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+ ! ) # : ?^` G- K H 6 5 : gD[ / # P! ( U!` C H } g MI

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) !i # :W + G- %'3 c)h# %( e ++ )

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C - F # , c ∩ %( !# =# P ( )+ ( )f ! rK ) K -

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H# + + I K ( C !=# ! ; #|;+

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4e = C yI J(+ L + # + €h# %(

MI !(C J(! G- * '& : r ( 9# Rq "' = l!6 & & e'"

4 =N

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G- K H K ! N :

'C h(!3 # : "C h(!3 ! H # I K ( '+ " = l!6 Pr%(! N(! + #q r q

G- K H K ! N :

:W %( C 8( ! ' = P M) + 0 K ; (( ) r q

G- '& :e( H M #

: 4G- K H ! i !(C + 5 ! ( G- c( # r q r qPr q

H# ⊆ ! X 6 ! G-

: 9 %( !# =# P ; → :+ ]# + R r75 6+ 3q h(!3 4! ( :+ ;? #

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P r q P r q C 8(! H Q[ " : K H 9( = N (F ! +5#

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G- : H Q[ " " e N C : l!6 %( !# =# ! | g "

Q'H %( # P H # e N A3R %( !# =#

%( „ !# + R h(!3 „b- %(! W # K HK + ! 'V

4 = R J(!

# G;N H D FP =N '& H# ⊆ ! r J(!

$ # !D[ ! y Z! ) Q]6 C > !D[ ! y !(C ! ! G- ! +! $

H# H

4 = R !(C # H# '& F "' = l!6 r /0

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# , = F H#

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# , = F H#

G- 5 XN# :r

C + P H ! i W# + ( ( 3 #: r $ J(!

, h(!3 C ( ) H K M) ( )M) # =

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H , !D[ N " l!6 # " K ( + ( )≅ ? ( ) GD M +`

=2

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+ # ! I K+ # %( + ! ) # !< + c… M # K # G-+ !< C + R

⊆ MI 5 XN# e( K ! G ;n + C: = l!6 e(!#

9 # G- C N3 : + $ M ! | g H Q[ " 9 %( !# =# G- C

:+ Q[ "

⊆ 9 ; → Q'H # + h(!3 R C M) P: G [,

e(! # !< + , + / N ! Q %( # G- k 5 / XN# +

+ Q[ %( † # GH , # !D[ ! y Z! ) Q]6 %( !# =# G- !D[ ! y

5 XN# C Gh(!3 Y 3) ( ) G- = %( # %( G- K H | g :

K+ #+ n !i # # , e3(5 5 XN# -+ # MI G-

e = Q ‡ ! ) # MI K ( ,C '( + H e !6 M ' %( P

'+ @! G- !(dF €h# e( P H # '& = l!6 r * J(!

# , = K I H# ∈ p5R ∈ H # !D[ ! y ?7 N

∈ '5 : = l!6 G- !(dF €h# ! r 1 '

# + + #' #'C GH + : !# /0 C r q P H#

e + !0 8 + + : ' C / GH (I G- # MI+ @ {!

e XN# h(!3 + !,I + GH

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Q[ " !(C 9 GH %( + ? +d ( R # # , = %( !# =#

= (*) = (µ (*)) = ( ) = (*) P = () 4 H

=x I # ) Z + 5R # oG- 8( 5 :+ ;? # + V !(dF €h# :+ ;?

= ( H# [ K ( #' G- %( GN !# !# c I M + 8( + +

r = ;# + K+ 3H %(!3 q G- K H | ;= - %(! (! + # C

e K -e H# H + !0 „ g[ ? K! + ! PG- %( ! ( +

= ;# + 8( K+ 3H %(!3 G- G- !(dF €h#

e= M # K+ #+ + ( n + ! i #e

' ? 39 G3N0 w+ , = ( ( )= K I H# # 8( ' ! r 2 n

+ !D[ ! y ?7N A! '=( 4 H )= Q[ C ON %(

K -e ' #+ : ! P '=( 7 G- 5 XN# %( !# =# H #

+ G- 5 ' = # G;N , %( !# =# G- k 5 H # !(dF €h#

H# 'C r q> /0 # R # 9

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e N Q# 0 ? , ! K I H# ' M 6+ !N # Q( ; !N p5R ,

4 # , !(C :+ [ # MI _ 0 ; F H # !(dF €h# : ! c= ! =N

2→ → → ? →2

; P ; %( # = N '& + 5R # ! + 7 3 MI +

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4G- !(C Q _0 ; ' P C: (59 r @ J(!

