3. values defined by health institutions ( 120 mm Hg
Table 1 Historical milestones in human generations14,63–65 T
Y
Historical milestones Generations % total
Homo habilis 76,667 100.0 A
Homo erectus 60,000 78.2 0
Modern Homo sapiens 6666 8.7 1
Neolithic Revolution 366 0.48 2
Industrial Revolution 7 0.009 3
Food industry (junk food) and 4 0.005 4
physical inactivity (Modern Age) 5
16 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, O'Keefe JH, Lindeberg S, Cordain L. Res Rep Clin Cardiol 2011;2:15-35.
Dovepress
4. !!
!Tal como todas os seres vivos,
o Homo sapiens do
Séc. XXI está
geneticamente adaptado
para o ambiente em
que os seus
antepassados
sobreviveram e que em
consequência condicionou os
seus genes.!
Cordain L et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54!
6. ORIGENS DO HOMEM!
Homo sapiens
0 H. heidelbergensis
H. erectus Paranthropus
H. neanderthalensis
boisei
1
H. antecessor H. habilis P. robustus
2
H. ergaster Au. garhi
Au.
3 rudolfensis P. aethiopicus
Milhões de anos
Kenyanthropus Au. africanus
platyops Au.
bahrelghazali
4 Ardipithecus
ramidus
Au. afarensis
Au.
anamensis
5
Orrorin
tugenensis
6
7
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
8
Adaptado de Wood B. Nature 2002:418:133-35 e de Cordain L, 2009!
7. !Todos os humanos que vivem!
na Europa, Ásia, Oceania e
América têm uma !
! ! ORIGEM AFRICANA! Etiópia!
!!
MENOR DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA Liu H, et al., 2006!
FORA DE ÁFRICA !
Relethford JH. Heredity. 2008 Jun;100(6):555-63.! Jakobsson M, et al. Nature 2008; 451(7181):998-1003!
! !
Manica A, et al. Nature; 2007; 448(7151):346-8! Hellenthal G, Auton A, Falush D. PLoS Genet. 2008 May 23;4(5):e1000078!
! !
Liu H, et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Aug;79(2):230-7! Ramachandran S, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 1;102(44):15942-7!
! !
Conrad D, et al. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 1251–1260! Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F. Current Biology 2005; 15:R159–R160!
! !
RAY N, et al. Genome Res 2005; 15:1161–1167! Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW. Nat Genet 2003; 33:266–275!
! !
Macaulay V, et al. Science 2005; 308(5724):1034-6! Tishkoff S, Williams S. Nat Rev Genet 2002; 3: 611–621!
! !
Currat M, Excoffier L. PLoS Biology 2004; 2: 2264–2274! Harpending, H, Rogers, AR. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2000; 1:361–385!
8. População de Homo sapiens de ~1.000 indivíduos!
emigrou para a Eurásia há ~!
50 a 60,000 anos !
e habitaram todo o planeta !
Liu H, et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Aug;79(2):230-7!
14. CICLO SONO-VIGÍLIA
Todos os humanos, até a invenção da luz artificial, dormiam
em sincronia com a variação diurna da luz!
Wiley TS, Formby B, Lights Out – Sleep, Sugar and Survival. Pocket Books, New York, 2000
15. RADIAÇÃO UV CONSTANTE
Figure 1. The potential for synthesis of previtamin D3 in lightly pigmented human skin computed from annual average UVMED. The highest annual
values for UVMED are shown in light violet, withNG, Chaplinlower values in dark violet, then in light to dark shades of blue, orange, green and gray
Jablonski incrementally G. J Hum Evol. 2000 Jul;39(1):57-106
(64 classes). White denotes areas for which no UVMED data exist. Mercator projection. In the tropics, the zone of adequate UV radiation throughout
20. Lácteos
Açúcar isolado Cereais
(excepto mel)
Sal Leguminosas
Álcool Carne de animais Óleos Vegetais
domesticados obesos
Cordain L. Implications of Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diets for Modern Humans. !
In: Early Hominin Diets: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Ungar, P (Ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006, pp 363-83 !
