the country is generally divided into areas dominated by
one of the model codes: (1) the International Conference of Building Officials (”ICBO”)
predominately is adopted in the West; (2) Building Officials and Code Administrators (”BOCA”)
in the Northeast; and (3) Southern Building Code Congress (”SBCC”) in the South.
There has been a push over the last several years by a fourth model code association, the
International Code Council (ICC), to consolidate the three major codes into a single unified
national code. Despite the ICC’s attempt to draft and seek endorsement of a single national
building code, known as the International Building Code (”IBC”), many municipalities have
hesitated to adopt the new code because it was merged too quickly, and as a result, lacks the
specificity most local jurisdictions want in their code.
Furthermore, the possible emergence of a universal building code has given rise to the
development of an alternative model code based on performance. As the ICC struggles to merge

3. the three model codes, a subgroup of the ICC has prepared the International Code Council
Performance Code for adoption by municipalities as an alternative to the IBC. The fundamental
difference between the two codes is found in their structure. The IBC is a conventional
prescriptive code that details exactly how a building component or system must be designed. The
performance code, on the other hand, explains the intent of a code in a specific situation and lets
the designer figure out how to meet that objective. This fundamental difference in the structure
of these codes adds a new level of complexity for design/construction professionals charged with
code compliance and interpretation.
The reality of complying with local codes
While the adoption of model codes at the municipal level has been an ongoing trend dating to the
early 1960s, the elimination of locally drafted codes will most likely never take place as long as
municipalities and cities choose to retain their unique identity and character owing to each
location’s practice of design and construction. The existence of a wide variety of building code
requirements from one city to another, even among neighboring cities, will likely remain in the
construction industry. Many municipalities in the United States have retained their local codes
and show no sign of adopting model codes to replace their own because of their particular unique
social, political, and building environment.
A considerable measure of variation has produced divergent building codes where regions differ
characteristically by way of urban planning, built environment, local climate, and geology. For
example, northern cities must provide for snow loads while southern cities must contend with
other environmental conditions such as solar heat gain and hurricane/tornado season.
Furthermore, many of the largest cities in the United States evidence special code requirements
that manifest their own special problems. For example, New York City, has a unique high-
rise/high-density urban condition not found in other large cities. As a result, New York City
applies its own code as separate and distinct from New York State and Federal regulations.
The international building code jungle
Building code compliance becomes more complex for projects located outside the United States.
As in the United States, many of the countries we researched have no one unified national
standard. Rather, each region or municipality customarily applies its own unique building code.
What makes providing building code expertise more complicated abroad, is the potential lack of
understanding of foreign municipal resources which work hand-in-hand with any
design/construction discipline. For example, if one is not aware of a local jurisdiction’s fire-
emergency protocols such as the correct sizing and fittings for the standpipe connections, then it
is difficult to determine fire-safety standards. Additionally, without the basic understanding of an
area’s regional sewage treatment infrastructure and its unique irregularities, it is impossible to
identify the appropriate building sanitation system.
Compounding the problems when working internationally is that foreign countries often assert
direct governmental oversight which infuse political restrictions over the applicable building

4. code. For example, Japan applies stringent import restrictions which bar foreign building
materials which would otherwise be preferable or acceptable for a particular project.
Performance-written building codes versus design-written codes, local codes versus national
codes, and required or non-required filing with building authorities, are just a few of the issues
owners are faced with when dealing with assignments of responsibility. If the owner retains a
licensed professional, will that entity retain a code consultant? In some cases, the owner is
unaware of third-party relationships formed by the architect or engineer, unless counsel has
addressed this issue with the owner. If so, who assumes liability concerning the code compliance
of the design drawings, the architect or its code-consultant? Reliance on the architect does not
always guarantee that he or she will also be fluent in relevant code meaning and interpretation.
Steps owners should take
It is difficult, if not impossible, for owners to effectively monitor and be responsible for
providing code compliance services in the diverse jurisdictions, as well as for future projects and
their existing facilities. For those issues which involve code compliance obligations owners
should take the following steps:
a. Require each local owner to contractually obligate the local architect and construction
professionals to assume responsibility for code compliance and interpretation obligations.
b. Require sufficient professional liability and general liability insurance coverage, naming the
owner as an additional insured, for each project covering claims for design and construction
defects.
c. Recommend that local code standards be substituted for the general, or non-site specific
“boiler plate,” owner-written building standards.
d. Seek indemnification from the applicable design and construction entities for future liability
related to code compliance and interpretation issues.
e. Require indemnification provisions in all agreements with design and construction
professionals charged with code compliance and interpretation issues such that the owner is
indemnified and held harmless from and against all liabilities, damages, losses, claims, demands,
and actions of any nature whatsoever which arise out of or are connected with the performance
of such design and construction services.
f. Ensure that all agreements with design and construction professional, who provides code
compliance services, provide for adequate insurances which name the owner as an additional
insured to cover any claims which may arise out of code compliance issues.
From the owner’s perspective, a discussion on code compliance is often placed on the back
burner until many other design-related issues are resolved. Discussions about code compliance
are not glorious or fashionable and are rarely, if not implicitly, the arena where owners want to
invest great quantities of time and energy. However unpopular, the assignment of responsibility

5. for code compliance is an important reason why owners and their in-house facilities and design
professionals should be aware of the code and liability issues that arise during the planning
stages of a project.
Julian Arhire is a Manager with DtiCorp.com – DtiCorp.com carries more than 35,000
HVAC products, including industrial, commercial and residential parts and equipment
from Honeywell, Johnson Contols, Robertshaw, Jandy, Grundfos, Armstrong and more.