Nanyang Technological University School of Art Design and Media Building Science report

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA
SINGAPORE
Designed by : CPG Consultants
Project 1 : Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FACTOR
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
SUN ANALYSIS
WIND ANALYSIS
THERMAL ANALYSIS
CONCEPT ANALYSIS
REFERENCES
1 - 4
5 - 10
11 - 13
14 - 19
20 - 22
23 - 28
29 - 32
33 - 36
TITLE PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION : The Building
“ we were awe with the design and creation of green roof building”

Project:
Location:
Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies
Nanyang Technological University, School of Art Media and Design,
Singapore
Architect: Designed by CPG Consultants
“As a group, we constantly push the frontier of
infrastructural and architectural design trends
to meet the needs of modern facilities and
their usage. Thus, one of our most distinctive
design niches is environmentalism. The team is
concerned and mindful of the impact modern
infrastructure can have on the environment and
we are hence, constantly producing solutions
that enable us to co-exist with nature in
harmony.“
CPG Consultants, Green Approach
Introduction
Nanyang Technological University is one of
the largest public universities in Singapore
which boasts a 200 hectare campus. Each
school has their own building on the
campus ground. One of the new building
inside the campus ground was built for
its School of Art, Design and Media. The
building is a green building designed and
built by CPG consultants which caters
to the environment by means of passive
design relative to the tropical climate and
is recognised by Singapore’s Green Mark
System (Davis, 2012).
Climate
Climatically both Singapore and Malaysia
are a hot and humid country; Singapore, a
city-state, lies 1° north of the equator. This
essentially contributes to it having a tropical
rain forest climate along with its maritime
exposure. Due to the country being
Nanyang Technological
University’s School of Art, Design and
Media achieved the Green Mark Platinum
Award (refer to Image 3) from the
Building and Construction Authority for
adopting best practices in environmental
sustainability (Green Mark).
Green Certification
surrounded by water, its temperature has
minimal fluctuations, negating the four
seasons (Bruno, 2011).
1

Top
Image 1: View of the
building as occupants
walk up the stairs to
the top of the green
roof
Middle
Image 2: View of the
stairs leading up to
the open courtyard.
Entrance to the build-
ing from the courtyard
can be seen.
Bottom
Image 3: Building
and Construction
Authority Green Mark
Logo
2

This unique building is situated in Singapore, specifically in the 200-hectare Yun-
nan campus, adjacent to the Jurong West district of Singapore. It is situated at
a crossroad between Nanyang Avenue and Lien Ying Chow Drive and is flanked
by the Simtech Valley Block. The building is used mostly during the day when
the students and staffs occupy it and is left empty during the night. It is spaced
apart from nearby buildings as it houses the School of Art, Design and Media.
SITE LOCATIONTop
Image 4: Site Plan
of Nanyang
Technological
University, School of
Art, Design & Media
3

Plans, Sections ,
drawings
Image 5
Floor plan of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media
Image 6
Cross Section of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media
4

NATURAL AND MAN MADE FACTORS
“ Components that affecting the comforbality of the building “

Dense voysiamatrella grass turf
The grass turf helps to absorb Singapore’s intense sun which
decreases the temperature of the air surrounding the university.
Moreover, thus eco-friendly attribute enhances the outdoor gathering
spaces of the university.
Top
Image 7:Photograph
of the dense
voysiamatrella grass
turf
5

Exposed Facade
The facade of the building is an expansive curtain wall facades of
high-performance, double-glazed glass. It is longitudinally oriented
east-west and more north and south exposures.
The glass curtain walls maximizes interior daylight while minimizing
heat penetration. Double-glazed windows are windows with two
sheets of glass separated by an air tight gap. This creates an insulation
barrier and helps prevent heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.
The combination of high insulation frame, twin compression seals
and double glazed units gives a level of thermal efficiency that is
unsurpassed. Double glazing is designed to minimize heat transfer.
Top
Image 8: Photograph
of the Curtain wall
facade
6