22. Comparison of Infant Feeding Patterns Reported for Nonindustrial
WEANING IN NONINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Populations with Current Recommendations
WEANING IN NONINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES 270
1
Daniel W. Sellen TABLE 1
TABLE 1Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
Departments of Anthropology and International Health,
Indicators of ages at complementary feeding and weaning reported for nonindustrial societies
Indicators of ages at complementary feeding and weaning reported for nonindustrial societies
ABSTRACT The observation that young child-feeding practices rarely conform to current global estimate
Reported Best estimate Best recommenda-
tions is of major public health ages of policy concern and raises questions about Best of average
Reported nutrition
Reported Best of average whether near-universal Best estimate
estimate estimate
compliance with recommendations is feasible in any population. This analysis uses indicatorsof averageof
age of
Reported introduction
ages of age of
of average of age at introduction estimate
age Best of average
Dates ofof complementary foods and termination of breastfeeding available from age of
data introduction introduction
age of of Reported ages of ethnographic and demographic reports averageof
introduction introduction
age of of age
Ethnic publishedintroduction
collection (or
Dates of data between 1873 and 1998 to test the hypothesis thatof
of nonbreast nonbreast Reported ages ofrecent introduction
of cessation and contemporary introduction societies age of
of nonbreast nonindustrial
of nonbreast cessation of
designation
Ethnic collection practice patterns of infant feeding concordant withbreastfeeding recommendations. Results nonbreast ethno- breastfeeding
publication)
(or milk liquids
of nonbreast milk solids
nonbreast cessation global
current of milk liquids of suggest that
of nonbreast milk solids cessation of So
designation graphically reported average milk solids
publication) milk liquids ages at introduction of nonbreast milk liquids (4.5 6 6.0 mo) and solids (5.0 6 4.0 mo)
breastfeeding milk liquids milk solids breastfeeding Source
and the duration of breastfeeding (29.0 6 10.0 mo) among a sample of 113 such populations concord with those
mo mo
at which key weaning transitions are biologically optimal for most normal healthy children. However, wide variation
mo
meses meses meses
in estimates across populations remains unexplained and serious limitations in the available data preclude proper mo
mo mo
Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by on September 8, 2008
Amele1 1983–1994 7–8 mo 3
assessment of the underlying distribution of the 36.3 of weaning transitions within populations. 7.5Nutr. 131: 36.5
timing — J. (84
Amele1
Amhara 1983–1994
1958–19612707–2715, 2001. 7–8 mo 36.33 y
2–3 — — 7.5 — 36.530 (84) (85
Amhara
Aranda 1958–1961
1881–1935, 2–3 y y
2–5 — — — — 30 39 (85) (86
Aranda 1881–1935,
(1929)KEY WORDS: c breastfeeding c child survival y public health policy c —
2–5 c —
infant feeding c cross-cultural 39 (86,87)
Arapaho (1929)
1935–1942 4 y usual, as old — — 48 (88
Arapaho 1935–1942 4 y usual, y breastfeeding is — 18 mo (23). Globally, it has been esti-
as 8 as old
Observational studies show that exclusive breastfeeding in only — 48 (88)
Araucani1 as 8 y
the early months, continued partial breastfeeding and timelyy
1946–1952 1–2 — —
mated that 85% of mothers do not conform to current recom- 18 (89
Araucani12
Aymara 1946–1952 to high quality nonbreast milk foods deliver physi-y; 2–2.5 y
1940–1942;
transition 1.5 y 1–2 y
1–2 mendations (24). Attempts to improve maternal 18 18; 27
— — — 18 and child (89,88)
(90
Aymara2 1940–1942; economic benefits to mothers and maximize y; 2–2.5 y
1961–1962
ological and 1.5 y 1–2 nu- health are often— frustrated because18 18; 27
normative practices differ (90,91)
Azande 1961–1962
1911–1932 growth, development and survival for normaly
trient intakes, Early 3–4 0 recommended ones for a number of rea-
0 42 (92
quite markedly from
Azande
Badaga 1911–1932 Early trials 3–4 y
healthy children (1–5). Recent randomized mo lend strong
1962–1977 3–5 1y 0 — 0 4 42 12 (92) (93
sons. For example, perceived milk insufficiency, work activities
Badaga Chan
Bang 1962–1977 the hypothesis that delaying mo introduction of mo (12–22
support to
1952–1954 3–5 the 1 y5–36 — — 4 — 12 13 (93) (94
and lack of social support often undermine maternal inten-
Bang Chan 1952–1954 5–36 mo (12–22
mo
complementary foods until 6 mo often benefits infants and usual); to initiate — maintain breastfeeding (25–29). In some
— 13 (94)
tions and
momedian 13 mo3
mothers through reduced disease exposure, increased breast usual);
settings, ethnographic studies show that scientific claims about
Banoi milk intake and lengthened birth intervals (4,6 –9). Such1.5–6 or older3benefits of exclusive and continued breastfeeding53
(1965) median 13 mo
data the — — lack (95
Banoi (1965) attention on As soon as
the scheduling and As soon as sucklingy older
frequency of 1.5–6 or
Bellacoola focus
1922–1924 2–3 local credibility — 0 — 0 53 30
because they conflict with local understand- (95) (96
Bellacoola 1922–1924 nutritional quality and timing of as
As soon as As soon introduction of
possible 2–3 y
and on the possible ings of the best 0strategies to enhance child survival30 –32).
