The document provides information on first aid training, including identifying the roles and responsibilities of first aid providers, assessing victims using the ABCs method, treating different types of wounds and shock, and understanding legal aspects of rendering first aid. Key skills covered include providing artificial breathing, applying direct pressure to control bleeding, recognizing signs of shock, and conducting a full head-to-toe examination of victims. The document also includes sample first aid scenarios and quizzes to test understanding.

1. B Y
P A T R I C K N D U H I U
FIRST AID TRAINING

2. P O W E R P O I N T # 1
FIRST AID TRAINING

3. LEARNING OUTCOME
• To identify their
role in providing
first aid

4. PURPOSE OF FIRST AID
• provide temporary assistance in medical
emergency situations until professional rescuers
arrive and assumes responsibility for the victim

5. LEGAL ASPECTS
• Good Samaritan
Law minimizes the
fear of legal
consequences,
but protects only
those acting in
good faith &
without gross
negligence or
willful misconduct

6. LEGAL ASPECTS
• Do no further harm
to the victim

7. LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
• Legal responsibility
varies from state to
state as to who
stops and renders
first aid. Know
your state law

8. LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
• once you render first
aid to a victim, you
have a “legal
obligation” to
continue until
professional
rescuers arrive
• to discontinue
would be
considered
abandonment

9. MORAL OBLIGATION TO RENDER
FIRST AID
• When designated
by employment
• When a pre-existing
responsibility exists,
examples:
• parent/child
• driver/passenger
• student/teacher

10. CONSENT FOR FIRST AID
• Permission from a conscious victim is required to
avoid assault charges and termed “consent”
• Permission from an unconscious victim is not
obtainable from the victim. Therefore, we assume
the victim would want first aid. This action is termed
“implied consent”

11. TRIAGE
• is the action of sorting
victims of disaster in
order to determine
who needs
immediate care and
transportation to the
hospital, or could be
delayed
• disaster: any situation
that taxes emergency
resources

12. GET HELP!!!!
• call for professional rescuers
• give your location
• describe nature of emergency (fire, explosion,
drowning, fall, motor vehicle accident, etc.)
• tell them number of victims involved
• describe seriousness of injuries
• advise of hazardous material involvement

13. TWO COMPONENTS OF
VICTIM ASSESSMENT
• Primary Observation: designed to identify any
life threatening problems and stabilize them
immediately
• Secondary Observation: designed to detect
obvious injuries or clues to illness and injury
through a head-to-toe observation, gather
history from victim or bystanders & inspect
surroundings

14. KEY COMPONENTS OF PRIMARY
OBSERVATION
• A * AIRWAY
• B * BREATHING
• C * CIRCULATION
• LEVEL OF
CONSCIOUSNESS

15. AIRWAY
• is it open &
functional? If not,
correct. Consider
cause or
mechanism of
injury. (Use head-tilt,
chin-lift if no injury;
jaw-thrust maneuver
if there is
head/neck injury)
• airway may be
obstructed

16. BREATHING
• can victim speak?
• look, is the chest
rising and falling?
• listen, do you hear
air going in and out
of airway?
• feel, do you feel air
touching your
cheek?

17. CIRCULATION
• to determine a
heartbeat. Is
breathing, coughing
or movement
present? If NOT,
assume no
heartbeat and start
CPR
• control severe
bleeds with pressure
dressing
immediately

18. LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS
• is the victim oriented to person, place and time?
• the brain requires a constant supply of oxygen from the
heart to remain oriented
• blood losses will affect oxygen supply and interfere with
orientation
• breathing disorders will decrease oxygen supply also
interfering with orientation

19. HISTORY OF EVENT
• chief complaint. What hurts?
• obtain history about the condition of the victim
from victim, family, friends or bystanders. What
happened?
• find out events that lead to chief complaint.
What were they doing?
• note the ENVIRONMENT (drugs, alcohol,
weapons, falls, motor vehicle accidents,
surrounding temperature,etc.)

20. VITAL SIGNS
HEARTBEAT
• is there breathing,
coughing and
movement? This
would indicate the
heart is beating
when present
• when absent,
compressions of
heart must begin to
circulate blood to
vital organs

21. VITAL SIGNS
BREATHING
• is victim breathing
or NOT?
• is the breathing
pattern fast, slow,
deep, shallow,
labored, noisy?
• if NOT breathing,
artificial breathing
must be
administered
lungs

22. ARTIFICIAL BREATHING
• mouth to mouth
ventilation or use
other artificial
breathing assistive
devices
• artificial breathing
for an adult should
take place once
every 5 seconds
(20/minute)

23. VITAL SIGNS
TEMPERATURE
• is skin hot, cold,
warm?
• a “hot” to the
touch or “cold” to
the touch body
indicates
abnormality