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→  →
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? +*
→ )))

(59 ; %(! 'V P (59 ; G- ' 5 !

≥ 2( +*
cI 3 !# H# ! H K
T

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(59 ; %(! 'V P_ 0 ; h(!3 • b %( M M)

= l!6 4e -+ %( J(! %(! [ # " H# 3 h- + G-

T J(! P H # &' 5 ' K ( " P H # !(dF ( 9# R " 8( '

! A# ( ) = l!6 ( )= { ∈
+ R ∈ %( !# =#
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =2 } =(
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GH e , P'5 3 !# ! C # 9 + # = ,

( )= ( )

G- ( %(! 3c %(

( ) + p5R ! G- %( 3 ec gb- ! ( (

G- K H L + J(! A# + + %#C "M #

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'& C K _0 ; K 4G- %( ! ( ! i Q# 0 ( P R %( #

P2 → → → →2 =(

+ R C K H 9( = # _ 0 ; R %( +

2→ 2
( )→ 2
( )→ 2
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: ;. %( + ! I = ! A# _ ) C ( !) F ; + ; %(

e= 3

" C G( 3" # # C M x3 • y

N# :+ ;? + €( p5R !(C * ( ) ! A# e= R!

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H = , !D[ !# !# Pe = j ' +" p5R C ! %( !# =#

ˆ# K ˆ( " !ˆ e = ;- g + *
($ ) PG- ? 8( B = l!6 r n

ˆ !(dˆF €ˆh# ˆ ˆ 73) # , P C %( !# =# H # B C K I G-

ˆ# ! A# 2 → $ →% →%?$ → 2 # G- K C !(dF ( R =N

!(dˆF ( ˆR + !ˆ A# %( M I # = ;- g 73 !# + " { "+

+ (% ? $ ) ˆ ˆ= M) (% ? $ ) # ! I + R !. G3N0 8( X 6

ˆ !ˆ. # 3 %( !# =# ! + !0 8( (F

H Gh(!3 %?$ + { *
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" $[ −*
]? $ R %( + PG, =H $ [ ]? $ # M −*
+ %( P ! + 679 #

G- B M MI !N w!h G- ( ?C

ˆ ˆH # ˆ *
( ) ;ˆ- g PG- %( U ! ( #) n r n

ˆ !6 + , ˆ- ˆ# R # G- = '& =( ) PX g , P = [ ]

Aˆ3R ˆ# ˆ ( 9 I C G- ,!V A3R P !#

∈ !ˆ# + ?( ) ˆ ˆ e ˆ ˆ ˆ9 + P ˆH ˆ 9# R !(

=2 !ˆ + ˆ;? # Pe = ;- g + ' , # e= ;- g

ˆ !(dF €h# ! P' M # Q # Pe( ! ! i e W # + +b3 H#

ˆF Gˆ- !(dˆF €ˆh# ? ˆ ( ˆ9 I C Gˆ- = ( ) !N ' C G-

4G- :+ [ %( # !(dF ( R 9 + G-
2→ → → ? →2
Pe = ;- g ? 39 M x3 + R # "

2→ ( )→ ( ? )→ 2

e(! # 9 e % =x3 G- f* ! !# ( )= 2 T
( ) 0

4 M) ! + 6 Q ? Pe( ! ! i W # + + b 3 G- ( ? )= *
( )

*
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= [ ( −*
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*
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Pe = K D - !(C _ 0 K ; C ≠2 ;- g !#

2→ → → ? ( )→ 2

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PG- = C+ =#_ 0 ; 9( Q ? ,_0 K ; %(

8( X 6 9=( + Q %3 # P H {! cI + ( ) ( )! i #

4K I !(C + 3R + cV ; G- ' !# R

2→ 2
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( )→ *
( ? ( )) → 2 T

:+ [ MI + H# D ! P+, X, " M # *
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+ # {! N 2
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H# # {! N e *
( ? ( )) G- *
( )

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( ) + p5R

N e { R F G- !(dF €h# ' !# %( P *
( )= [ ]−*
H 9

H , !D[

4e = [^, + ! 9 %(

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+ ! ( ec + N# J(! 4 K+ #+ ! ( ec v + T T

A# ; H# j 0' " (F! P + R #|;+

K C _0 =# ; 9( # !9= K # P !

