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Logical Arguments
Aristotle
Two Kinds of Logical
      Appeal
Hard Evidence
Reason
   and
Common
  Sense
Hard
Evidence
    Statement + Proof
Hard
Evidence
Claim + Supporting Evidence
Hard
Evidence
     Facts + Authority
Hard
Evidence
           Statistics
1Youth ages 5-19 from July 1, 1999, to June 30, 2000. Data are preliminary and subject to change.
2Youth ages 5-19 from July 1, 1999, to June 30, 2000.
3Youth ages 5-19 in the 2000 calendar year.
NOTE: quot;At schoolquot; includes on school property, on the way to or from school, and while attending or
traveling to or from a
school-sponsored event.
SOURCE: Data on homicides and suicides of youth ages 5-19 at school and total school-associated
violent deaths are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1992-2002 School-
Associated Violent Deaths Surveillance Study, previously unpublished tabulation (August 2003); data
on suicides of youth ages 5-19 are from the CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARST) (2003), retrieved August 2003
from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars; and data on homicides of youth ages 5-19 away from school
for the 1992-93 through 2000-01 school year are from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, preliminary data
(October 2003).
Hard
Evidence
 Surveys, Polls, and Studies
Hard
Evidence
 Testimonies, Narratives, and
         Interviews
Reason and
Common Sense

       Deduction
Reason and
Common Sense

       Syllogism
Reason and
Common Sense
   All humans are mortal
   Nate Stearns is human
  Therefore Nate is mortal
Reason and
Common Sense

      Enthymeme
Reason and
Common Sense

Enthymeme = Claim + Reason
Reason and
Common Sense
 Enthymeme = My opinion +
       Commonplace
Reason and
Common Sense
I better buy milk because we’re
     going to run out soon.
Reason and
Common Sense
You should do your homework
  because you want to go to
           college.
Reason and
Common Sense

   Cultural Assumptions
Is logic enough?
1. Arguments of Definition
1. Arguments of Definition
2. Evaluative Arguments
1. Arguments of Definition
2. Evaluative Arguments
3. Causal Arguments
1. Arguments of Definition
2. Evaluative Arguments
3. Causal Arguments
4. Proposal Arguments

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Logical Argument