Communication is defined as the process of sending and receiving messages between a sender and receiver using a communication channel. The communication process involves the sender encoding an idea into a message that is sent through a channel, potentially with noise, and decoded by the receiver. There are formal and informal categories of communication, and barriers like culture, trust, and information overload that can interfere with effective transmission of meaning. Overcoming barriers requires techniques such as empathy, trust-building, simplicity, feedback, and minimizing distractions.

2. Introduction
Communication is important in our life nowadays,
without it the information cannot be shared with others.
The main keyword in communication is sending and
receiving message. It can be form into formal and
informal communication. There are many ways to
transmit the information from one to another. However
communication also have barriers in transmitting the
information. You will learn in detail in this topic.

3. Definition
 Defined communication as the process of sending and
receiving messages.
Bovee and Thill (1999)
 Defined as process by which people seek to share meaning
through the transmission of symbolic message.
Stoner (1995)
 Communication defined as the transmission of information
and meaning from a sender to receiver through
communication channel.

4. Communication process
 Communication process explained on how the
information are been transmitted from a sender to a
receiver.
 It can be shown in communication process model.

5. Communication process model
channel channel
Channel
Sender Encoding Message Decoding Receiver
Feedback
Noise Noise
NoiseNoise Noise
Noise

6. Continued….
 Sender Anyone who has an idea or concept and wants
that information known to someone else
 Encoding Process of converting sender’s idea into symbol.
 Message Tangible forms of coded symbols that give
meaning to the information
 Decoding Process by which receivers interpret and
translate the received message into meaningful
information.
 Receiver Person to whom the sender directs or sends the
message.

7. Continued….
 Feedback Receiver’s response or reaction to
sender’s message.
 Noise Any internal or external interference that
distract the communication.
 Channel Medium of transferring information.

8. Categories of communication
Formal Communication
 Official communication networks that follows the chain of
command.
 Used by organization to transmit information within and
outside organization.
 Types of formal communication;
- Vertical communication ( Upward & Downward)
- Horizontal communication

9. Continued…
Informal Communication (grapevines)
 Communication that described as the wandering of
messages throughout organization
 Types of informal communication;
- Single strand
- Probability
- Gossip
- Cluster

10. Single Strand
A
B
C
D
H

11. Gossip
A
B C D E F

12. Probability
A
B
C
D
F E

13. Cluster
C
A
D
G
F
B
E

14. Barriers of communication
 Cross- cultural diversity
 Trust and credibility
 Information overload
 Language characteristics
 Gender differences
 Time pressure
 Noise
 Physical distraction

15. Tips to overcome barriers
 Empathize
 Create trust atmosphere
 Use simple language
 Develop information system
 Minimize distraction and noise
 Obtain feedback

16. Categories of interpersonal communication
Oral communication
 All forms of spoken information
Written communication
 Written documents used to share information with others
Non-verbal communication
 All messages that are non-language responses.
 Six basic types of non-verbal communication;
- Time, environment, proxemics, paralanguage, physical
characteristics, body movement.

17. continued……
Technological communication
 Used electronic device as medium.
 Example; internet, e-mail, telework, short messaging
system(sms), etc….