24. VITAL SIGNS
SKIN/MUCOUS MEMBRANE COLOR
• Pink? Adequate oxygen levels
• White (pale)? Peripheral blood shunted to core of body
to self protect major organs
• Gray (ashen)? Indicates decreasing oxygen level in
blood, body systems begin suffering
• Blue (cyanotic)? Indicates excessive amount of blood
not carrying oxygen, body systems in critical state
• Red (flushed)? Harmful levels of carbon monoxide or
increased carbon dioxide levels

25. HEAD-TO-TOE
OBSERVATION
• must be consistent and deliberate each time
performed
• should be done for each victim when condition
allows to make sure nothing is missed
• may be omitted if the primary observation
components airway, breathing and heartbeat
are compromised

26. HEAD & NECK
• Observe for:
• bleeding (open wounds)
• deformities of facial structures (fractures)
• c/o pain/numbness/tingling of extremities (possible
neck injury)
• pupil size and response to light (changes could indicate
head injury)
• mouth for missing/broken teeth or bleeding

27. CHEST
• Observe for:
• equal rising and falling on both sides of chest during
breathing
• deformity of chest wall (indicating possible rib fractures)
• bleeding, indicating open chest wound
• complaint of chest pain from injury/disease
• abnormal breathing patterns
• coughing/bloody sputum

28. ABDOMEN
• Observe for:
• hardness of abdomen indicates problem
• bleeding, indicating open wound
• complaints of pain
• bruising, a SERIOUS indicator of injury
• vomiting (save for professional personnel to observe for
content & possible blood)
• Abdominal cavity has body organs suspended within.
There is great potential for blood loss if connecting tissue
is torn

29. PELVIS
• Observe for:
• obvious swelling (pelvic trauma has a potential to bleed
profusely due to “big” blood vessels in the pelvic cavity)
• obvious deformity, rotation, shortening of lower leg(s)
may indicate hip fracture
• complaints of pain
• signs & symptoms of shock
• bleeding, indicating open wound

30. EXTREMITIES
• Observe (arms & legs) for:
• obvious deformity or visible bone, indicates possible
fracture
• shortening of one extremity to another, indicates
possible fracture/dislocation
• obvious bleeding indicates open wounds
• complaint of marked tenderness/pain over injury site or
false movement indicates possible fracture
• complaint of loss of feeling below injury site, indicates
nerve damage

31. EXTREMITIES
• Observe for “P-M-S”:
• pink skin color and warm temperature below injury?
• movement, is it present or absent below injury site?
• sensation to touch, is it present or absent below injury
site?
• “PMS” checks must be done before & after splinting and
bandaging extremity injuries

32. SPINE
• Observe for:
• complaint of pain over spine strong indicator of spine
injury
• complaint of numbness, tingling, and/or inability to
move strong indicator of spine injury
• DO NOT MOVE VICTIM UNLESS IMMINENT DANGER IS
PRESENT

33. MEDICAL ALERT IDENTIFICATION
• Check for:
• bracelets,
necklaces & other
forms of medical
alert ID’s that could
provide valuable
information for
professional team
about pre-existing
health conditions

34. HEAD-TO-TOE OBSERVATION
• OMIT SECONDARY OBSERVATION WHEN:
• patient is unable to maintain an open airway
• patient is not breathing on their own
• there is no heartbeat
• your hands will be “full” doing CPR, and the secondary is
not essential until later or never, depending on the
circumstances

35. QUIZ 1
• You neighbor is painting his house from a ladder. You hear him cry out
and hear the ladder hit the cement. When you arrive you find him on his
back, his right arm is deformed and he is not moving.
• What is your assessment of the situation?
• In what order would you manage this victim?
• ABC
• Airway
• How do you determine he is breathing?
• Breathing
• Jaw thrust or chin thrust and why
• Circulation
• Where do you check for a pulse on an adult?
• Call 911
• What should you do with his arm?
• Straighten it out?
• Leave it alone?
• When can you leave the victim?

36. P O W E R P O I N T # 2
FIRST AID TRAINING

37. LEARNING OUTCOME
• identify types of bleeding wounds and shock, and
the appropriate first aid interventions

38. WOUNDS & SHOCK
• Average adult body contains 6 liters of blood
(approximately 6 quarts)
• rapid loss of 1 quart blood (1000cc) from adult can lead to
shock and death
• rapid loss of 1-cup blood (250 cc) from child can be deadly
• rapid loss of 2-Tablespoons blood (30 cc) from infant can be
deadly

39. SHOCK
• Definition:
• inadequate tissue/cell perfusion causing body cells
and systems to begin death due to a loss of body
fluids and oxygen within the blood vessels