0
(30 (96)
possible possible
nonbreast milk substances (10 –13). The data suggest that ay
Bemba 1930–1934 2–3 These include delayed initiation of —
— breastfeeding, use of
30 (97
Bemba 1930–1934
specific subset of the potentially infinite variety of 2–3 y
Bhil 1943–1954 From birth 10–11 mo possible prelacteals, discarding of colostrum,— 10.5
—
0
30
early introduction of wa-
—
(97)
(98
Bhil
Buka breastfeeding andFrom birth
1943–1954
1929–1930 complementary feeding practices is optimaly
10–11 mo
From birth 4–5 ter, herbal teas 0 —
and nutritive liquids and the delayed — of
10.5
0 use
54
(98)
(99
Buka across a range of settings (14,15). From birth
1929–1930 4–5 y —
semisolids and solid — 0 54
foods (24,33–38). Thus, in many contem- (99)
Burmese 1949–1950 2–3 y — 30 (10
Burmese It is logical to assume that recommendations based yon
1949–1950 2–3 — — 30 (100)
Cayapa 1959–1960 of clinical outcomes reflect an adaptive pattern 3 y porary societies, a 2
comparison 2 mo 4 mo Up to complex mix of material and ideological
4 36 (10
Cayapa 1959–1960 2 mo 4 mo Up to 3 y
Chipewyan factors seem to 2 —
constrain patterns of child feeding. 36 42
4 (101)
Chipewyan naturally selected to optimize the sometimes-conflicting3–4 y
1960–1962
1960–1962 bio-
3–4 y — (10
Chuckchee logical interests of infants, mothers, 1 y and affines (16 –21).y
1919–1921 kin y
1 3–4 The scientific knowledge upon — 12 our current child-
—
which 42 (102)
Chuckchee 1919–1921 3–4 y 3 — — 12 42 42 (103)(10
Datoga 1991–1992 3.6 mo3 mo3
10.6 to which21.93
21.9 feeding recommendations are based is 10.5 recently acquired
3.5 only
Datoga 1991–1992 arise, however, about the 10.6 mo3
Questions 3.6 mo3 extent current 3.5 30 30 (38) (38
Delaware1 recommendations based on clinical observation fit with actualy
1951–1952 2–4 and remains limited— (39). It would10.5 — to know to36
be useful what (10
Delaware1 1951–1952 2–4 y — — 36 (104,10
(1950)
care-giving behaviors across the breadth of human societies extent populations primarily dependent on nonindustrial tra-
(1950)
Dogon ditional modes of subsistence achieved optimal infant-feeding
Dogon (1960) about the acceptability and feasibility of compliance yin
(1960)
and 2 y2 — — — 24 24 (10
Dorobo 1938–1939 1y patterns and to —
specific cultural contexts. It isSellen DW. J Nutr. 2001 Oct;131(10):2707-15! — — any common factors that undermine
identify —
(106)
Dorobo 1938–1939 estimated that in developing
1y — 12 12 (10
(107)
Fang countries, where the relative benefits of optimalyfeeding are to 2 y
1946–1954 Before 1 18 mo optimal feeding in nonindustrial modern and postmodern set-
— 6 21 (10
23. Indicators of ages at complementary feeding and weaning reported for nonindustrial societies
Buka 1929–1930 From birth 4–5 y — 0 54 (99)
Burmese 1949–1950 Reported 2–3 y —
Best estimate —
Best estimate 30 (100)
Cayapa 1959–1960 2 Reported
mo 4 mo of
ages Up to 3 y 2
of average 4
of average 36
Best estimate (101)
Chipewyan 1960–1962 age of introduction 3–4 y age of — age of— 42
of average (102)
Chuckchee 1919–1921
Dates of data introduction 1 yof 3–4 y
Reported ages of —
introduction 12