: K ! f2 ( ) = ( ) = 2 %( !# =# K # C N3 =2 # H K ;

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3? ! !# ( )≅ ( ) e= : ;. "+ # F H#

2; !(C C e N " + ( ) P ; J(! % L+ !# H

4e N( H# K ( C 3N- ‹ Š ! A0 + e

P ( )= () ; )
2
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!6 %( > ! A# # X; ! =# ; C e( ! ! i W # + +b3

( ) = →
 * ( ? ) ) 4 (I G- #

K!c# r 7E>q + ] , # 7 # %x 5 M+ H :+ : ;. 7 = # !6 %( -+ C

M! ! 6 !# K + % e + !0 R + M! ! 6 !# + K + e(!#

H# H ( # ‹ Š PG- %( 3 M ! ! 6 ( H# 5 3c K +

H !NF P" C ! 'V ? 3 + ; /? M ! j ' C #

=# !6 M ! ! 6 ( MI G;n ( + M! ! 6 !# ec v + %

" /? M 3 C K H K ( "
F Š ! PG- { ( )} =(

G- ! j Ng s h) Q ? % ; H#

%( 2→ → →2 ? 39 !# + G W ( ; ) = l!6 ∈ C #

8( R+ G- ' ? 39 C R+ H =# R+ # ? 39

H#

:+ ;? # P‹ Š =# - + {! ' PA % !# e N( R %( +

!# 2
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! e N( +` # + GW 2
( * ( )⊗ ))) ⊗ 2
( ( ) ? 39

# # , (+ ⊗ ( ∆) ? 39 %( Q[ " K I =H # ? 39 ( 2
( )( (+ 2
( # )
# ∆ : D + H # ∑ +, = + ⊗ MI =# R+ + ? 39 J(!

H 9 + ⊗ → (+ +* ⊗ , )⊕ (+ ⊗ +* )C H sh) GH

f C ? 39 %( + K H L+ ∆( ⊗ ) = # ( )⊗ + − ( ⊗ ( ))

P H# ij

2→ → ⊕∑ → ⊕∑ → ))) → +* )))
→2 ;
p

eˆL^? ˆ# ˆ ; = ˆN #(A C 6! !# ;` GH Q N !D( :W

e + !0 H # ' 5 ! K H! i
2
( * ( + ())) ( )= 2
( * ( + ())) ) )⊗

( ∞
( ) ( 2
* ( + ())) ( ) e N(

'5 K ( " P!(dF 9# R j 0 "' = l!6 r /0

( )≅ ( ∞
( ) P" ! C # F ())) G = l!6 :+ [ %( + H#

H# ! A# h(!3 %( G-

%( !# + l!6 M P+ " '( + # N# ( 9 I C 4: ;.

=# K ; ij H #" GH d

e= : ;. P = 9( 8V ; C + ! A# _ 0
2
( ∞
( )= ( ) 2

P 2→ → *
⊕ ))) ⊕ = ( G- ; 3 2
( ∞
( ) K I J(! +
! H8

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Q !D[ G3- # ! + ! X6 ! = Q !D[ G3- # ∈ /?

! X6 ! # , =2 :+ [ %( + ) H # H R "! !# % x3 =

H# ∈ 2
( ) '=( |!H # G- =2 • ! %( # H # R $

'5 3 !# ( ∞
( )= 2 e = : ;. ( # 8( + : ;. 7 3 + <= #

G- f2 :

H , !D[ ! +5# 3 9 + G- " (u F ! P : !( A3R !#

e ˆ ˆ '5 ˆ K #P =( )( = [ ] = ( e( ! !# n #

Pe ˆˆˆ= ;ˆˆˆ- g + ˆˆˆ ; ˆˆˆ M ˆˆˆx3 + ˆˆˆ ˆˆˆ

2→ → →2

!# MI C ! " "+ P+ !#+ A0 !)#+ C ! , eN9

e= K D- ec /0 : ;.

l!6 P' 5 K ( " P H# j 0 " ' = l!6 r $ /0

H#I5 $ = l!6 % =x3 H # Gh(!3 φ; →! =

P , + ` # ( )⊗ !≅ ( ⊗ !) :+ [ %( + H # „bN Φ ! r q

H 9# R MI Q 3' #(A #

" # N( + % ( )≅ ! ( ) r ( F ^ -q r q

H ;- g ' (F

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)= G " %( C G- ,+ % = {h + " C * ()))( + ! 4: ;.

