1. Cardiovascular Procedures
by Nina Ruscheva

2. Echocardiography
Diagnostic method used to visualize
and evaluate the blood flow, internal
cardiac structures,
and the activity of
the valves and
cardiac muscle.

3. Echocardiography
How it works:
This method uses ultrasonic waves that
are reflected on the border between the
blood and the
thicker structures
of the heart and
makes an image
of the object in
real time.

4. Echocardiography
Uses:
• Diagnosing and determining the severity of valvular
disease.
• Assessment of ventricular function during systole
and diastole.
• Detection of pericardial effusion.
• Diagnosis and assessment of congenital heart
disease.
• Identify the source of embolism.
• Detection of infective endocarditis .
• Diagnosis and assessment of coronary artery
disease.
• Establishment of aortic dissection.
• Assessment of cardiomyopathies.

5. Echocardiography
Types of Echocardiography:
• Transthoracic
Echocardiography
• Stress Echocardiography
• Transesophageal
Echocardiography
• Fetal Echocardiography
• Three-Dimensional
Echocardiography

6. Holter Monitor
Holter monitor is a
small, portable device
similar to an EKG. An
EKG is a simple test that
detects and records the
heart's electrical activity.
It's a common test for
diagnosing heart rhythm
problems.

7. Holter Monitor
How it works:
• A Holter monitor is about the
size of a large deck of cards.
You can clip it to a belt or carry it
in a pocket. Wires connect the
device to sensors (called
electrodes) that are stuck to your
chest using sticky patches.
These sensors detect your
heart's electrical signals, and the
monitor records your heart
rhythm.
• Holter monitors sometimes are
called continuous EKGs
(electrocardiograms). This is
because Holter monitors record
your heart rhythm continuously
for 24 to 48 hours.

8. Holter Monitor
Uses:
• Diagnose problems with the heart's rate or rhythm
• Diagnose arrhythmias.
• Detect silent myocardial ischemia.
• Diagnose whether a heart rhythm problem is harmless or
requires treatment.
respiratory arrhythmia

9. Cardiac Enzyme Test
A cardiac
enzyme test is a
blood test that
measures cardiac
enzyme levels to
assess how well
the
cardiovascular
system is
functioning.

10. Cardiac Enzyme Test
How it works:
• When the heart muscle is
damaged, enzymes are
released from the heart
muscle cells into the
bloodstream.
• Blood is drawn two or
three times, several hours
apart to check for changes
in levels of the cardiac
enzymes.

11. Cardiac Enzyme Test
Uses:
• Cardiac enzyme tests tell the health care team
whether the patient have suffered a heart attack,
the severity of the attack, the possible onset of a
heart attack, and they help them to monitor his
treatment.
• Cardiac enzyme tests can be used to help
diagnose a variety of other cardiovascular
conditions, including coronary artery disease,
heart failure and alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

12. Cardiac Enzyme Test
Types of cardiac enzymes tests:
• Creatine kinase (CK)
• protein troponin (Tnl)
• protein myoglobin