40. TISSUE PERFUSION
• Definition:
• is the process of providing all living cells with a
constant supply of oxygen and nutrients, and
removing waste products from the cells
• this process is essential for a healthy life

41. CAUSES OF SHOCK
• trauma - blood loss
• illness - body fluid losses of vomit, diarrhea, fever
(perspiration)
• heart disease - causing blood flow disruptions &
rhythm disturbances
• gastrointestinal diseases - disrupt electrolyte
balance and destroy cells, organs, & systems
continued

42. CAUSES OF SHOCK
• respiratory disease - causing disruption of the
oxygen supply to cells
• allergic reactions - causing serious breathing
spasms & vasodilatation
• head injury - causing central nervous
system inability to command properly
• spine injury - may result in loss of ability for blood
vessels to constrict causing (vasodilatation)

43. MAJOR TYPES OF SHOCK
• Hypovolemic
(hemorrhagic)
• Cardiogenic
• Anaphylactic
• Fainting

44. HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
• Causes:
• blood loss
• dehydration, other
body fluid losses
due to fever
(sweating),
vomiting, major
burns, serious
respiratory crises
• diarrhea
Circulatory System
Full Fluid loss

45. HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• restlessness/irritability
• altered level of consciousness
• weak/rapid pulse
• pale/moist skin
• rapid breathing
• nausea & vomiting
• dull, sunken appearing eyes
• big pupils
• obvious injuries (bruising/bleeding)

46. TREATMENT FOR
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
• manage A-B-C’s
• apply direct pressure to bleeds (barriers)
• elevate part if bleeding continues
• consider pulse pressure points if bleeding
continues
• add dressings don’t remove soaked ones
• prevent body heat loss & chills
• if not contraindicated, elevate legs 12”

47. DO NOT ELEVATE LEGS WHEN:
• the victim is unconscious or may have had a
stroke (will increase pressure in the brain)
• chest pain is present (will increase workload to
heart)
• there is a spine injury (may cause further injury)
• breathing problems are present (will make this
condition worse)

48. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
• Causes:
• heart pump failure
that in turn reduces
or starves the cells
of oxygenated
blood

49. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
• Signs & Symptoms:
• severe cyanosis (blue-purple coloring of skin)
• one or more signs & symptoms of heart attack : (shortness
of breath, anxiety, chest pressure/tightness, jaw pain,
upper extremity pain, nausea, indigestion, light
headed/dizzy, wet & cool skin,etc.)

50. TREATMENT FOR
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
• manage A-B-C’s first
• recognize the emergency .
• keep patient in sitting position while conscious with
legs dangling over the edge until they become
unconscious
• be prepared to perform CPR

51. ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
• Causes:
• exposure to
allergens such as:
• insect/bee stings
• certain medications
(penicillin & tetanus
frequent offenders)
• certain foods
(shellfish, berries,
nuts)
• pollens/dust/molds
• (Vary per individual)

52. ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
• Signs & Symptoms:
• redness, swelling at
site of a bite or sting
• severe hives/itching
• swelling of face,
throat, eyes & hands
• coughing, wheezing,
breathing difficulties
• POSSIBLE DEATH IN 30
SECONDS TO 30
MINUTES
Bronchial tubes

53. TREATMENT FOR
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
• manage A-B-C’s
• recognize emergency if victim carries a bee sting
kit or allergy kit, assist victim in the administration of
injectable epinephrine
• be prepared to do CPR

54. FAINTING
• Causes:
• interruption of blood flow to the brain
• blood pools in lower extremities when standing for long
periods of time
• psychological disturbance
• fainting is often the only sign of heart problems in the
elderly, therefore an elderly victim should always be seen
by a physician to rule out heart problems after fainting

55. FAINTING
• Signs & Symptoms
• dizziness
• skin color is pale
• skin cool and moist to the touch
• may complain of nausea
• “black out”spell

56. TREATMENT FOR FAINTING
• break fall if possible to prevent injuries
• if there are no obvious injuries, place victim on back
with legs elevated 12”
• loosen tight clothing around neck
• wipe forehead with cool/wet cloth
• turn vomiting victim onto side
• after a long rest, assist victim to a slow upright position if
there are no injuries after regaining consciousness

57. QUIZ 2
• You are watching your daughter perform at her first
junior high chorus concert. She suddenly starts to
weave back and forth and then collapses to the
ground.
• What is your assessment of the situation
• What type of shock has occurred?
• Why did it occur?
• What is the treatment ?