Almond Shape Courtyard
The courtyard expands access to daylight and cooling effect. It
provides natural light into interior spaces as well as in providing cooling
properties from the water attributes exuding a serene environment and
emanating a refreshing breeze that cools the courtyard.
Top
Image 9: Photo-
graph of the exterior
scenery including the
courtyard
7

Raw Concrete Materials and Finishes
Concrete is high energy efficient. Its thermal mass or ability helps in
absorbing and retaining heat which helps in cutting heating and cooling
bills. Moreover, concrete’s reflectivity properties minimizes the affects
the produces urban heat island as it absorbs less heat and reflects
more solar radiation.
Top
Image 10: Photo-
graph of the material
that been used in
the building which is
concrete and glass
8

Curved Green Roof
The curved green roof that casts in heavily ribbed, reinforced concrete
which also forms the double curve layout
The green roof reduces solar gain and slows run off during Singapore’s
frequent downpour. The turfs are irrigated using rainwater collected in
the storage tank. Moisture retention materials are installed beneath the
soil helps keep the grass consistently damp that creates a surrounding
temperature that is not too hot. This helps in creating a thermal
environment that is comfortable for the occupants of the university.
Top
Image 11: Photo-
graph of the curved
green roof in the site
9

Pictures Taken of
Site
Image 12
Panoramic View of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Media and Design
Image 13
User and Library Space in
Nanyang Technological University School of Art,
Design and Media
Image 14
User and Space in the Interior Nanyang
Technological University School of Art, Design and
Media.
Image 15
Concrete Material on the wall of
Design and Media
Image 16
Staircase along Green Roof on
Design and Media
10

CLIMATE ANALYSIS
“The basic precedent study to analyse is the climate”

Climate Data
Climate Location
Singapore
Figure 1
Annual Relative
Humidity for Singa-
pore
Figure 2
Annual Maximum
Temperature for
Singapore
HUMIDITY
TEMPERATURE
11

Figure 3
Annual Minimum
Temperature of
Singapore
Figure 4
Average
Temperature of
Singapore
12

Singapore’s climate is character-
ised by uniform temperature and pres-
sure, high humidity and abundant rainfall
because of its geographical location and
maritime exposure. Relative humidity is
in the range of 70% - 80%.
Buildings constructed in high humidity
locations need to have dehumidification
capability to avoid moisture build up
inside the building, causing discomfort
and moulds.
Humidity
Singapore maintains its tem-
perature throughout the year with little
changes between its maximum and
minimum temperature. The average
temperature is between 23 degrees
Celsius and 31 degrees Celsius. April
is the warmest month, January is
coolest month and November is the
wettest month.
In terms of building design,
exposed heavy construction materials
with low heat conductivity materials
is highly favourable such as concrete
which reduces heat gain into the build-
ing and store cooling energy.
Temperature
Image 17
On Site Sketch
of Nanyang
Technological
Univeristy
13

SUN ANALYSIS
“Sources that can’t be avoid as it always shine bright on the day”

Sunpath Case Studies
Image 18
January 8th
11:15 a.m
Image 19
May 4th
11:30 a.m
14

Image 20
September 25th
12:45 p.m
Image 21
November 30th
15:00 p.m
15

Upon completion of our research,
we have found out that the consultants
took a lot of measures to design this
building in accordance with the natural
sun orientation as their idea were to
build an open space university (2014).
Referring to the site plan, this building is
located in the housing area with a
proper development from the
Singapore’s government. As it is
situated far from the main city, there is
no natural shading from the surrounding
building except for the location natural
vegetation. Thus, the consultants built
this building with a proper orientation
by placing the facades facing north
and south to minimize solar gain. After
achieving the right orientation for build-
ing, the facade is fixed with glass curtain
walls.
Benefits from Site Context
During our site visit, we felt
really comfortable when we were
inside the building and also in the
courtyard. According to D.K Ching,
taking advantage of the land or
ecology of the building is one way to
enhance green building’s factor. Thus,
the purpose of almond-shaped
courtyard in the middle of the
building is to provide natural lighting
into the interior. Next, the consultant
took advantage of the sun orientation
by designing a green roof. According
to Alwitra GMBH.co, the purpose of
the green roof is to bring out the
aesthetic value of the building from
other conventional multi - storey
buildings, in the campus and in the city
(2013). Moreover, the green roof
functions to cool the building
environment by absorbing Singapore’s
intense sun and slowing runoff during
Singapore’s downpour (2014).
Image 22
Site Plan
Red Box : Nanyang
Technological
Universtiy Campus
Blue Box : House /
Residential Area
Black Box : Nanyang
Technological
University School
of Art, Design and
Media
16