introduction age42of (103)
Datoga
Ethnic 1991–1992
collection (or 3.6 mo3
of nonbreast 10.6 mo3
nonbreast 21.93
cessation of 3.5
of nonbreast 10.5
of nonbreast 30
cessation of (38)
Delaware1
designation 1951–1952
publication) milk liquids milk solids 2–4 y
breastfeeding —
milk liquids —
milk solids 36
breastfeeding (104,105)
Sources
(1950) meses meses meses
Dogon (1960) 2y mo — mo — mo24 (106)
Dorobo 1938–1939 1y — — 12 (107)
Fang 1
Amele 1946–1954
1983–1994 7–8 mo 1 y
Before 36.33 mo to 2 y
18 — — 7.5 6 36.5 21 (84) (108)
Fulbe
Amhara (1992)
1958–1961 2–3 y — — — — 30 24.53 (85) (109)
Gainj
Aranda 1982
1881–1935, 9–12 mo 2–5 y — — — 10.5 39 38.53 (110)
(86,87)
Garo (1929)
1954–1956 “Early” 9–12 mo Almost 2 y 0 10.5 24 (111)
Arapaho
Goajiro 1935–1942
(1950) 6–8 mo 4 y usual, as old
1–3 y or later — — — 7 48 24 (88) (112)
Gond/Maria 1927–1934, Up 8 y 3 y
as to — — 36 (113)
Araucani1 1946–1952
1940–1941 1–2 y(walking) — — 18 (89,88)
Gros 2
Aymara 1940–1942;
1940–1948 1.5 y 1–2 y or more
2 y; 2–2.5 y — — 18 — 18; 2724 (90,91)
(114)
Ventre 1961–1962 (sometimes as
Azande 1911–1932 Early 3–4 y as 6)
old 0 0 42 (92)
Badaga
Hadza 1962–1977
1980–1992 3–5 mo 1 y or 3 y
2 — — 4 — 12 30 (93) (115)
Hare Chan
Bang 1952–1954
(1962) 6 mo 5–36 mo (12–22
2–3 y — — — 6 13 30 (94) (116)
Hausa 1949–1950 2 y usual);
mo
3
— — 24 (117)
Humbebe (1992) 29.63 13 mo
median
— — 29.5 (109)
Downloaded from jn.nutrition.org by on September 8, 2008
Banoi (1965) 1.5–6 or older — — 53 (95)
Igbo1,2 1929–1932, 2.5–3 y; 2–3.5 y — — 33; 33 (118,119)
Bellacoola 1922–1924 As soon as As soon as 2–3 y 0 0 30 (96)
1951–1960
possible possible
Igorot
Bemba (1985)
1930–1934 4 mo 2–3 y y
1–1.5 — — — 4 30 15 (97) (120)
Ila
Bhil 1902–1914
1943–1954 From birth “Very
10–11 mo 2–3 y 0 — 10.5 0 — 42 (98) (121)
Buka 1929–1930 early”
From birth 4–5 y — 0 54 (99)
Iroquois
Burmese 1951–1956
1949–1950 2–3 y y
3–4 — — — — 30 (100) (122)
Javanese
Cayapa 1952–1904
1959–1960 2 mo From birth
4 mo Up tomoy to several
14 3 2 0 4 0 36 14 (101) (123)
Chipewyan 1960–1962 3–4 y y — — 42 (102)
Jivaro2
Chuckchee 1917–1928,
1919–1921 1 Teething
y 3–4 y y; 4–7 y
2–3 — — 12 — 42 30; 66 (103) (124,125)
Datoga 1956–1907,
1991–1992 3.6 mo3 10.6 mo3 21.93 3.5 10.5 30 (38)
Delaware1 1964, 1969
1951–1952 2–4 y — — 36 (104,105)
Kapauku 1954–1955
(1950) 3y — — 36 (126)
Kikuyu
Dogon 1925–1952
(1960) 2 y least 2 y
At — — — — 24 24 (106) (127,128)
Klamath
Dorobo (1950)
1938–1939 1y 2–3 y — — — — 12 30 (107) (129)
Fang
Kogi 1946–1954
1946–1950 Before 1 y 181moor less
y to 2 y — — 6 — 21 12 (108) (130)
Fulbe
Koryak (1992)
1900–1902 Early 2–3 y — — — 0 24.5330 (109) (131)
Gainj
Kpelle1,2 1982
1914–1915, 9–12 mo
Early 1.5 y or older; —0 10.5 0 38.53 33; 30
18; (110) (132–135)
Garo 1954–1956
1957–1958, “Early” 9–12 mo Almost 2 y (2.5
1–4 y 0 10.5 24 (111)
Goajiro (1950)
1968–1969, 6–8 mo 1–3 y or later 2–4 y
average); — 7 24 (112)
Gond/Maria 1927–1934,
1970–1971 Up to 3 y — — 36 (113)
Kwoma 1940–1941
1936–1937 (walking)
2–4 y — — 36 (136)
Gros
Lolo2 1940–1948
(1924, 1947) From birth 2 y or morey
1 y; 4–5 — — — 0 24 54; 12 (114) (137)
Ventre
