2. Definition of Governance
• The traditions and institutions by which
authority in a country are exercised. This
includes:
– The process by which governments are selected,
monitored and replaced
– The capacity of the government to effectively
formulate and implement sound policies
– The respect of citizens and the state for the
institutions that govern economic interactions
among them
3. How do we measure?
• Voice and accountability
• Political stability
• Government effectiveness
• Regulatory quality
• Rule of law
• Control of corruption
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Corrupting Democracy
• An individual or group of individuals is
entrusted with collective decisions or actions
• Common norms exists regulating the ways
individuals and groups use their power over
collective decisions or actions
• An individual or group breaks with the norms
• Breaking with the norms normally benefits the
individual or group and harms to the
collectivity
9. Parties to Corruption
• State:
– Executive departments and agencies
– Judiciary
– Legislations
• Public sphere:
– Media and Discursive Venues
• Civil Society (Associations)
• Markets
10. Table: Distribution of Reported Cases
of Corruption
1997 (January-March) 2000 (January-June)
Police, BDR, Ansar etc. 46.00% 30.00%
Local Government 13.00% 17.00%
Education 10.00% 16.00%
Health 5.00% 11.00%
Taxation (Income, Customs, VAT etc.) 6.00% 6.00%
Financial Institution (Banks, Non-Formal 7.00% 6.00%
micro credit)
Forestry 4.00% 6.00%
Water (including Water Board) 4.00% 5.00%
Transport (including Water Transport) 4.00% 2.00%
Sub-Total 390 (100%) 927 (100%)
Others -188 -418
Total (N) 578 1345
11. Table: Manifestation of Corruption
by Types and Sector (2000)
Misuse of Power Bribe Taking Embezzlement & Misuse of Resources Negligence of Duty
Extortion
Police, BDR, Ansar etc. 48.00% 20.00% 12.00% 1.00% 18.00%
Local Government 18.00% 5.00% 58.00% 8.00% 8.00%
Education 22.00% 9.00% 49.00% 7.00% 11.00%
Health 20.00% 6.00% 42.00% 5.00% 26.00%
Taxation 34.00% 30.00% 30.00% - 6.00%
Financial Institution 26.00% 4.00% 67.00% - 4.00%
Transport 37.00% 12.00% 27.00% 10.00% 14.00%
Water 17.00% 5.00% 52.00% 25.00% -
Post, Telegraph, Telephone- 28.00% 23.00% 25.00% 10.00% 13.00%
Telecom
Land Administration 22.00% 38.00% 31.00% 3.00% 6.00%
Forestry & Environment 24.00% 20.00% 39.00% 12.00% 5.00%
