Psychological factors are judged to be associated with the symptom or deficit because the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom or deficit is preceded by conflicts or other stressors.

1. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Somatization Disorder*Somatization Disorder*
AA history of many physical complaints
beginning before age 30 years that occur over a
period of several years and result in treatment
being sought or significant impairment in
social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
B Each of the following criteria must have been
met, with individual symptoms occurring at
any time during the course of the disturbance:

2. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Somatization Disorder*Somatization Disorder*
(Continued)(Continued)
1 four pain symptoms: a history of pain related to at least
four different sites or functions (e.g., head, abdomen,
back, joints, extremities, chest, rectum, during
menstruation, during sexual intercourse, or during
urination)
2 two gastrointestinal symptoms: a history of at least two
gastrointestinal symptoms other than pain (e.g.,
nausea, bloating, vomiting other than during
pregnancy, diarrhea, or intolerance of several
different foods)

3. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Somatization Disorder*Somatization Disorder*
(Continued)(Continued)
3 one sexual symptom: a history of at least one sexual or
reproductive symptom other than pain (e.g., sexual
indifference, erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction, irregular
menses, excessive menstrual bleeding, vomiting throughout
pregnancy)
4 one pseudoneurological symptom: a history of at least one
symptom or deficit suggesting a neurological condition not
limited to pain (conversion symptoms such as impaired
coordination or balance, paralysis or localized weakness,
difficulty swallowing or lump in throat, aphonia, urinary
retention, hallucinations, loss of touch or pain sensation, double
vision, blindness, deafness, seizures; dissociative symptoms
such as amnesia; or loss of consciousness other than fainting)

4. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Somatization DisorderSomatization Disorder
(Continued)(Continued)
C Either (1) or (2):
1 after appropriate investigation, each of the symptoms in
Criterion B cannot be fully explained by a known general
medical condition or the direct effects of a substance (e.g., a
drug of abuse, a medication)
2 when there is a related general medical condition, the
physical complaints or resulting social or occupational
impairment area in excess of what would be expected from
the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings
D The symptoms are not intentionally produced or
feigned (as in Factitious Disorder or Malingering)
*DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association)

5. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder
One or more symptoms or deficits affecting
voluntary motor or sensory function that
suggest a neurological or other general
medical condition.
Psychological factors are judged to be
associated with the symptom or deficit
because the initiation or exacerbation of the
symptom or deficit is preceded by conflicts
or other stressors.

6. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Conversion Disorder (Continued)Conversion Disorder (Continued)
The symptom or deficit is not intentionally produced
or feigned (as in Factitious Disorder or Malingering).
The symptom or deficit cannot, after appropriate
investigation, be fully explained by a general
medical condition, or by the direct effects of a
substance, or as a culturally sanctioned behavior or
experience.
The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning or warrants
medical evaluation.

7. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Conversion Disorder (Continued)Conversion Disorder (Continued)
The symptom or deficit is not limited to pain or
sexual dysfunction, does not occur exclusively
during the course of Somatization Disorder, and
is not better accounted for by another mental
disorder.
Specify type of symptom or deficit: with Motor
Symptom or Deficit; with Sensory Symptom or
Deficit; with Seizures or Convulsion; with Mixed
Presentation
*DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)

8. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Pain DisorderPain Disorder*†*†
Pain in one or more anatomical sites is the
predominant focus of the clinical presentation
and is of sufficient severity to warrant clinical
attention.
The pain causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.
Psychological factors are judged to have an
important role in the onset, severity,
exacerbation, or maintenance of the pain.

9. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Pain Disorder (Continued)Pain Disorder (Continued)
The symptom or deficit is not
intentionally produced or feigned
(as in Factitious Disorder or
Malingering).
The pain is not better accounted for
by a Mood, Anxiety, or Psychotic
Disorder and does not meet criteria
for Dyspareunia.

10. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Pain Disorder (Continued)Pain Disorder (Continued)
Code as follows: Pain Disorder Associated with
Psychological Factors: psychological factors are
judged to have the major role in the onset, severity,
exacerbation, or maintenance of the pain. (If a general
medical condition is present, it does not have a major
role in the onset, severity, exacerbation, or
maintenance of the pain.) This type of Pain Disorder
is not diagnosed if criteria are also met for
Somatization Disorder.
Specify if: Acute: duration of less than 6 months;
Chronic: duration of 6 months or longer

11. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Pain Disorder (Continued)Pain Disorder (Continued)
Pain Disorder Associated with Both Psychological Factors
and a General Medical Condition: both psychological
factors and a general medical condition are judged to have
important roles in the onset, severity, exacerbation, or
maintenance of the pain. The associated general medical
condition or anatomical site of the pain (see below) is coded
on Axis III.
Specify if: Acute: duration of less than 6 months; Chronic:
duration of 6 months or longer
*Pain per se may be associated with psychological factors and/or a general medical
condition; it may be acute with a duration of less than 6 months or chronic. The
anatomical site(s) is coded Axis III of DSM-IV.
†
DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)

12. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
HypochrondriasisHypochrondriasis**
Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that
one has, a serious disease based on the person’s
misinterpretation of bodily symptoms.
The preoccupation persists despite appropriate
medical evaluation and reassurance.
The belief in Criterion A is not of delusional
intensity (as in Delusional Disorder, Somatic Type)
and is not restricted to a circumscribed concern
about appearance (as in Body Dysmorphic
Disorder).

13. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Hypochondriasis (Continued)Hypochondriasis (Continued)
The preoccupation causes clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning.
The duration of the disturbance is at least 6
months
The preoccupation is not better accounted for by
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, a Major
Depressive Episode, Separation Anxiety, or
another Somatoform Disorder.

14. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Hypochondriasis (Continued)Hypochondriasis (Continued)
Specify if: With Poor Insight: if,
for most of the time during the
current episode, the person does
not recognize that the concern
about having a serious illness is
excessive or unreasonable. †
*DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
†
The patient’s level of insight is of prognostic significance and may be
specified.

15. Diagnostic Criteria forDiagnostic Criteria for
Body Dysmorphic DisorderBody Dysmorphic Disorder
Preoccupation with an imagined defect in
appearance. If a slight physical anomaly is present,
the person’s concern is markedly excessive.
The preoccupation causes clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning.
The preoccupation is not better accounted for by
another mental disorder (e.g., dissatisfaction with
body shape and size in Anorexia Nervosa).
*DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).

16. Diagnostic Criteria for UndifferentiatedDiagnostic Criteria for Undifferentiated
Somatoform Disorder*Somatoform Disorder*
A One or more physical complaints (e.g., fatigue, loss of
appetite, gastrointestinal or urinary complaints).
B Either (1) or (2):
1 after appropriate investigation, the symptoms cannot be
fully explained by a known general medical condition or
the direct effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a
medication)
2 when there is a related general medical condition, the
physical complaints or resulting social or occupational
impairment is in excess of what would be expected from the
history, physical examination, or laboratory findings

17. Diagnostic Criteria for UndifferentiatedDiagnostic Criteria for Undifferentiated
Somatoform Disorder* (Continued)Somatoform Disorder* (Continued)
C The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of
functioning.
D The duration of the disturbance is at least 6 months.
E The disturbance is not better accounted for by another
mental disorder (e.g., another Somatoform Disorder,
Sexual Dysfunction, Mood Disorder, Anxiety Disorder,
Sleep Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder).
F The symptom is not intentionally produced or feigned (as
in Factitious Disorder or Malingering)
*DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)

18. Munchausen’s Syndrome:Munchausen’s Syndrome:
Diagnostic Features*Diagnostic Features*
Essential Features
Pathologic lying (pseudologia
fantastica)
Peregrination (traveling or
wandering)
Recurrent, feigned, or simulated
illness

19. Munchausen’s Syndrome:Munchausen’s Syndrome:
Diagnostic Features* (Continued)Diagnostic Features* (Continued)
Supporting Features†
Borderline and/or antisocial personality
traits
Deprived childhood
Equanimity for diagnostic procedures
Equanimity for treatments or operations
Evidence of self-induced physical signs
Knowledge of or experience in a medical
field

20. Munchausen’s Syndrome:Munchausen’s Syndrome:
Diagnostic Features* (Continued)Diagnostic Features* (Continued)
(Continued) Supporting Features†
Most likely to be male
Multiple hospitalizations
Multiple scars (usually abdominal)
Police record
Unusual or dramatic presentation
*Patients will meet criteria for a chronic factitious disorder or an atypical factitious disorder.
†May also support the diagnosis of other factitious disorders. (Reprinted with permission
from Folks DG, Freeman AM: Munchausen’s syndrome and other factitious illness.
Psychiatr Clin North Am 8:263-278, 1985

21. Commonly Presenting FeaturesCommonly Presenting Features
of Chronic Factitious Illnessesof Chronic Factitious Illnesses
Organ System Subtypes
Abdominal*
Cardiac
Dermatological
†
Genitourinary
Hematological*
†
Infectious
Neurological*
Psychiatric
Self-medication*
‡
Demeanor or Behavior
Bizarre
Demanding
Dramatic
Evasive
Medically sophisticated
Self-mutilating
Unruly
*Original subtypes identified
†
Recently reported to be more common
‡Especially insulin, thyroid, vitamins, diuretics, and laxatives. (Reprinted with permission from Folks DG, Freeman AM:
Munchausen’s syndrome and other factitious illness. Psychiatr Clin North Am 8:263-278, 1985)

22. Key Features ofKey Features of
Factitious Disorder*Factitious Disorder*††
Intentional production of clinical signs or
symptoms.
Primary intent is to assume the sick role.
The patient does not benefit from or have
external incentives for the production of
signs or symptoms.
*Factitious disorder may occur predominantly with psychological and/or
physical signs and symptoms.
†
Summarized from DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)

23. Somatization: PrinciplesSomatization: Principles
of Clinical Managementof Clinical Management
The clinical presentation is considered in the context
of psychosocial factors, both current and past.
The diagnostic procedures and therapeutic
interventions are based on objective findings.
A therapeutic alliance is fostered and maintained
involving the primary care and/or psychiatric
physician.
The social support system and relevant life quality
domains are carefully reviewed during each patient
contact.

24. Somatization: Principles ofSomatization: Principles of
Clinical Management (Continued)Clinical Management (Continued)
A regular appointment schedule is maintained for
outpatients, irrespective of clinical course.
The patient dialogue and examination and the
assessment of new symptoms or signs are engaged
judiciously, and usually primarily address somatic
rather than psychological concerns.
The need for psychiatric referral is recognized early,
especially for cases involving chronic symptoms,
several psychosocial consequences, or morbid types
of illness behavior.

25. Somatization: Principles ofSomatization: Principles of
Clinical Management (Continued)Clinical Management (Continued)
Any associated, coexisting, or underlying
psychiatric disturbance is assiduously
evaluated and steadfastly treated.
The significance of personality features,
addictive potential, and self-destructive risk
is determined and addressed.
The patient’s case is redefined in such a way
that management rather than cure is the goal
of treatment.