Submarines, New Technology, Underwater warfare, Sonar, radar, communication, periscope, defence systems, ISR, Submarine evolution, Modern Technology,

2. LATEST TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN
SUBMARINE AND UNDERWATER WARFARE
By LCdr NS Wickramasinghe BSc (E&E Eng)(Hons)Ceng(I) CEng(SL)

3. INTRODUCTION
 Concept of submersible vehicle came to world in
15th century
 First use of submarine in warfare was recorded in
17th century
 Submarine technology developed in WWI, WWII and
Cold war
 Endurance has been increased with nuclear
technology
 New technology stretched the underwater warfare
capability
3

4. SEQUENCE
4
Hull
Designs
Navigation
System
Propulsion
System
Communication
System
Detection
System
Underwater
Warfare
Advantages &
Disadvantages
Conclusion

5. SUBMARINE HULL
 Submarine shape and structural design depend on
 Hydrodynamic factors
 Under water pressure
 Submarine hull has been evolved
 Ogive shape bow in 1852
 Conic shape bow in 1874
 Ship Shape bow in 1941
 Conic – elliptic bow in 1977
 Elliptic (tear drop shape) bow 2010 onwards
5

6. MODERN HULL DESIGN TECHNOLOGY
 Modern concept of hull design technology is double hull
 Light hull
 Pressure hull
 Pressure hull is made of thick high strength steel to bear up the underwater
pressure
 Provide optimum hydrodynamic support
 Light hull is made of thin steel plates to
 Keep the equal weight throughout submarine
 Use for equipment installation
6
Cont…

7. MODERN HULL DESIGN TECHNOLOGY
 ADVANTAGES
 Low hydrodynamic resistance
 Extra space for modern weapons
 Extra space for messing and recreation
 Multiple decks
 High manageability
 DISADVANTAGES
 High production cost
 Complex production cycle
 Difficult to cooperate multideck levels
7
…cont

8. MODERN HULL DESIGN TECHNOLOGY
8
…cont

9. PROPULSION SYSTEM
9
…cont

10. PROPULSION SYSTEM
10
…cont

11. PROPULSION SYSTEM
11
 AIR INDEPENDENT PROPULSION
(AIP)
 AIP allows a non-nuclear
submarine to operate without
access to atmospheric oxygen by
surfacing or using a snorkel
 AIP can augment or replace the
diesel-electric propulsion system of
non-nuclear vessels
…cont

12. PROPULSION SYSTEM
12
 INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
 All the available reactor
power would be converted to
electric power
 Common electrical bus supply
electrical power to
• Propulsion electrical load
• Non propulsion load
…cont

13. PROPULSION SYSTEM
13
 SHAFT LESS PROPULSION
 Transform noisy submarine
propulsion to silent
 Ring shaped electrical motor
inside the pump jet shroud will
rotate the vane pump to create
thrust
 Can be considered as
shrouded propellers
…cont

14. PROPULSION SYSTEM
 ADVANTAGES
 AIP’s are smaller, harder to detect and much cheaper to build
 Absence of risk of dangerous nuclear leaks
 Reduction in the number of moving parts decreases the noise
 Easier to maintain and have less cavitation
 DISADVANTAGES
 Initial cost is the disadvantage
14
…cont

15. NAVIGATION SYSTEM
 Terrestrial or radio-based navigation systems
 Long Range Navigation (LORAN) / CHAYKA
 Global range navigation system (OMEGA)
 Radar navigation
 Active sonar
 Inertial Navigation System (INS)
 Need only initial position
15

16. NAVIGATION SYSTEM
 Inertial Navigation System (INS)
16
 Gyro provides stabilized platform for accelerometers
 Accelerometers provide 360˚ freedom of movement
 Measured all changes in azimuth, bearing and speed with initial frame of
reference
…cont

17. NAVIGATION SYSTEM
 Inertial Navigation System (INS)
17
…cont

18. NAVIGATION SYSTEM
 ADVANTAGES
 Only one refence point
 Independent system
 Support for stealth operations
 Low external influence and interference
 DISADVANTAGES
 Installation and maintenance cost
 High power consumption
 Larger space
18
…cont

19. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Underwater Communication quite difficult compare with free space
 Trailing buoy antenna
 Trailing wire antenna
19

20. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Under Water Acoustic Communication (UWAC)
20
Transmission depth 10km
Attenuation Distance and Frequency
dependence
Speed 1500 ms-1
Transmit Power 1-5kW
Cost High
Antenna size 0.1m
Latency High
…cont

21. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Under Water Microwave Communication (UWMC)
21
Transmission depth 100m
Attenuation High attenuation due to salt
water
Speed 3 x 108
Transmit Power 1kW
Cost High
Antenna size 0.5m
Latency Moderate
…cont

22. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Under Water Microwave Communication (UWMC)
22
Transmission depth 10m
Attenuation Distance
Speed 3 x 108
Transmit Power 1kW
Cost Low
Antenna size <0.1m
Latency Low
…cont

23. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Advance trailing buoy method use in
modern Virginia class submarines to
transfer voice and data in high rate
 Facilities integrated to one antenna
system in modern submarines for
communication
 Identifying friendly or fore
 Global positioning system
 HF, VHF, UHF communication facility
23
…cont

24. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 ADVANTAGES
 Provides high data rate
 High content of information
 Low cost installation
 High integration capability
 DISADVANTAGES
 Maximum depth depends on antenna cable
 High power consumption
24
…cont

25. DETECTION SYSTEM
 Detection methods available
25Periscope Radar Sonar

26. DETECTION SYSTEM
 Detection methods available onboard
 Periscope
• To observe shipping traffic
• To observe airborne movement
• To estimate real-time distances for engagement with
enemy
• To obtain estimated range input for the fire control
system
 Radar
• Navigate in narrow channels
• Entering and leaving harbours
 Sonar
• Underwater detection
26
…cont

27. DETECTION SYSTEM
 Periscope equipped with
 Camera
 Infrared camera
 Low- light camera
27
…cont

28. DETECTION SYSTEM
 Sail consisted with various antennas
 Used for ISR and navigation
 It can be integrated with GPS
 Use as EW/ESM antenna
28
…cont

29. DETECTION SYSTEM
 Sonar
 Sonar systems use for;
• ISR duties
• Mine Sweeping
• Navigation
• ASW
29
…cont

30. DETECTION SYSTEM
 Synthetic aperture Sonar
30
Sector Sonar, Side scan Sonar and Synthetic Aperture Sonar
Working principle of synthetic aperture Sonar
…cont

31. WEAPON SYSTEM
 Torpedo Systems
31

32. WEAPON SYSTEM
 Torpedo Systems Energy sources
 Compressed air
 Wire driven
 HEAT torpedoes
 Flywheel
 Electric batteries
 Rockets
32
…cont

33. WEAPON SYSTEM
 Missile Systems
33
…cont

34. WEAPON SYSTEM
 Interactive Defence and Attack
System (IDAS)
 Minimum air attack range is 7NM
 Below the periscope depth system
can activate
 Torpedo tube can be used to
launch missile
34
…cont

35. UNDERWATER WARFARE
 Operations conducted to establish battle
space dominance in underwater environment
 Permits friendly forces to accomplish
full range of potential missions
 Denies opposing force effective use of
underwater systems and weapons
35

36. UNDERWATER WARFARE
 Undersea warfare deals with measures taken to
 Detect
 Classify
 Localize
 Attack
 Avoid attack
36
…cont

37. UNDERWATER WARFARE
 Detection, classify and localize
37
SONAR Magnetic anomaly detector
…cont

38. UNDERWATER WARFARE
 Destruction
 Torpedoes
 Anti-submarine missiles
 Rockets
 Depth chargers
 Mines
38
…cont

39. UNDERWATER WARFARE
 Torpedo Technology
 MK48 Advanced Capability
(ADCAP)
 MK48 Mod 5 Torpedo
 MK54 Lightweight Torpedo
 Smarter Torpedoes
39
…cont

40. UNDERWATER WARFARE
 MK48 Advanced Capability (ADCAP)
40
…cont

41. UNDERWATER WARFARE
 MK 54 Light weight torpedoes
41
The MK54 Lightweight Torpedo will
bring considerably improved shallow
water capabilities
…cont

42. UNDERWATER WARFARE
42
 Smarter Torpedoes
 The ‘smarter’ front-end guidance and
control systems
 Improved signal and tactical data
processing
 Intelligent controllers
 Ultra-broadband arrays
…cont

43. UNDERWATER WARFARE
 Smarter Torpedoes
43
Acoustic and fiber-optic communications
 Improved tactical picture for combat control
systems
 Use neutral nets, fuzzy logic
…cont

44. CONCLUSION
 Significant development in submarine technology during WW I and WW II
 Major sectors of submarine development are Submarine hull, propulsion ,
communication , detection system and underwater weaponry
 Main propulsion system developed with electric propulsion motor,
pneumatic air coupling, endurance motor and duct propulsion system
 Navigation systems of submarines are evolved from terrestrial radio based
navigation to inertial navigation which required only one reference farame
 Communication systems developed with acoustic communication to short
distance microwave and optical communication 44

45. CONCLUSION
 Voice and data carrying capacity are increased in new communication
system
 Trailing buoy antenna is still using with high cable length and it has
integrated with HF, VHF. UHF antennas to gain maximum communication support
 Initial detection systems onboard a submarine are periscope and radar, with
the introducing of sonar under water detection capability has been increased
 Enhancement of weapon capabilities and payload submarine become most
lethal weapon in the world
45