Absorb Singapore's
Intense Sun
The Image 19 until Image 21
is a proof of the sun orientation on
the Nanyang Technological University
School of Art, Design and Media. The
date and time was set through the
analysis of Singapore’s season which
are North-East Monsoon Season,Pre
South-West Monsoon, South-West
Monsoon Season and Pre North-East
Monsoon. The consultant achieved their
intention to make use of the
building orientation, green roof and etc
to overcome the Singapore’s intense
sun. As the curtain glass wall is
orientated to the north and south, there
is no full exposure from the sun as it is
only direct to the courtyard. Next, since
the green roof is on top of the building, it
is fully exposed to every direction of the
sun to oppose the Sun heat.
Sun Path Case Studies
Beauty to the users
and surrounding
Building Material
which is glass curtain
that allows natural
lighting to enter the
building.
Image 23
Sketches of
Nanyang Technolog-
ical
University School of
Art, Design and
Media’s Elevation that
shows the Function
of the building that
coorperate with the
sun analysis
information.
17

- The facades of the building are facaing north
and south to minimize solar gain
- High Efficiency discharge lights are adopted
throughout the building. (2013)
Opening of the building facade
from the Glass Wall
Top
Image 24
Sketches of floor
plan of the site which
shows the building
orientation.
Bottom
Image 25
Perspective sketch
of site to show the
placement of
courtyard and focus
view on the glass wall
18

Design Profile
Building Profile Building Name Nanyang Technological University School of Art,
Design and Media
Architect Designed by CPG Consultants
Location
Building Type
Singapore
School / University
Square Foot 215,000 sqft
Solar Design Profile Latitude 1.3
Heating Degree Days mean ambient temperatures of around 26-27°C year around
Cooling Degree Days
Conservation
Strategies
N/A
Energy Conservation in East Asia
Passive Solar
Strategies
building position, open facade of the building,
placement couryard with fountain, shading
Active Solar
Strategies
Green Roof System
Other renewable
energy strategies
None
High Performance
Strategies
High Performance glazing and envelope,
High Performance elevation, High performance roof
19

WIND ANALYSIS
“The Ventilation”

Top
Image 26
The courtyard of
Nanyang
Technological
University
The northeast monsoon season, from
December to the beginning of March,
is when north-easterly winds prevail.
Whereas, the southwest monsoon
season from June through September,
is when south-easterly or south-west-
erly winds blow. (Figure 5) Due to the
2 monsoon seasons and the location of
Nanyang Technology University which
is relatively near to the sea, the amount
and speed of wind flows are higher and
faster compared to the other months
and locations.(Image 27) For the
building itself, the verdant turfed roof
and the courtyard are the two spaces
that would be well ventilated.
( Image 29 ).
Sun Path Case Studies
The sliding doors and opened windows
are also allowed the air ventilation to
flow throughout the building. Winds
are incorporated onto the roof and also
the courtyard to allow students to feel
cooled. Moreover, the presence of wind
helps to lower down the temperature
outside while the majority of interiors
such as the counter area, halls, classes,
studios, admission centre, and so on are
ventilated by using air conditioners.
( Image 29 ). However, the air
conditioning are switched off after 11pm
every day. It is to be eco-friendly.For
Nanyang Technology University, the
wind flows helped to improve the
thermal comfort.
20

