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Systems Nutrition of the Gut-Liver Axis and the Role of the Microbiome
1. Systems nutrition of the gut-liver axis
and the role of the microbiome
Michael Müller
Professor of Nutrigenomics & Systems Nutrition
Director of the NRP Food & Health Alliance
@nutrigenomics
FAHAFood & Health Alliance
2. ‘No pain No gain’
We can’t change our genes but can improve the accessibility
of the genome leading to improved resilience
Hangelbroek R, Fazelzadeh P, Tieland T, Boekschoten M, Hooiveld G, van
Duynhoven J, Timmons J, Verdijk L, de Groot L, van Loon L, Müller M .
Expression of protocadherin gamma in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with
age and muscle weakness. J. Cachexia, Sarcopenia & Muscle 2016
The molecular basis of adaptation to ‘stress’
challenges (here for exercise-related training)
Improved skeletal muscle phenotypes after
exercise in healthy & frail older subjects
4. 100
50
0
% Energy
Low-fat meat
Chicken
Eggs
Fish
Fruits
Vegetables
Nuts
Honey
100
50
0
% Energy
Fruits
Vegetables
Beans
Meat
Chicken
Fish
Grain
Milk/-products
Isolated Carbs
Isolated Fat/Oil
Alcohol
1.200.000 Generations
between feast en famine
Paleolithic era
3-4 Generations
in energy abundance
Modern Times
Our “paleolithic” ‘hunter-gatherer’ genes + modern diets
Real foods with ‘genome challenges’ “Safe, processed” foods & less ‘challenges’
5. de Wit NJ, Afman LA, Mensink M, Müller M
Phenotyping the effect of diet on non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease J Hepatol 57:1370-3 (2012)
.
The power of systems approaches: One may have to target the gut
to have health benefits in the liver or adipose tissue
6. Robust & concentration dependent effects in small intestine
Differentially regulated genes by high fat diets
De Wit et al Plos ONE 2011
7. Saturated fat stimulates obesity, the development of NAFLD
by an enhanced overflow of dietary fat to the ileum
and affecting the gut microbiota
A high-sat. fat-diet reduced microbial diversity and
increased the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303:G589-99
Oils
Palm
Olive
Safflower
Palm
8. Anti-inflammatory effects of plant food components
Tilg H, Moschen AR. Food, immunity, and the microbiome Gastroenterology. 2015 May;148(6):1107-19.
9. Resistant starch leads to changes in the microbiome &
related host responses in the proximal colon of male pigs
• Consumption of resistant starch (RS) has been associated with various
intestinal health benefits, but knowledge of its effects on global gene
expression in the colon is limited.
• Ten 17-wk-old male pigs (Landrace barrows), fitted with a cannula in the
proximal colon for repeated collection of tissue biopsy samples and luminal
content, were fed a digestible starch (DS) diet or a diet high in RS (34%) for
2 consecutive periods of 14 d in a crossover design.
.
Haenen et al. J. Nutr. 143: 274-293 & 1889–1898, 2013
10. The abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes and
Firmicutes (A) and the ratio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes
(B) in pigs fed DS or RS for 2 wk
Haenen et al. J. Nutr. 143: 1889–1898, 2013
11. Effects of resistant starch on colonic gene expression:
positively enriched gene sets (TCA cycle or lipid metabolism)
negatively enriched gene sets (adaptive or innate immune response)
12. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations in peripheral
plasma of pigs fed the DS or the RS diet for 2 wk
Haenen et al. J. Nutr. 143: 1889–1898, 2013
13. Role of dietary fibres on gut function in mice
SCFA
INULIN,
FOS,
GuarGum,
NAXUS (Arabinoxylan),
Resistant Starch,
Control = Starch
microbiota
10 days
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015, 59,1590–1602.
16. Role of dietary fibres in the colon
• Differential regulation of genes involved in metabolic, energy-generating and oxidative processes
& those involved in adhesion dynamics and signalling by dietary fibres.