58. CAUSES OF BLEEDING
• Injuries/Trauma:
penetrating injury
that breaks through
skin with sharp
objects
• blunt injury that
does not break
through the skin
• Diseases: ulcers,
aneurysms, cancers

59. CLASSIFICATION OF BLEEDING
WOUNDS
• Open Wounds: skin is broken
• Closed Wounds: skin is intact

60. OPEN WOUNDS
• (external) visible
blood outside of
the body; skin is
broken

61. ARTERIAL BLEED
• spurting bright red
blood. Most
dangerous, must
be stopped.
Could be life
threatening

62. VENOUS BLEED
• flowing blue/red
blood that
responds to direct
pressure to stop.
Pressure may be
necessary 6-10
minutes before
clotting takes
place

63. CAPILLARY BLEED
• oozing dark red
blood. May clot
spontaneously or
rapidly with
pressure. MOST
COMMON type of
bleed

64. TYPES OF WOUNDS
• abrasion
• incision
• laceration
• puncture
• avulsion
• amputation

65. ABRASION
• skin scrape, floor
burn, road rash
often embedded
with dirt. This
wound is typically
a capillary bleed
& prone to
infections

66. INCISION
• smooth edged cut
made by a sharp
object (knife,
scissors) and
bleeds easily

67. LACERATION
• a jagged, irregular
break in skin edge
created by a
sharp object
through trauma,
and bleeds freely

68. PUNCTURE
• piercing through the
skin (knife, nail, pen,
etc.) Minimal
bleeding until
removed
• DO NOT REMOVE
• angle & depth of
instrument
determines what
organ(s) are
affected

69. AVULSION
• flap type skin
injury that bleeds
freely and has
small portion of the
skin still attached
to the body
degloved

70. AMPUTATION
• detachment of a
body part or
portion of the part
(finger, toe, arm,
leg, ear, etc.)
Partial
amputation
Complete
amputation

71. TREATMENT OF
OPEN WOUND INJURIES
• Minor wounds:
• wash hands with 3-5ml soap for 10-15 sec.
• use protective barrier gloves, plastic wrap or bag
• cleanse wound gently with soap & water, rinse
thoroughly and dry
• cover wound with clean dressing & apply direct
pressure
• apply bandage to secure dressing. Avoid it being too
tight (P-M-S checks)

72. TREATMENT OF
OPEN WOUND INJURIES
• Major wounds:
• manage A-B-C’s first
• apply clean dressing to wound & apply direct pressure.
Don’t remove soaked dressings, add more dressings so
clots are not disturbed
• elevate part if bleeding continues
• may need to apply pressure to a pulse point above the
bleed site

73. ARTERIAL PULSE PRESSURE POINTS
• if direct pressure
and elevation of a
part has not
stopped a bleed,
find the pulse point
between the wound
and heart closest to
the wound and
apply pressure at
that point
Pressure Points

74. TREATMENT OF
OPEN WOUND INJURIES
• Major wounds:
• seek medical attention for all major wounds (may need
a tetanus update, may need to have the wound closed,
there could be bone injury also) Sutures must be done
within 6-8 hours after injury
• all bites from animal or human should be seen by a
physician. Identify the animal and it’s owner whenever
possible, and notify the authorities so animal can be
contained

75. MANAGING
AMPUTATED PARTS
• manage A-B-C’s
• apply direct pressure to stump
• wrap body part in a dry, clean cloth
• place wrapped part into a plastic bag and seal
• place sealed bag into icy cold water
• DO NOT PUT AMPUTATED PART DIRECTLY INTO WATER
OR ON ICE

76. CLOSED WOUNDS
• Blunt injuries:
(internal) blood
not visible, but
bleeding is active
inside of the body;
skin is intact. This
type of bleeding is
often most serious
tire tracks on abdomen

77. CONTUSION
• bruising caused by
blunt injury

78. HEMATOMA
• blood pooling
under the skin
resulting in blue
colored mass
hematoma (blood
tumor)

79. TREATMENT OF CLOSED WOUND
INJURIES
• manage A-B-C’s
• note how injury happened and be concerned when
things “look bad”
• treat for shock
• treat problems appropriately when identified in
observation
• apply ice to closed wounds with a barrier between
ice & skin to prevent frostbite

80. WOUNDS REQUIRING IMMEDIATE
ATTENTION
• arterial bleeding
• deep wounds into muscle, bone & joints or open
& gaping
• all puncture wounds, dirty wounds or wounds
with embedded objects
• blunt injuries that produce a large bruise, or
swelling
• bites, human or animal

81. COMPLICATIONS OF WOUND
INJURIES
• infection - invasion of disease-producing organisms
into the body
• tetanus - an infectious disease caused by bacteria
found in the soil, air, skin or feces producing a
powerful toxin affecting the brain and spinal cord

82. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
OF WOUND INFECTION
• redness, swelling, pain of affected area
• affected area “hot to the touch”
• drainage (pus) from wound “foul smell”
• possible fever, chills
• possible red streaks from affected area towards
heart (SERIOUS SIGN, requires immediate medical
attention)

83. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
OF TETANUS
• Muscle spasms following a dirty wound
• Extreme body rigidity (“Lock Jaw”)
• No known antidote available
• Prevented by vaccination

84. QUIZ 3
• You and a friend are hiking in the woods. You friend slips off of the trail
and falls down a hill, landing along side a tree. When you reach your
friend, she is awake and complaining of chest pain and finds it hard to
breathe. Her skin is cool and damp and she appears pale.
• What is your assessment of the situation?
• Identify the type of trauma that occurred
• Blunt force-no evident bleeding
• Why does it hurt to breathe?
• Possible broken ribs/internal bleeding
• Why is the skin pale and damp?
• Going into shock
• What steps are taken to treat a patient in shock?
• Your friend complains of being thirsty. Is this a concern?

85. BANDAGING
• bandages hold dressings in place
• dressings are placed directly over wounds to
control bleeding and/or prevent further
contamination. Whenever possible, dressings
should be sterile. When sterile is not available,
dressings should be clean

86. ROLLER BANDAGES
• long strips of
material or
prepared gauze
rolls in varying
widths & lengths
used in wrapping
extremity and
head wounds
• may be used to
secure splints

87. TRIANGULAR BANDAGES
• “cravat”,
triangular in shape
• can be used as an
arm sling with
second wrapped
around chest wall
keeping arm close
to chest
• ideal for splinting
simple rib fractures

88. PRINCIPLES OF
BANDAGING
• P-M-S checks below injury site before & after bandaging
• apply secure enough to hold dressing in place, but not too
tight to disrupt circulation
• do not include fingers & toes unless they are the wounded
parts. You want to see their color & feel their temperature
• wrap towards heart during application
• use figure 8 techniques with roller bandages

89. P O W E R P O I N T # 3
FIRST AID TRAINING

90. LEARNING OUTCOME
• identify injuries to specific body areas, fractures,
joint and muscle injuries and the appropriate first
aid interventions

91. SKULL FRACTURES
• open fractures
indicate that the
bone has broken
through the skin &
may or may not
be visible

92. SKULL FRACTURES
• closed fractures
indicate the bone
has been broken,
but the skin is
intact
Closed fracture

93. CAUSES OF SKULL FRACTURES
• trauma to the
head from:
• motor vehicle
accidents
• falls
• blows to the head

94. HEAD INJURIES
• Signs & Symptoms of
Skull Fractures
• pain at site of injury
• deformity “soft spot”
• drainage from ears &
nose (CSF)
• unequal pupil size
• CONSIDER the
mechanism of injury
to assess seriousness

95. CONCUSSION
• a temporary
impairment of
brain function due
to injury to the
skull

96. CAUSES OF CONCUSSIONS
• blow to the head due to a fall, motor vehicle
accident, industrial accident, weapon, etc.
• shaking the head causes severe bruising of the
brain and tearing of the blood vessels creating
the“Shaken Baby Syndrome”. This condition is often
the cause of death for infants

97. CONCUSSION
• Signs & Symptoms:
• loss of consciousness
• severe headache
• short term memory loss
• “seeing stars” sensation
• dizziness
• double or blurred vision
• projectile vomiting

98. DEGREE OF CONCUSSION
• Mild - no loss of consciousness
• Moderate - unconscious less than 5 minutes
• Severe - unconscious more than 5 minutes

99. BRAIN CONTUSION
• bruising on or in the brain
• very serious

100. BRAIN CONTUSION
EPIDURAL BLEED
• on top of brain, just
below skull. The
space between
skull & brain is
minimal. Any
bleeding in this
space is serious,
causing pressure on
the brain
b
l
o
o
d
brain

101. BRAIN CONTUSION
SUBDURAL BLEED
• takes place within
the brain & often
results in
neurological
disabilities or
death
brain
B
l
o
o
d

102. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
BRAIN CONTUSION
• Epidural Bleeds:
• initial blow to the head & possible brief period of
unconsciousness
• “seeing stars” sensation, headache, dizziness, projectile
vomiting, visual disturbances initially
• hours or days later, the patient suddenly becomes
unconscious
• unequal pupil size

103. TREATMENT
HEAD INJURIES
• A-B-C’s (jaw thrust maneuver)
• cover bleeding wounds (don’t plug-up nose or ear
bleeding/drainage)
• for prolonged unconsciousness
• Always assume a neck/spine injury with any head or face
injury until ruled out by x-ray

104. COMPLICATIONS OF
HEAD CONTUSIONS
• Need immediate medical attention:
• headache lasting more than 48 hours
• nausea & vomiting more than 2 episodes back to back,
or projectile vomiting
• drowsiness (victim should be awakened frequently &
assess their level of orientation)
• visual disturbances (blurred/double)
• unsteady gait
• speech problems
• seizures