Sunpath Case Studies
Figure 5
The wind diagram shows the wind speed, the wind direction in Singapore
Image 27
The google map picture showing the short distance between the sea and
Nanyang Technological University
21

Wind Symbol
Image 28
Sketch of wind movement in Nanyang Technological University
Image 29
Ventilation across Nanyang Technological Universtity School of Art, Design and Media
22

THERMAL ANALYSIS
“Comfortability”

When people are displeased with
their thermal environment, not only is it
a potential health hazard, it also impacts
on their ability to function effectively,
their happiness/satisfaction at work, the
likelihood they will remain a customer
and so on.
BS EN ISO 7730 defines thermal
comfort as ‘…that condition of mind
which expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment. ie the condition
when someone is not feeling either too
hot or too cold.
The human thermal environment
is not straight forward and cannot be
stated in degrees. Nor can it be
reasonably be defined by adequate
temperature ranges. It is a personal
experience dependent on a countless
number of criteria and can be different
from one person to another within the
same space.
Thermal Comfort Analysis
For example, a person walking up stairs
in a cold environment whilst wearing a
coat might feel too hot, whilst someone
sat still in a shirt in the same environ-
ment might feel too cold.
The Health and Safety Executive
propose that an environment can be
said to attain ‘reasonable comfort’ when
at least 80% of its dwellers are thermally
at ease. This means that thermal
comfort can be assessed simply by
surveying inhabitants to find out whether
they are unhappy with their thermal
environment.
At one degree above the equator,
the climate in Singapore is typically
tropical; hot and humid throughout the
year. The temperature usually lingers
around 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees
Fahrenheit) with 75 per cent humidity.
Rainfall is slightly higher during the
winter with a monthly average of 260
millimeters (10 inches) and summer
months averaging 170 millimeters (six
and a half inches).
23

Climate proportion to
Thermal Analysis
Figure 6
Singapore Climate Graph
Figure 7
Singapore Climate table
24

Enlivened by fountains, cascad-
ing water and a “floating” performance
platform, the reflecting pond of the
building’s interior courtyard both creates
ambience and cools a pleasant commu-
nal area in the center.
The main green feature of
the building still remains the iconic
curved green roof.
A living or green roof is a roof that
is substantially covered with vegetation.
These have positive effects on buildings
by reducing the stress on the roof sur-
face and increasing their life, improving
thermal comfort and reducing noise
transmission inside the building,
reducing the urban heat island effect,
reducing storm water runoff,
re-oxygenating the air and removing
airborne toxins, recycling nutrients, and
providing habitat for living organisms, all
of this while creating peaceful
environments. Therefore, green roofs do
have an immediate effect on the thermal
comfort of a building.
Indoor temperature reduces in
the buildings having green roofs with the
increasing of the soil thickness.( Image
31 ) There is a significant influence of
soil thicknesses in green roof for
improving the indoor temperatures in the
upper floors of buildings. However, soil
thickness does not effect on the indoor
temperature in the ground floor. The
latter is affected by the curvilinear plan
form of the building,creating an
Top
Image 30
Zone Floor Plan of
Nanyang
Technological
University
25

opening in the center which hosts a
cooling courtyard. The green roof is
applied here on NTU, which has upper
floors, exposed to the direct sun light
throughout the day time as a passive
element. Studies and experiments car-
ried out by professionals have shown
that the indoor thermal performance of
a green roof is better than the traditional
roofs. As a reason of aging of buildings,
the absorptivity of traditional roof mate-
rials increase. However, in a well main-
tained green roof, this remains same as
newly constructed green roof.
The glass curtain wall is an-
other feature which adds on to the
thermal comfort of NTU.
Windows are complex and fas-
cinating elements in the material of
a building. They allow light and fresh
air and provide views that link interior
spaces with the outdoors. Unfortunately,
windows can be a maincause of un-
desirable heat gain in hot weather and
significant heat loss in cold weather.
Windows can have a severe
impact on the heating and cooling loads
of a building. Up to 40% of a building’s
heating energy can be lost and up to
87% of its heat gained through win-
dows. (http://www.yourhome.gov.au/
passive-design/glazing)
Improving windows’ thermal per-
formance reduces energy costs, green-
house gas emissions and improves
Top
Image 31
sections showing air
flow, red is warm,
blue is cool
26

thermal comfort within.
Careful selection of window glaz-
ing greatly increases thermal comfort for
people near to windows, especially large
windows. The sense of comfort is not
just determined by air temperature: the
temperature of surrounding surfaces has
a great impact.