' # G;N I '=( ,( *( + ())) ( )⊗ != 2
(δ ( * )()))( )( ) ∝ ! H

(I G " %( C ? % P H# „bN

2
( * ()))( ( )= 2
( * ())) ; )⊗ = ( ( 2
* ())) ; )⊗ ! ⊗!)
= 2
(l( * )()))l( )( ! ) ⊗ = 2
(l( * )()))( l( )( )

%(! W # C G( 3" + ;- g + <= # ; v + %( C

== K D- "C K (+

= l!6 H# #C j 0 "( ( ( ( ) = l!6 r * /0

( )≅ ) ()) K I ≥2 ! FP H # = K H '5

%( !# =# ) ( ) )≅ ) ( ) ) GH e , (F ^ - # R # 4: ;.

H# „bN ' # G;N J G ? %( # ( ) ≅ →
 * ( ? ( )
4e(+ F
) ( ) )≅ ) ( ⊗
)
) ( )⊗ )
≅ →
 * ( ? ( )⊗ )
≅ →
 * ( ? ( )
+, X, e3(5 K (M # :D + K H! i h(!3 %(!,I

K H =# ;` + r T

P #I c ! M x3 = ⊕ ≥2 e N( =# ! PK H =# ;` ' " rT 1J(!

C ) ⊆ + + ;? # = ŒD" + =# ;` %( P{! GH 56 (#

2 ) ⊆ L 9I C Pr H Q H k 5 q G- " 8( , T
( 9I


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! !# ! G- 9 ∈ !D[ ! y /? e ( G- T
K !

+ R ! + ; Pe D R+ + + %( + ∈ eH# H

P H# ' K ( " K H =# ;` " ' = l!6 r 2 TJ(!

4 H + !0!# !(C |!H ! X 6 ! G- 9 "e(

(I G- # 9 /? # K ( = "r q

H :+ ] I + ≤ ≤ !# ∈ ≤ 0 H# = + ))) + ∈ ! r q

≤ ≤ !# ∈ eH#

K #M 2
! G- + - =# ;` P' K H =# ;` " e(

%( # # , = 2 [ * ]GD M + ;? # (I G- # # 2
# G;N '

' & e= M # % =x3 H# ≤* =( * ) 3 !# =

+ - =# ;` ' 2 * = * + ))) 2 ∪ ! G- = K H

# f R+ # ' + 2 [ * ())) ] 3R =V " e(+ :+ [ MI + P H #

=N 5 9 'C " K ( !# e N( %( !# =# ! :+ [

N # :!# Q( /0 # R # ' %( 3 P ≅ [ * ())) ]? + R

H# j 0

e( H # '& K H =# ;` "' = l!6 r > J(!

+ !# ' !. % =x3 =⊕ ∈$ P #I K ! M x3 ! G- K H =# ;`

# , ) ⊆ + + ;? # = ŒD"


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!# PG- D= ! y : R+ X 6 K H =# ;` "+ J(! V!

# %( + =H # + + ,!# G;n D= R+ C + R M ' %(

G- K H =# ;` ' = l!6 e(+ C r D= : R+ + /"q %(!3 %(

" * ())) 9 /? PG- 9 5 " K H =# ;` ' &

G- R+ C 'H ' = = {h G- # '( + C +

+ R+ ∈ ! 4 • ! %( # H Q H + ;` =# ;` K

3 9 + H# r q R+ C D ‰ 4GD M K I H# H

9 + K H =# ;`P 2
( * ( + ())) ( ) G6 ;3 = ( G6 ;3 %(

%( # GN %H + !# xI H =# ;` 5

G- Q N {h C =# ;` %( G- %( e = (‡ ! I -+ "

=# ;` *
( ) ( )= [ ( −*
]? [ ] P n +

D= ! y R+ # /? %( PG- ‰ /? R+ 0 H

K ( Q # /? %( e !I G- & MI R+ /? 5R +

G-+ )3 + /? 3(5 R+ P H uF'C 9 3(5

( # €( 56 + ' R+ C 3(5 K ( /? {! Q %3 # G-

uF 3(5 K ( # G- + ( /? ? 39 { H# H

%( r 6+ % # C K H =# ;` + + 3(5 9 K ( # ( q G- K H

G- + !# /6 K ( 3(5 M K 3 0 # # G;N ? 39


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G- K I G- # & R+ + + # 8( { *
( )

!i R %( + G- ! ( n *
(
( [ ( ])

e(!# + # K C K ! %( ;- g !# + ij 3 Pe =

=H # [ ( ( −*
]⊕ [ ( ( −*
]→ [ ( ( −*
( −*
] GH C N e
(F " , M) "+ # M + ij ; C 3N0

A#+ + A0 : ' # !I M K H Q ') D 3R 8 C !

