2.
Introduction
Definitions
Patterns of drug abuse among youths in Nigeria
Effects of drug abuse
Mechanism of drug addiction
Escaping the addition
contents
3.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a
patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user
consumes the substance in amounts or with methods
neither approved nor supervised by medical
professionals
Addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease
that causes compulsive drug seeking and use,
despite harmful consequences to the addicted
individual and to those around him or her
definition
4.
Drug and substance abuse poses a significant hazard
to the health and development of young people and
cuts across age and social class.
The quest for new experiences and the rebellious
nature of the young predisposes them to drug abuse.
Introduction
5.
age at first use of drug has been found to be as early
as eleven years (NDLEA 1999).
The illicit drug most commonly abused by young
people in Nigeria is cannabis (marajuana). It is
illegally cultivated in different parts of Nigeria and is
relatively cheap.
As one study showed, almost a tenth (8.2%) of young
people between the ages of 10-19 years have used
cannabis at some time in their lives.
Introduction
6.
They often have family problems and a circle of
friends among whom drug use is widespread. Often
their parents are themselves dependent on
substances such as alcohol or tranquillizers.
Introduction
8.
Outright illicit drugs
Socially ―acceptable‖ drugs
Over the-counter-drugs
Prescribed medications
unconventional substances not yet under
international control
Drugs commonly
abused
9.
Cannabis
highly addictive hard drugs such as cocaine and
heroine
Illicit drugs
Cannabis
highly addictive hard drugs such as cocaine and
heroine
16.
high incidence of non-medical or self-medicated use
of benzodiazepines and psychotropic substances
(amphetamines and barbiturates)
Opioids and Morphine-like drugs
result of the ineffective enforcement of laws on their
sale and distribution.
Over-the-counter drugs
18.
volatile organic solvents, such as petrol and glue
unconventional substances not yet under
international control e.g. pawpaw leaves, zakami,
haukatayaro
Unconventional
substances
19.
Alcohol and tobacco constitute a major threat to the
health of young people. They are referred to as ―gate
way drugs‖ as most young people who abuse drugs
and other dangerous substances started with alcohol
and cigarettes.
―gate way drugs‖
20.
predisposition to experimentation,
rebellion and desire for independence;
peer pressure;
defects in personality such as low self-esteem;
notion of ‗machismo‘ characterized by independent
risk-taking behaviour;
engagement of older siblings in drug taking;
Why do drugs?
21.
frustrations caused by tension between improved
levels of education and shrinking employment
opportunities;
parental deprivation as a result of separation,
divorce, death of a spouse or persistent discord
between spouses in the home;
advertisement such as those associating smoking
with success, glamour, popularity, youthful vigor
and good health;
Why do drugs?
22.
rapid urbanizations (social change) with the
breakdown of the family‘s effective cultural and
social controls;
exposure to high risk jobs (such as tobacco
company) and environments that encourage drug
use (such as bars)
employment outside the home such as teenagers
who drop out-of- school to take up menial jobs in
market places and motor parks
Why do drugs?
23.
Estimates of the total overall costs of substance abuse
in the United States, including productivity and
health- and crime-related costs, exceed $600 billion
annually.
This includes approximately $193 billion for illicit
drugs, $193 billion for tobacco, and $235 billion for
alcohol.
EFFECTS OF
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
24.
Drug taking has a close inter-relationship with crime
because of their cost and highly addictive nature,
drugs drive their users to robbery or prostitution as
a means of maintaining their habit.
use of drugs in tertiary educational institutions has
been linked to the upsurge of violent cult activities.
It is believed that armed robbers, vigilante militants,
as well as cult members use drugs as a means of
stimulating boldness.
Effects of drug abuse
25.
Pedestrian MVA
Social/marital violence including rape
Psychiatric manifestations like schizophrenia
Pregnancy complications like fetal alcohol sydrome
HIV/AIDS, Cancers, STDs
Effects of drug abuse
26.
Marajuana Cocaine
Lowers testosterone level seizure
Impairs sperm production Raised and irregular heart
rate
Menstrual irregularities hallucination
Memory loss Stroke
Depression Hear failure
lack of sleep Respiratory failure
anxiety Cerebral hemorrhages
Long term effects of
some drugs
27.
dependence, overdose accidents
premature death
alienated from their families, not attending school
and living away from home
failed relationships and family disintegaration
loss off job
Effects of drug abuse
29.
often mistakenly assumed that drug abusers lack
moral principles or willpower and that they could
stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their
behaviour
The rapidly adapting ―reward pathway‖ system in
the brain
brain changes that occur over time challenge an
addicted person‘s self control and hamper his or her
ability to resist intense impulses to take drugs.
Mechanism of addiction
30.
marijuana and heroin ≈ brain neurotransmitters≈
―fool‖ the brain‘s receptors → activate nerve cells to
send abnormal messages.
cocaine or methamphetamine → abnormally large
amounts of natural neurotransmitters (mainly
dopamine) → a brain awash in dopamine in brain
regions that control movement, emotion, motivation,
and feelings of pleasure → overstimulation of this
reward system,
Mechanism of addiction
31.
The biological make up of individuals (including gender
and race)
The environmental factors
Age of commencement of drugs
Why do some addicted and
others don‘t?
33. Prevention is key
Public awareness about the effects of drug abuse
Established anti-illicit drug use policies and effective law
enforcement to back up
Strong family/social ties
Influence of religion
Effective regulation of health policies and prescribed
drug use
Seek professional help
Developed improved stress coping strategies
Escaping drug abuse
34.
Direct medical intervention
I. Antipsychotics
II. Alternative drug substance ―replacement‖ &
detoxifiers (e.g. disulfiram, naloxone)
III. Psychobehavioural therapies (e.g. Cognitive-
behavioural therapy, motivational interviewing and
incentives)
Midway homes (group behaviour therapy)
Escaping drug abuse
35.
―…long period of incarceration ranging from 15 to 25
years and sometimes, life imprisonment for
producers and traffickers. Additionally, any
organisation that colludes with offenders to
perpetrate a drug offence or to conceal proceeds
from the illicit drug trade is also liable on conviction
to a term of 25 years imprisonment or two million
Naira fine.‖
NDLEA
NATIONAL DRUG LAW ENORCEMENT AGENCY, 1989
38.
Akinboye, J.O.(2000). Parenting success. A seminar
paper presented at the Department of guidance and
counseling. University of Ilorin. Pgs 7-11.
National Drug Intelligence Center (2011). The
Economic Impact of Il-licit Drug Use on American
Society. Washington D.C.: United States De-
partment of Justice. Available at:
http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs44/4473
1/44731p.pdf(PDF, 2.4MB)
references
39.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential
Life Lost, and Productivity Losses—United States,
2000–2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/
mm5745a3.htm (PDF 1.4MB).
references
40.
Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S.,
Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon Y., Patra,
J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic
cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use
disorders. Lancet, 373(9682):2223–2233, 2009.
National Drug and Law enforcement Agency
(www.NDLEA.ng)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_drug_theor
y
references
Notes de l'éditeur
*Akinboye, J.O.(2000). Parenting success. A seminar paper presented at the Department of guidance and counseling. University of Ilorin. Pgs 7-11.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory
3.National Drug Intelligence Center (2011). The Economic Impact of Il-licit Drug Use on American Society. Washington D.C.: United States De-partment of Justice. Available at: http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs44/44731/44731p.pdf(PDF, 2.4MB)4.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses—United States, 2000–2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5745a3.htm (PDF 1.4MB).5. Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon Y., Patra, J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet, 373(9682):2223–2233, 2009.