The goal should be to attain an inside
glass surface temperature as close as
possible to the preferred room air tem-
perature. This means glass that is nei-
ther cold in winter nor hot in summer.

Although we lacked the time to
do an in depth mathematical thermal
behavior room-by-room analysis/mea-
surement of the entire building, we did
get to measure the dry bulb temperature
from certain areas of the building, out-
side to inside the double glazed glassed
walls.
Room/Area

Outside Main Entrance
Inside Main Entrance
Inside corridor to library
Inside middle of library
Library-window side facing courtyard
Corridors on Floor below roof
On top of grass roof
Temperature Recorded/ ˚C

33
31
29.8
25.6
30.9
Avg. 31.2
Avg. 32.3

Top
Figure 8
Table of on site tem-
perature recordings
of some spaces
27

Top
Image 32
‘’heat map’’ of the
NTU in section –
darkest red is hottest
darkest blue is
coldest
• The building is oriented with its facades facing north and south to
minimize solar gain. During the day, the sun shines mostly on the green roof
from east to west.
• High efficiency discharge lights are adopted throughout the building,
more light less heat gain.
• High performance double glazed glass wall in place
• The rain water collection system is fitted on the green roof for
irrigation, this further keeps the coolness of the roof/inner roof area
• The rain sensors are installed on the green roof to automate the
irrigation process whereby irrigation is ceased when it rains.
• The curved building is embracing a courtyard with water features and
plants. The reflection of the trees and nature can been seen on the all-glass
exterior.
Some key features playing a role in the efficient thermal comfort
of the building
28

CONCEPT ANALYSIS
“The Conclusion of Our Analysis”

One of the main features of Nanyang Technological University that can be noticed is the exterior
glass curtain walling. It is utilizing passive solar design to help maximize natural lighting by using proper
orientation of the building and providing appropriate shading to reduce overheating.
The building is specifically orientated facing the north and south ( Picture 1 ). This is to minimize
the solar gain and heat load in the morning. The glass exterior facade allows natural views and sunlight
into the building, allowing visual exchange between indoor and outdoor spaces. This give an amazing
experience while being in the building and enjoying the surrounding at the same time.
The glasses are double-glazed to reduce heat penetration into the building, while allowing
maximum interior daylight to pass through ( Picture 2 ). It helps to reduce the temperature transfer
between exterior and interior spaces. Glass openings are also placed throughout the interior walls to
provide natural sunlight diffusing through each space. This allows continuity of lighting throughout the
building ( Picture 3 ).
Strategic window placements for rooms and toilets that are placed underground enhancenatural
lighting into the building. This allows sunlight to illuminate the spaces inside ( Picture 4 ). By adopting
this, usage of electricity is reduced to minimal. The window openings also provide natural views in be-
tween spaces ( Picture 5 ).