Lozi2 (1922, 1944) 18 mo; 2–3 as
(sometimes y — — 18 (138)3
old as 6)
Hadza 1980–1992 2 or 3 y — — 30 (115)
(table continued
Hare (1962) 6 mo 2–3 y —
Sellen DW. J Nutr. 2001 Oct;131(10):2707-15! 6 30 (116)
24. Indicators of ages at complementary feeding and weaning reported for nonindustrial societies
Reported Best estimate Best estimate
Reported ages of of average Best estimateBest estimate
Best estimate of average
age of introduction of average
age of of average ofBest estimate
age of average
Dates of data introduction of Reported ages of
Reported age of Reported ages of introduction of
age introductionof
age age average
of of
Ethnic Dates of data
collection (or introduction of cessation of ages of nonbreast
of nonbreast of nonbreast
introduction Reported of introduction of nonbreast age of
introduction cessation of
Ethnic
designation publication) (or
collection nonbreast milk
milk liquids milk milk solids
nonbreast cessation of milk liquids
breastfeeding of nonbreast breastfeeding of
of nonbreast milk solids cessation Source
designation publication) liquids solids breastfeeding milk liquids milk solids breastfeeding Sour
meses meses meses
mo mo mo
Maasai 1895–1908 From birth ;2 y 0 — 24 (139)
Marshalls
Amele1 1908–1910
1983–1994 7–8 mo 36.33 2–3 y — — 7.5 — 36.5 30 (140)
(84)
Islanders
Amhara 1958–1961 2–3 y — — 30 (85)
Mbundu
Aranda 1945–1951
1881–1935, 2–5 y 2–4 y — — — — 39 36 (141)
(86,87)
Micmac 1911–1912,
(1929) 2–3 y — — 30 (142)
Arapaho 1953
1935–1942 4 y usual,(traditionally)
as old — — 48 (88)
Mongo (1938) as 8 2–2.5 y
y — — 27 (143)
Nahane
Araucani1 1943–1945
1946–1952 1–2 y 2–3 y — — — — 18 30 (144)
(89,88)
Navaho
Aymara21,2 1940–1943;
1940–1942; 6 mo 6 mo
1.5 y 1–2 y; 2–2.5 y to 2 y; as
18 mo — 6 18 6 22.5
18; 27 (145,1
(90,91)
1960–1966
1961–1962 long as 3 y
Ojibwa
Azande (1935)
1911–1932 Early 3–4 y 2–3 y 0 — 0 — 42 30 (147)
(92)
Okayama
Badaga 1950–1951
1962–1977 5–6 mo
3–5 mo 1y 2y — — 4 5.5 12 24 (148)
(93)
Okinawan
Bang Chan 1954–1955
1952–1954 Before 1 y 5–36 mo (12–22 — — 6 13 24 (149)
(94)
Ona No date mo usual); — — 24 (150)
Papago2 1931–1939; median 13 mo3 (eldest
18–30 mo — — 24; 30 (151,1
Banoi (1965)
1942–1943 1.5–6 or older 4–5 y
child, — — 53 (95)
Bellacoola 1922–1924 As soon as As soon as 2–3 y (youngest 0 0 30 (96)
possible possible child); 2–3 y
Bemba Yuma
Plateau 1930–1934
1951–1958 2–3 y 3–4 y — — — — 30 42 (97)
(153)
Bhil
“Pygmies” 1943–1954
(1986) From birth 10–11 mo
“Soon” 3y 0 — 10.5 0 —
36 (98)
(154)
Buka
Quechua1,2 1929–1930
1940–1941, 6 mo From birth mo 4–5 y 1.5–4 y; from 18
6 mo; 8 — 6 0 6; 8 54 32; 21 (99)
(155–
Burmese 1949–1950
1949; 2–3 y mo, 213 — — 30 (100)
Cayapa 1959–1960
1970–1971 2 mo 4 mo Up to 3 y 2 4 36 (101)
Chipewyan
Rimaibe 1960–1962
(1992) 3–4 y 22.43 — — — — 42 22 (102)
(109)
Chuckchee
Rucuyen 1919–1921
1948–1959 1y 3–4 y 14–18 mo — — 12 — 42 16 (103)
(159)
Datoga
Rundi1 1991–1992
1949–1951, 3.6 mo3 10.6 mo3 21.93 18–24 3.5 — 10.5 — 30 22.5 (38)
(160,1
Delaware1 1951–1952
1956–1957 2–4 y — — 36 (104,10
Saami1 (1950)
1913–1947, 3–4 mo 3–4 mo 6 mo to 2 y 3.5 3.5 16.5 (162,1
Dogon (1960)
1951–1952 2y — — 24 (106)
