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Number Entry Interfaces 
Sarah Wiseman ! 
UCL Interaction Centre
Why Number Entry? 
• Errors are important! 
• Happens every day! 
• So many interface options! 
• Numbers are wicked cool
Mars Climate Orbiter
Mars Climate Orbiter 
• Determine distribution of water on Mars! 
• Monitor daily weather conditions! 
• Determine temperature of atmosphere! 
• Look for evidence of climate change
Mars Climate Orbiter 
• Determine distribution of water on Mars! 
• Monitor daily weather conditions! 
• Determine temperature of atmosphere - REALLY HOT! 
• Look for evidence of climate change
Mars Climate Orbiter 
Lesson: ! 
Remember that numbers sometimes 
mean something - not just random strings
Number Entry in the ! 
Medical Domain
Errors with Infusion Pumps
Errors in Design 
12!
Errors with Numbers 
compared to Text
Number Entry in the ! 
Medical Domain 
Lesson: ! 
Remember that errors in number entry can 
have serious consequences.
Humans checking for 
number errors 
Horse 
Cow 
Shepe 
Donkey
Humans checking for 
number errors 
Horse 
Cow 
Shepe 
Donkey 
1111 
1804 
2911 
3417
Humans checking for 
number errors 
Lesson: ! 
Number errors are really, really hard to spot
The design of the keypad
The Pushbutton phone
The Pushbutton phone cord
Making Number Entry Better
UCD in Number entry 
• “I checked the user is able to press the button ok”
UCD in Number entry 
• “I checked the user is able to press the button ok”! 
• What numbers does the user actually want to 
enter?
Benford’s Law
Blood Pressure Terminal 
Digit 
80 
Percentage of occurrence 0 
60 
40 
20 
0 5 Even Number Odd number (not 5) 
Terminating digit
Digits in the hospital 
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . 
Digit 
Frequency 
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Numbers in the hospital 
Volume Frequency (%) 
100 29.87 
1000 9.97 
50 9.07 
500 6.36 
20 3.81
Adapting interfaces
Optician’s Interface Design
Applying this to design 
Faster Slower
Possible future design
Tailoring interfaces for 
numbers 
Lesson: ! 
Match the interface to the task it is being 
used for, make the common numbers easy
Learning from text entry
Words and non-words 
Last night the Great British Bake Off was shocking 
little bit faster than 
British was night Great shocking Last Off the Bake 
faster than 
Proum flim shoyar larof quask tullep exuge serah 
faster than 
Rteu fgdwww weqk sreemg wkgj gfmss mnoaish
Effect of words versus ! 
non words 
Faster 
Larger copy span 
Larger look-ahead 
I think the editors need to answer for their actions
Testing text entry interfaces
Testing number entry 
interfaces 
“We generated a set of random numbers and 
asked users to enter them using the interface”
Similarity to numbers? 
Pony ≠ Prfw 
! 
1066 ≠ 9379
Results of Familiarity 
Interkeypress interval ms 
400 
350 
300 
250 
200 
Words Numbers 
Familiar Non Familiar
Test with Realistic Numbers 
Lesson: ! 
You wouldn’t test text entry with random 
strings, don’t test number entry with them
Number Entry - ! 
Points to think about 
• Number mean something, they aren’t just shapes! 
• Number errors are big problem, and they are hard 
to spot! 
• Think about how your interface could be tailored, 
keypad isn’t the only way! 
• Don’t treat random numbers as though they are 
representative - familiarity matters
Thanks, go and do really 
good number entry stuff! 
@oopsohno 
www.swiseman.co.uk
• Deininger, R. L. (1960). Human factors engineering 
studies of the design and use of pushbutton 
telephone sets. Bell System Technical Journal, 39, 
995–1012. ! 
• Retrieved from 
http://www.vcalc.net/touchtone_hf.pdf

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Designing usable number entry interfaces