Another passive design feature that is adopted by the building is the green roofing system
( Picture 6 ). This feature helps to moderate the temperature of a building by reducing solar gain, and
generally improving air quality of the surrounding.
Nanyang Technological University uses the extensive green roofing system due to the depth of
growing medium used, which is up to six inches or less ( Picture 7 ). Other characteristics that define
this green roof are its lower plant diversity and plant weight. By using the extensive green roof,
maintenance and cost of the building is reduced.
Green roofmainly helps in reducing the urban heat island effect, especially during the daytime. It
insulates the building by having moisture retention materials installed beneath the soil. The thickness of
soil used directly affects the indoor temperature of the building, as increase in soil thickness helps
reduce the temperature within the building. This is effective and can clearly be seen on the upper floors
of the building ( Picture 8 ). The roof provides savings benefit on heating and cooling systems.
Besides that the grass used on the roofs collects rainwater during heavy downpour for
landscaping irrigation ( Picture 9 ). This feature also contributes in the coolness of the roof area, as it
allows the grass to be consistently damp and gives off a cooling effect. A green roof not only provides a
beautiful landscape but it also enhances air quality by trapping air pollutants and re-oxygenating the air.
GREEN ROOFING SYSTEM
Passive Solar Design
29

Top
Image 33
Sketch of building
orientation.
Middle
Image 34
Sketch of
double-glazed glass.
Bottom
Image 35
Sketch of glass
openings in interior
spaces.
30

Top
Image 36
Sketch of window
placement for under-
ground lighting.
Middle
Image 37
Sketch of natural
views for under-
ground spaces.
Bottom
Image 38
Sketch of green
roofing system found
on the building.
31

Top
Image 39
Sketch of extensive
green roofing
components.
Middle
Image 40
Sketch of indoor
temperature of upper
floors.
Bottom
Image 41
Sketch of rainwater
collection through
green roofing system.
32

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33

IMAGE REFERENCE
Image 1 : retrieved by http://jasonruggles.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/nanyang-technological-university.jpg
Image 2 : retrieved by http://www.streetdirectory.com/stock_images/travel/simg_
show/12573075510024/1/school_of_art_design_and_media_nanyang_technological_university_ntu/
Image 3 : retrived by http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/images/gm.jpg
Image 4 : retrieved by Google Map
Image 5 : retrieved by http://www.bodew.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/
Site-plan-Nanyang-Technological-University-in-Singapore-design.jpg
Image 6 : retrieved by http://www.free-d.nl:8080/uploads/default/scale_1024x768_
q100/4ad7d444171d8ad49ab9ee9010a579331bc5574a.jpg
Image 7 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Image 9 :Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Image 11 : Retrieved by http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KiAVogA6ERk/TlfAiTkrNmI/AAAAAAAAA1U/
ioWdX1nzBok/s1600/IMG_3542.JPG
Image 17 : Sketched by Zhafri Azman
Image 18 : Ecotech Analysis by Adila ZAAS
Image 22 : Retrieved by Google Map
Image 23 : Sketched by Adila ZAAS
34

Image 26 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting
Image 27 : retrieved by https://www.google.com.my/maps/@3.0302815,101.5852174,13z?hl=en
Image 28 : Sketch by Kee Ting Ting
Image 29 : Edited by Kee Ting Ting
Image 30 : Retrieved by http://www.free-d.nl:8080/uploads/default/scale_1024x768_q100/032269
1596b2655523756a460cd564b33f152355.jpg
Image 31 : Edited and sketch by Trevor Nico
Image 32 : Edited and sketch by Trevor Nico
Image 33 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
35

FIGURE REFERENCE
Figure 1 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman
Figure 5 : Retrieved by http://www.windfinder.com/tide/singapore_changi
Figure 6 : Retrieved by http://travelixe.com/info/singapore/singapore-weather
Figure 7 : Retrieved by http://images.climate-data.org/location/4766/climate-table.png
Figure 8 : Created by Trevor Nico
COVER PAGE REFERENCE
Cover page 1 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Cover page 2 : Introduction : The Building Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Cover page 3 : Natural and Man Made Factor Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS
Cover page 4 : Climate Analysis Retrieved by http://www.marketresearchsingapore.com/images/singapore-map.jpg
Cover page 5 : Sun Analysis Retrieved by http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3419.jpg
Cover page 6 : Wind Analysis Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting
Cover page 7 : Thermal Analysis Photograph taken by Trevor Nico
Cover page 8 : Concept Analysis Photograph taken by Nur Adila ZAAS
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Nanyang Technological University School of Art Design and Media Building Science report

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