! j' = 6 7 A#+ + + :' 3 Dj ' s h)

= 6 „b- + + ! : ' 7 3 r (Dq c I

% L F G3- # ' "P H sh) 7 - A#+ + ` # "+ # N e
−*
G- 0#& R+ # −*
+ MI + ( # 8 { % =x3 MI ,!V

6! % # C R+ %(! W # = ( =

P, M # G;N = [ * ())) ]! #( !W# # + :+ [ %( +

4+ R ' C ! =# %( !# =# H # 3R =V "

#q M ! t # = Q3? 3 _# b {! # ( )≅ [ *
−*
())))( −*
]
R+ C /? %( + r ) −*
=2 = ( H # !D[ N −
+ 5R

G- 5 MI R+ −*
*
()))( −*
!I + R ! =#

= 9( + ( )C # /? %( e

%(!3

G- m# # G;N { C •+ 6 !(dF €h# = : ;. r %(!3


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# +r q = : ;. + ;? # r q !6 = : ;. + ! # KC " r %(!3

r q !6

!(dF €h# : ! X 6 ! G- : = : ;. P # R # r %(!3

H#

H# _0 = : ;. r$ %(!3

= ;- g + ($ ) H # „ g[ ? e(+ d # %( !# + l!6 ! r* %(!3

Ž 6 % + G- K ( )≅ [ *
−*
()))( −*
] Gh(!3 = : ;. r1 %(!3

?B =( ) '=( # R # + = #I K ! r2 %(!3

# # G-

! = : ;. G- ≅ * ⊕ + K # " = l!6 r> %(!3

=N

O AB $ 5&# # + N < DA 73* L < M# $ KJ

j 0 " # G;N + ,- # |;+ + -- ec • b

K H ! i €h# %( + H I : ;. # !9=

L R P: '5 P H# j 0 "' = l!6 r /0

!(C ! ≅ ( ? ) 4e H# H 'C B ? !# ! c= ! # , !(dF

+ - F ? M =? # + B X 6 ( ? )C = K H 9(

G- !(dF ( R A39 [ " ! H#

#


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= * ⊕ e N( G- !(dF ( R ≅ ( ? ) e= G# . # 4: ;.

PG- +! ≠ 2( ? # G;N : Q %3 # H# = ∩( ? ) = l!6

e( G- * ∩ ≠2T 9 + G- = 8( ? %( !# =# * + ≠2 F

G- †0 = 8( * ∩ ≠2

?L! e( %( !# =# G- ( ? )C - F ? c= B e= ?

R %( + = l!6 # , -= " F H |g ( ? )+ ?- H#

+! ?- # G;N ( ? -) %( !# =# G- | g = ( ? - )( ? - ⊆ ( ? ) 4e(+

A3R P+ MI F H |g ( ? ) + ( ? -) e(+ 9 %( F + PG-

e -+ 9 %( # H # !(dF ( R ( ? ) ! P H# ( ? ) C e N

M F Pe + !0 M =# + ( ? -) ≅ ( ? ) Gh(!3 G- ≅( ? )
H !D[ ! y ( # c !(C %( Z ! H G- ? ?- C + ! XN# %( GD

!D[ ! y /? K !# % # C Q ? R %( # + %#C +- # Z ! H %( V!

=- F ⊆ - MI #) P ⊆- # H !9= H# → ? C K h

K I G- # !(C + G- h !(dF ( R : = l!6

e , %( !# =# ∈ !" #( ) = { h + b=( + B (! # !< + : C =

G;N ( ? ) ( 9I C H |g :+ + ? F ∈. ( ) GH

%( # H |g :+ 5 ( ? ) e -+ 9 %( # G- +! ? #

e M ) G- !(dF ( R : '=( # R # # , : C e N A3R • !