Dorobo
Sarakatsani 1938–1939
1954–1955 1y 2–3 y — — — — 12 30 (107)
(164)
Fang
Senoi 1946–1954
1961–1962 Before 1 crawling mo to 2to age 4 or 5
When y 18 Up y — — 6 — 21 54 (108)
(165)
Fulbe (1992) y — — 24.53 (109)
Gainj
Siriono 1982
1940–1941 9–12mo
6 mo 3 y, sometimes — — 10.5 6 38.5336 (110)
(166)
Garo 1954–1956 “Early” 9–12 mo Almost 2 y old as 4 or
as 0 10.5 24 (111)
Goajiro (1950) 6–8 mo 1–3 y or later
5y — 7 24 (112)
Gond/Maria
Tallensi 1927–1934,
1934–1937, “Soon” Up to 33yy — — — 0 36 36 (113)
(167,1
1940–1941
1943 (walking)
Gros
Tarasco 1940–1948
1940–1941 3–4 mo 2 y or more mo (as old
18–24 — — — 3.5 24 21 (114)
(169)
Ventre (sometimes as y, rare)
as 3–4
Sellen DW. J Nutr. 2001 Oct;131(10):2707-15!
old as 6)
25. Saami1 1913–1947, 3–4 mo 3–4 mo 6 mo to 2 y 3.5 3.5 16.5 (1
1951–1952
Sarakatsani 1954–1955 Reported 2–3 y Best estimate
— Best estimate
— 30 (1
Senoi 1961–1962 Reported When of
ages crawling Up to age 4 or 5 of average — of average
— Best54estimate (1
age of introduction y age of age of of average
Siriono Dates of data
1940–1941 introduction 6 moof 3 y, sometimes introduction
Reported ages of — introduction
6 age of
36 (1
Ethnic collection (or of nonbreast nonbreast cessation of as 4 or of nonbreast
as old of nonbreast cessation of
designation publication) milk liquids milk solids breastfeeding
5y milk liquids milk solids breastfeeding S
Tallensi 1934–1937, “Soon” 3y — 0 36 (1
mo
meses meses
mo
meses
mo
1943
Tarasco 1940–1941 3–4 mo 18–24 mo (as old — 3.5 21 (1
Amele1 1983–1994 7–8 mo 36.33 as 3–4 y, rare) — 7.5 36.5 (8
Amhara
Teda 1958–1961
1930–1955 2–3 y 17 mo — 12 —— 3017 (8
(1
Aranda
Tibetans 1881–1935,
1904–1925 10–12 mo 2–5 y 10–12 mo — — — 11 3911 (8
(1
Tiv 1949–1952
(1929) week 1 6 mo 2–3 y 0.25 6 30 (1
Tlingit
Arapaho 1893–1914
1935–1942 4 y usual, or older
3 y as old — — —— 4836 (1
(8
Toda (1873) as 8 yy (up to 6 y,
3 — — 36 (1
Araucani1 1946–1952 1–2 y rare) — — 18 (8
Aymara2 1,2
Trobriands 1914–1920,
1940–1942; From birth 1.5 y
1 y 1–2 y; 1–3 y; 2 y
2–2.5 y — 0 18 12 18; 27 24
22.5; (1
(9
1971–1972,
1961–1962
Azande (1982)
1911–1932 Early 3–4 y 0 0 42 (9
Troni
Badaga (1992)
1962–1977 3–5ymo
1 1 y 29.52 — — 4 — 29.5
12 (1
(9
Truk
Bang Chan (1953)
1952–1954 A few mo 1–2 y (or
5–36 mo (12–22 — — —— 18
13 (1
(9
teething)
mo usual);
Tuareg 1929–1940 2–2.5 y
median 13 mo3 — — 27 (1
Banoi 1
Turkana (1965) 1948–
(1927), 1.5–6 or older 3 y; 2 y
At least — — —— 53 24
36; (1
(9
Bellacoola 1949
1922–1924 As soon as As soon as 2–3 y 0 0 30 (9
Tzeltal1 1957–1958, 6–12 mo
possible 3–4 mo
possible 1.5 y or older 9 3.5 28.5 (1
Bemba 1965–1967
1930–1934 2–3 y — — 30 (9
Bhil 2
Warao 1933–1944,
1943–1954 From birth 10–11 mo 10 mo to 2 or 3 0 — 10.5— 19; 24
— (1
(9
Buka (1956)
1929–1930 From birth 4–5 y y; ;2 y — 0 54 (9
Wogeo
Burmese (1943)
1949–1950 2–3 y 3–4 y — — —— 42
30 (1
(1
Woleai
Cayapa (1949)
1959–1960 2 mo 4 3 mo
mo Up to 3 y or later 2 4 3 36
36 (1
(1
Yahgan2
Chipewyan 1918–1924,
1960–1962 4 mo 3–4 y 10–15 mo, — —4 12.5; 24
42 (1
(1
Chuckchee (1946)
1919–1921 1y 3–4 y sometimes — 12 42 (1
Datoga 1991–1992 3.6 mo3 10.6 mo3 21.93 much later; 2 y 3.5 10.5 30 (3