105. EYE INJURIES
• Blunt Trauma
• Penetrating Injuries
• Foreign Objects

106. EYE INJURIES
• CAUSES OF BLUNT
EYE TRAUMA:
• fists (altercations)
• snowballs
• baseballs/softballs
• doors, etc.

107. TREATMENT
BLUNT EYE TRUAMA
• have victim sit semi-upright
• close both eyes
• seek medical attention immediately
• DO NOT place any weight onto globe of eye
• DO NOT place ice on the eye

108. PENETRATING
EYE INJURIES
• CAUSES :
• pens
• ice picks
• knives
• bullets
• roofing staples
• pool sticks, etc.
staple

109. TREATMENT
PENETRATING EYE
• place victim in semi-sitting position
• close both eyes of victim
• NO pressure on the eye
• dry gauze pads over both eyes
• seek medical attention immediately
• victim can’t see when both eyes are covered, keep
them informed

110. FOREIGN OBJECTS
• dust
• dirt
• metal
• splinter
• rust
• pens/pencils
• glass, etc.

111. TREATMENT
FOREIGN OBJECTS
• DO NOT rub the eye
• flush eye with tepid water from inner corner to outer
corner of eye until object is free (use gentle water flow)
• may invert eyelid onto Q-tip, and gently flush object
• if still in, close both eyes & seek medical attention
• keep patient informed as they can’t see

112. TREATMENT
EMBEDDED OBJECT
• DO NOT remove the embedded object
• place paper cup over short object to protect object
from being bumped and moved
• have patient close unaffected eye
• cover both eyes to reduce eye movement
• seek medical attention immediately
• keep patient informed about happenings

113. CHEMICAL BURNS
• Alkali
• destroys eye in 30
seconds & appears
“milky white”
• flush immediately
with tepid, gentle
flow water, from
inner to outer
corner of eye 20
minutes minimum
• Acid
• destroys eye within
30 min. & appears
“beefy red”
• flush immediately
with tepid, gentle
flow water, from inner
to outer corner of eye
20 minutes minimum

114. CHEMICAL BURN TO
THE EYE
alkali acid

115. NOSEBLEEDS
• Two Types:
• anterior - involving the superficial vessels in front portion of
nose
• posterior - involving larger vessels in back portion of nose
(could be life threatening bleed)

116. CAUSES OF NOSEBLEEDS
• trauma
• sinus
infections/allergies
• hypertension (high
blood pressure)
• dry air conditions
Patient applies squeezing pressure

117. TREATMENT
NOSE BLEEDS
• keep patient quiet
• sit upright/lean slightly forward to avoid swallowing of
blood
• pinch nostrils for minimum of 5 minutes
• apply ice to forehead above nose
• seek medical attention if bleeding after 6-10 minutes
• question patient about anticoagulant drugs (drugs that
affect clotting time)
• treat for shock

118. DENTAL INJURIES
• a tooth completely
knocked out of
socket:
• place in whole milk
• take patient & tooth
to dentist
immediately
• DO NOT touch the
root of the tooth
missing
If no dentist is available, rinse
tooth with water and replace
in socket and align with
adjacent teeth

119. DENTAL INJURIES
• partially extracted
teeth:
• get to dentist
immediately, if not:
• rinse with water and
align tooth to
adjacent teeth and
push back into place

120. CHEST INJURIES
• Types of chest injuries:
• open - chest wall is open - skin broken
• penetrating (could be ribs breaking through or foreign
object such as bullet, knives, etc.)
• sucking wounds
• closed - chest wall is closed
• no obvious bleeding noted
• major injuries can be involved though. The largest blood
vessels are in the middle of the chest

121. BLUNT TRAUMA
TO CHEST
• may cause serious
injuries to the
organs beneath
the impact
• examples:
(steering wheel to
chest on impact,
fists to face or
chest, kicked by
someone or other
weapons, etc.)

122. PENETRATING TRAUMA
TO CHEST
• may cause serious
injuries beneath
site of penetration
• consider length of
instrument
penetrating &
movement within
body
• examples: (bullets,
knives, picks, pens,
etc.