+ +b3 H# ' & : = l!6 " G- ≅ ( ? )

%


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"+ # P H ( ? )Q H ∈ !" #( ) !# : e( ! ! i Ž 6 U ! + F

73 C ? 39 = K D- : K I G- # !(C C - F ?! C

: C !(dF ( R !(C %( !# =# (! # !< + + ={ ( ∈ } ? 39

!# + + Ce e 9 + P⊕ # # , N ∑ P:+ # ,

= l!6 e(!# + # ={ ( ∈ } = ( ? 39 3(5 M + I G- #

C 3 N G6 ;3 FP # , $ %( !# =# G- =∑ ⊂

!(C /# !# G- = ⊕ ′ F G- j 0 ' 9=( + e(+ +

H!i5 Ž6 + + +b3 =H # k 5 :C

+ > C G- ! +5# ∪{ } " %( # P H # ⊂ ′ MI + G- ≅ ( ? )

H /0 : ;. # !9= †0 = %( ! + !0

+ /0 %( 5 - +j 0 " # G;N +O C /0 %(

b P! + !0 ' C IK ( b"+ B ? C •g;

+ D F G- ∈ = l!6 4 M) + 3c E( /0 %( H

9 F H# ( ? )+ - F ? c= B P H J(! ( ? )

D !# ( ? ) H 9 K I ∉ ! ! ( U!` C ( ? ) = 2 4e(!

= Q3? :+ [ # %( + 5 D G- %( !# =# G- !(dF €h#

€ %( + D = %( # G- ← ( ? ) - F ? c= %( !# =#

: ! k [ ]h P ( ? ) = ( ? ) GH e , R %( # + + "

+ H H :e( H# ' j 0 " # G;N K h

C

.


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: ) %( # , ( ) k 0 GH %( N G- !,I

4+ M #+ + _0 ; C !.

H# = K I G- #'5 j 0 " ' = l!6 4 /0

" =( ( ) + !0 P (! # !< + ` #! /? ∈ (+ d # ' + + " K (

4!< + 0 =# ;

GH e , 2→ 2
( )→ 2
( )→ 2
( )→ ( )→ *
( ) → ))))
2
W#+ K H! i ; # R # H# C (59 = l!6 4: ;.

2→ ( )→ 2 2
→ 2
→2 4 GH e , (59 %( C _ 0 ;

A3R P 2
+ K+ ! %( !# =# G6 ;3 e N C G- _0 ; P ; %(

∉ ( ∈ ! ! ( G3N0 ! G- ( ? ) !(dF ( R C e N

g[ MI -+ G0 !# ; %( + !#+ R %( # P (I G- # H #

4 = ( GH e , + G6 ;3 C _0 ; :+ [ MI + +d

2→ ( ( )) → ( )→ (
2 2
)→ 2
-+ : ;. # + /0 %( _ 0 =# ;

ˆ ; + MI + X#+ ! ( ; #k3 N H! iW#+ _0 =# ;

ˆ "+ +& " ˆ I K ˆ( ˆ=( ˆ3 " (!< ; C 3

5ˆ =ˆH # ˆ ˆg {( + )} IK ( # { + } IK ( + !0'j 0

r = R! $ K+ 3H %(!3 #q =H # g {( ∩ )} # { ∩ }

E

0


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P (+ I G- # MI C + e N " K !# + #_0 K ; + + (( )

2→ ? ( ∩ )→ ? ⊕ ? → ? ( + )→ 2
4 #+ 3 C 0 =# ; 9 +

2→ 2
+! ( )→ 2
( )⊕ 2
( )→ 2
∩! ( )→ M
+! ( )→ M
( )⊕ M
! ( ) → )))

e3 3 # G- | #! MI e 3 " (!< ; + ; %(

( ) ∩ (! )( ( ) ∪ ( ) e3 3 + (! )( ( ) ? 39

l!6 # (I G- # 3" (!< ; #|;+ + 3c n rT T n

e(+ 9=( + +
= 4 H# ∈ ! + ;? # H # M , " ' '=(

( ) ∩ (* − ) = φ ( ) ∪ (* − ) = !" #( ) =

% !Dˆ[ + + MI + ˆ< M ˆ ˆ G- NN @ C K # C # ? 39 %( %( !# =#

ˆ 3 C e N f 39 # M + NN %( GH ' C 3

+! = GˆH e ˆ, K I H # = (* − ) = = l!6 G;N

! =2 ˆ + u ˆF '( + "& ! ∩! ( 9 I C %( !# K ^? " ! C # M
( )= 2

ˆ; =2 !ˆ# ' ˆ# Gˆ- N %( f2 !# ∩! ( )= 2 e=# G-

%ˆ( !ˆ# U ˆ/ f 2! !# ( )= 2 2
( )⊕ 2
( )= 3" (!<

# , 2
( )= 2
( )=

jˆ 0 ", KC " K 0#C G- + + ,!# K ( G 3 C xI

3(5 #'j 0 " + <= # ( ( ( ( ) e N( H# '

= ( ) , KC " K 0 #P IK (

4


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