Delaware1 1
Yanomamo 1958–1967,
1951–1952 2–4 y 2–3 y — — 33 36 (1
(1
1964–1966,
(1950)
Dogon 1967, 1968,
(1960) 2y — — 24 (1
Dorobo 1972–1979,
1938–1939 1y — — 12 (1
Fang 1987
1946–1954 Before 1 y 18 mo to 2 y — 6 21 (1
Fulbe (1992) — — 24.53 (1
Gainj 1982 9–12 mo — 10.5 38.53 (1
Garo 1954–1956 “Early” 9–12 mo Almost 2 y 0 10.5 24 (1
Goajiro (1950) Sellen DW. J Nutr. 2001 or later
6–8 mo 1–3 y Oct;131(10):2707-15! — 7 24 (1
26. WEANING IN NONINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
WEANING IN NONINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
TABLE 1
TABLE 1 (continued)
Indicators of ages at complementary feeding and weaning reported for nonindustrial societies
Indicators of ages at complementary feeding and weaning reported for nonindustrial societies
Reported Best estimate Best estimate
Reported ages of of average of average Best estimate
Reported Best estimate Best estimate
age of introduction age of age of of average
ages of Reported ages of of average
introduction
of average
introduction
Best of
age
estimate
Dates of data introduction of
Ethnic collection (or of nonbreast introduction cessation of
Reported age of nonbreast age of
of nonbreast age of
of nonbreast of average
cessation of
designation Dates of data
publication) milk liquids of milk solids
introduction of introduction
breastfeeding ages milk liquids
Reported milk solids age of
introduction breastfeeding S
Ethnic collection (or nonbreast milk nonbreast of cessation of of nonbreast of nonbreast cessation of
designation publication) liquids milk solids breastfeeding milk liquids
meses milk solids
meses breastfeeding
meses
mo mo mo
Yap
Amele1 1947–1948
1983–1994 7–8 mo6 mo 36.33 2–3 y (4–5 y if — 7.56 36.5 30 (8
Amhara 1958–1961 2–3 y youngest) — — 30 (8
Yokuts
Aranda 1925–1930
1881–1935, 2 wks–2 mo 1 mo 2–5 y 2 y (sometimes — —1 39 24 (8
(1929) as 1.25 y old
Arapaho 1935–1942 4 y usual, as or 5)
as 4 old — — 48 (8
Yoruba 1949–1959 as 8 y y
2–3 30
Yucatec1
Araucani1 1932–1936;
1946–1952 1–2 y 1–3 y — —6 18 24 (8
Aymara2 1929–1931
1940–1942; 1.5 y 1–2 y; 2–2.5 y — 18 18; 27 (9
Yurok1,2 1961–1962 6–7 mo 1 y maximum 6.5 12
Zapotec
Azande 1929–1933;
1911–1932 Early 3–4 y 1–3 y; ;2 y (or 0 0 42 24 (9
Badaga 1957–1959;
1962–1977 3–5 mo 1y older) — 4 12 (9
Bang Chan 1956–1957
1952–1954 5–36 mo (12–22 — — 13 (9
Zulu2 1883–1945; mo 2–3 y; 2–4 y
usual); 30;36
(1965) median 13 mo3
Zuni
Banoi 1942–1948
(1965) At termination of 1.5–6 1–3 y
or older — — 53 24 (9
Bellacoola 1922–1924 As breastfeeding As soon as
soon as 2–3 y 0 0 30 (9
!Kung 1963–1972, possible possible or
6 mo 3 or 4 y 3 42
Bemba 1930–1934
1963–1973 earlier 2–3 y — — 30 (9
Bhil 1943–1954 From birth 10–11 mo 0 10.5 — (9
Buka Estimates 1929–1930
1 From birth conducted within 10 y of each other; means of original author’s estimated midpoin
combine data from two or more field studies 4–5 y — 0 54 (9
Burmeseof arithmetic midpoint of pooled reported ranges whenever2–3 y
instead 1949–1950 available. — — 30 (1
Cayapa or more independent estimates from field studies conducted .10 y apart included in analysis.