123. CRUSHING INJURY
TO CHEST
• squeezes body,
bones or organs to
the point of
bursting or
prevents the body
system the ability
to function
• Example: (any
heavy weight on
chest impairs the
action of breathing)

124. SIGNS & SYMPTONS
OF CHEST INJURIES
• chest pain -shortness of breath
• open wounds -chest deformity
• pale/ashen color -paradoxical movement
• sucking sounds -signs of shock
• asymmetrical chest wall movement
• coughing up of blood

125. TREATMENT CLOSED
CHEST INJURIES
• ABC’s - stabilize any vital sign problems
• allow sitting position unless there are accompanying
injuries that prevent it
• to immobilize major rib injuries, consider the use of
pillow over the affected area
• to immobilize simple rib fractures, use a sling & swathe
• NEVER bind the chest to inhibit breathing

126. TREATMENT OPEN
CHEST INJURIES
• open wounds should be sealed quickly with cellophane
wrap or plastic baggie, etc. large enough not to get
sucked into wound & secured with tape on 3 sides only
• any chest wound has potential to become a life
threatening problem
• Call 9-1-1 immediately

127. TREATMENT EMBEDDED OBJECTS
IN CHEST
• stabilize any
embedded foreign
objects to
minimize
movement of the
object and further
injuries
• DO NOT remove
the embedded
object

128. ABDOMINAL INJURIES
• open injuries: there is an entry from outside the
body into the abdominal cavity
• closed injuries: blunt injury to abdominal cavity that
may result in serious abdominal organ contusions &
lacerations, large & small blood vessel tears that
result in major blood losses

129. CAUSES OF
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
• impaled objects
objects that enter the abdomen by accident or assault & remain
in the abdomen (knives, bullets, pens, ice picks, etc.)
• penetrating injuries
objects that enter the abdomen causing injury, and if pulled out,
suffer major bleeding (bullets, knives, pens, ice picks, motor
vehicle parts, etc.)

130. CLOSED ABDOMINAL
INJURIES (BLUNT INJURY)
• Causes:
• blows with fists or other instruments during altercations
• falls onto blunt objects
• motor vehicle accidents

131. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• history of injury
• pain, cramping , nausea, & possible vomiting
• guarded positioning/hardened abdomen
• evidence of blood in urine &/or stool
• evisceration (abdominal organs exposed)
• signs of shock: pale/ashen color, cool skin, moist skin,
rapid breathing

132. TREATMENT
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
• check & correct A-B-C problems.
• keep victim quiet, warm and in position of comfort
• give patient nothing to eat or drink
• patient may vomit, save emesis
• cover eviscerated organs with sterile, moist, non-
clinging dressing & bulky dry dressing
• do not remove or allow movement of impaled objects

133. FRACTURES
• defined as:
• break in the
bone cortex
• closed fractures
have no break in
the skin
• open fractures
have a break in
the skin
fracture
fracture

134. DISLOCATION
• defined as:
• displacement of
bones at a joint
Elbow photo
Elbow x-ray

135. SPRAIN/STRAIN
• sprain defined as:
• temporary
dislocation of joint
usually involving
ligament injury
• strain defined as:
• pulled muscle
swollen
Sprained right ankle

136. CAUSES OF
BONES & JOINT INJURIES
• sporting injuries
• motor vehicle
accidents
• falls
• altercations, etc.

137. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
OF BONE INJURIES
• pain &/or swelling over site of injury
• obvious deformity &/or false motion
• joint deformity with dislocations
• crepitus (grating sensation as fractured bones ends rub
together)
• possible open wound with bone protrusion
• history of injury

138. TREATMENT
FRACTURE/DISLOCATIONS
• manage A-B-C’s before fractures
• remove clothing around injury site
• control bleeds with pressure dressings
• do not push protruding bone(s) under skin
• P-M-S, check skin color, temperature & movement below
injury
• splint as found, include joint above & below
• recheck P-M-S, skin color, temperature & movement below
injury

139. TREATMENT
MUSCLES INJURIES
• Ice to injury site 24-48 hours after injury (place barrier
between ice & skin)
• Compress injury site with ace wrap for support (not too
tight) P-M-S checks
• Elevate affected part to reduce swelling
• Apply heat to site 48 hours after injury
• Seek medical attention if pain/swelling persists

140. SPINE INJURIES
• Causes of spine
injuries:
• motor vehicle
accidents
• falls
• diving accidents
• rodeo stunts
• gymnastic, etc.

141. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
SPINE INJURY
• mechanism of injury suggestive of spine injury
• complaints of numbness, tingling, weakness or burning
sensation in arms/legs
• loss of bowel or bladder control
• complaint of pain directly over a section of the spine
• not breathing

142. TREATMENT
SPINE INJURIES
• A-B-C’s (jaw-thrust maneuver to open airway with spine
injuries)
• Call emergency
• allow no patient movement (move patient only if imminent
danger is present)
• keep patient warm

143. TREATMENT
SPINE INJURIES
• Assign someone to
keep head aligned
with body (a
blanket rolled &
shaped like a
horseshoe around
head & secured to
a backboard works
well) Do not use
any weights on
sides of head