• Strongly linked to Clostridium cluster XIVa bacteria (butyrate producers) & likely governed by the
transcription factor PPARg (Mol. Cell Biology 2013; & recent data with organoids from gut-
specific Pparg-k.o. mice).
• Because of different fermentation behaviour fibres will have a diverse location-specific impact on
the microbiome and the host immune-metabolic responses.
• Not ‘one fibre fits all’: Diverse food patterns (rich in plant foods) are recommended to keep our
guts ‘flexible and healthy’!
Sonnenburg et al. 2016
17. Evidence for a beneficial effect of Akkermansia
muciniphila on metabolic functions
• AM is a mucin-degrading Gram-negative bacterium (a genus in
the phylum Verrucomicrobia) constituting 3–5% of the intestinal
microbiota
• Concentrations inversely correlated with obesity and diabetes in
many experimental and human studies
• Prebiotic consumption such as oligofructose is metabolically
beneficial and increases A muciniphila concentrations
• Administration of A muciniphila to mice improves weight loss,
metabolic control and adipose tissue inflammation
• Metformin increases A muciniphila concentrations
• Improves dextrane sulfate colitis
• Controversies: some animal/human studies show conflicting
results; in some experimental situations rather pro-inflammatory…
• Feeding of the dietary stressor heme increases A muciniphilia…
18. Gut microbiota facilitates dietary heme-induced epithelial
hyperproliferation by opening the mucus barrier in colon
• Consumption of red meat is associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. We
show that the gut microbiota is pivotal in this increased risk.
• Mice receiving a diet with heme, a proxy for red meat, show a damaged gut
epithelium and a compensatory hyperproliferation that can lead to colon cancer.
• Mice receiving heme together with antibiotics do not show this damage and
hyperproliferation.
Ijssennagger et al. PNAS 2015;112:10038-10043
19. Proposed mechanism of how microbiota facilitates
heme-induced compensatory hyperproliferation
Ijssennagger et al. PNAS 2015;112:10038-10043
20. C CR MF INT
NASH development in C- and MF-fed mice,
but not in mice on a CR or INT diet
Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2015, 59, 533–543
Age (w eeks)
Bodyweight(g)
10 20 30 40 50
10
20
30
40
50 C
CR
MF
INT
C: Control
CR: Cal Restriction
MF: 25% Fat
INT: intermittent (CR/MF
22. My take home summary
• The (small) intestine has increasingly been recognized to play a key
role in the early phase of pro-inflammatory disturbances e.g. by
enhanced overflow of dietary components to the distal intestine (ileum,
colon) and affecting the gut microbiota & their metabolites (e.g. bile
acids, short chain fatty acids).
• Gut microbiota activities have broad effects on the intestinal &
systemic metabolome and the related host metabolic regulation.
• Transcription factors e.g. PPARg, FXR, AHR or NRF2 are involved in
host sensing mechanisms of microbial metabolites.
• “Beneficial” commensal bacteria (A. muciniphila) may behave less
“beneficial” under the wrong circumstances (e.g. dietary heme or other
dietary stressors).
• Targeting the (small) intestine and its microbiota with (plant) foods,
bioactives, probiotics and drugs may improve gut and liver functions
with strong implications for human health.
23. Britt Blokker
Naiara Beraza
David Vauzour
Sander Kersten
Lydia Afman
Guido Hooiveld
Wilma Steegenga
Philip de Groot
Mark Boekschoten
Nicole de Wit
Rinke Stienstra
Fenny Rusli
Katja Lange
Danielle Haenen
& many PhDs
Christian Trautwein
Folkert Kuipers
Ben van Ommen
Hannelore Daniel
Bart Staels
Edith Feskens
Leif Sander
Dirk Haller
Eline Slagboom
Daniel Thome
Mihai Nitea
& many more
FAHAFood & Health Alliance