2 Two 1959–1960 2 mo 4 mo Up to 3 y 2 4 36 (1
Chipewyan estimate from survival analysis.
3 Median 1960–1962 3–4 y — — 42 (1
Chuckchee 1919–1921 1y 3–4 y — 12 42 (1
Datoga 1991–1992 3.6 mo3 10.6 mo3 21.93 3.5 10.5 30 (3
Delaware1 1951–1952 2–4 y — — 36 (1
mother–infant (1950) It would raise the possibility that under-
pairs. Table 2. Assumptions that the same socioecological
standing the (1960)
Dogon sociocultural factors that supported optimal 2001 Oct;131(10):2707-15! — both cross-cultural and 24
Sellen DW. J Nutr. feed-
2y nants drive — intracultural (1
v
Dorobo 1938–1939 1y — — 12 (1
28. ~10,000 anos
Revolução
Agrícola
ocorreu no
Médio Oriente!
Cordain L et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54.
Dubreuil L. Journal of Archaeological Science 2004; 31(11): 1613-1629.
Bar-Yosef O. Evol Anthropol 1998;6:159 –77.
29. EVIDÊNCIA DO CONSUMO DE LÁCTEOS
NO MÉDIO ORIENTE
Primeira
evidência
do
consumo
de
lácteos
no
Médio
Oriente
(Turquia)4
Domes<cação
de
ovelhas,
cabras
e
gado
bovino
(Médio
Oriente)
1-‐3
Presente
10 000
9 000
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
Humanas
Gerações
333 300 267 233 200 167 133 100 66 33
1 - Hiendleder S, et al. Proc Biol Sci. 2002 May 7;269(1494):893-904
2 - Luikart G, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 8;98(10):5927-32
3 - Loftus RT, et al. Mol Ecol. 1999 Dec;8(12):2015-22
4 - Evershed RP et al. Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):528-31.
30. DATAS DE EXPANSÃO GEOGRÁFICA DAS2011
Downloaded from rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org on February 18,
PRIMEIRAS !
68 P. Gerbault et al. Evolution of lactase persistence NEOLÍTICAS!
CULTURAS
3950
4100
4000
< 5000
5500
5200
5600
5300 6000
5600
5500
5400 6200
5200
< 7000 8500
6100 7800
6600
9000
8300
Villeneuve-Saint-Germain al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.(TRB) 27;366(1566):863-77.
Gerbault P, et Funnel Beaker Culture 2011 Mar Balkan Neolithic
31. EVIDÊNCIA DO CONSUMO DE LÁCTEOS
NO MÉDIO ORIENTE E EUROPA
1ª
evidência
de
lácteos
no
Norte
da
Europa
(RU)6
1ª
evidência
do
consumo
de
lácteos
na
Europa
(Roménia)
5
Primeira
evidência
do
consumo
de
lácteos
no
Médio
Oriente
(Turquia)4
Domes<cação
de
ovelhas,
cabras
e
gado
bovino
(Médio
Oriente)
1-‐3
Presente
10 000
9 000
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
Humanas
Gerações
333 300 267 233 200 167 133 100 66 33
1 - Hiendleder S, et al. Proc Biol Sci. 2002 May 7;269(1494):893-904
2 - Luikart G, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 8;98(10):5927-32
3 - Loftus RT, et al. Mol Ecol. 1999 Dec;8(12):2015-22
4 - Evershed RP et al. Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):528-31.
5 - Craig OE, et al. Antiquity 2005; 79:882-894
6 - Copley MS et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 18;100(4):1524-9