144. SPLINTING
• a splint is a supportive device applied to immobilize
a fracture or restrict movement of an injured part
• splinting minimizes further surrounding tissue, vessel
and nerve damage that the broken bone ends
could do when not stable

145. TYPES OF SPLINTS
• pillow
• rigid; boards,
rolled
newspaper/maga
zine
• professional;
padded, vacuum,
ladder, and
traction
vacuum
traction
padded
rigid

146. CREATIVE SPLINTS
• when professional splints are not available, consider
using:
• rolled up magazine or newspaper
• a board or other flat firm object
• a pillow
• “buddy tape” affected extremity to an adjacent one with
padding between. The unaffected finger, toe, or leg
becomes the splint for the injured buddy body part

147. PRINCIPLES OF SPLINTING
• apply splints before moving victim
• P-M-S checks (pink/warm skin, movement, sense of
touch below fracture)before splint
• include joints above & below injury site
• secure splint with cravats or roller bandages
• keep fingers & toes exposed for assessment
• splint injury as found, do not straighten
• cover open fractures with sterile or clean dressings
continued

148. PRINCIPLES OF SPLINTING
• hand &/or finger fractures should be placed in position
of function (cupped around roller bandage or
something similar)
• remove jewelry, clothing, shoes, or socks when part of
the injury site
• recheck P-M-S
• elevate fracture extremities after splinting
• apply ice to closed fracture site, with cloth barrier
between ice & skin

149. LEARNING OUTCOME
• identify skills in moving and rescuing victims

150. MOVING VICTIMS
• do not move a victim until you have provided
appropriate first aid for the injuries identified

151. MOVING VICTIMS
• exceptions of moving before treatment of injuries:
• existing fire or imminent danger of fire
• when it is impossible to gain access to other victims in a
vehicle in need of life-saving care
• DO NOT enter an area of explosives or hazardous materials
regardless of situation to avoid injury to self

152. ONE PERSON
• Emergency moves
• Drags: pull
direction of long
axis of body
• shoulder/clothing
drag tug clothing at
neck/shoulder area,
stabilize head in
forearms; used for
short/rough surfaces
• blanket drag - pull
blanket from behind
the victim’s head

153. ONE PERSON
• Emergency moves:
• ankle drag - pull victim by ankles; the fastest method for
short distances on smooth surface
• one person assist - assist victim to walk if able

154. ONE PERSON
• Emergency
moves:
• Carries:
• fireman’s carry -
victim carried over
your shoulder if
injuries permit

155. ONE PERSON
• Emergency
moves:
• Carries:
• pack-strap carry - for
longer distances
when fireman’s carry
might be unsafe

156. TWO PERSON
• Emergency
moves:
• two person assist -
help person to
walk

157. TWO PERSON
• Emergency
moves:
• two handed seat
carry

158. TWO-THREE PERSON
• Emergency
moves:
• four handed grip -
easiest when no
equipment

159. TWO-THREE PERSON
• Emergency move:
• chair carry

160. TWO-THREE PERSON
• Emergency moves:
• two handed grip extremity carry
• hammock carry - 3 - 6 people on alternate sides of
victim linking hands together beneath victim

161. MOVING VICTIMS
• Principles of Moving Victims:
• immobilize & protect injuries before moving
• maintain firm footing with feet, shoulder’s width apart,
one foot slightly in front of the other, knees bent slightly,
& your arms close to your body, avoid twisting, & keep
back straight with hips below shoulders. Let the leg
muscles work, not your back
• keep motion(s) smooth
• know physical capabilities. Need help? Get it, for safety
of all!

162. WATER RESCUE
• drowning is 3rd leading cause of accidental death
• your goal will include not becoming the next victim
and doing what you can do safely to help the
victim

163. WATER RESCUE
• Principles of attempting water rescue:
• Reach
• long stick, lightweight pole, or any object that will extend to
victim
• secure yourself before reaching out to victim
• if bystander is nearby, have them hold onto you will you
reach out to victim

164. WATER RESCUE
• Principles of attempting water rescue:
• Throw
• attach a rope to anything that floats (ring buoy, life
jacket, floating cushions, short pieces of wood, empty
plastic jugs, etc.)
• throw object beyond victim so wind/current allows
floating object to come back to victim
• lean backwards as you pull victim to safety to avoid
getting pulled into water yourself

165. WATER RESCUE
• Principles of attempting water rescue:
• Row
• if victim is beyond reach & rowboat/sailboat are
available, you may attempt this type of rescue if you
have the skill (a paddle/oar craft is slower & safer than a
motor driven craft
• consider elements of danger
• victim should be pulled into boat over the back, NOT the
side

166. WATER RESCUE
• Principles of attempting water rescue:
• Go
• an assessment must be made by rescuer weighing the
risk vs. reward to the victim
• this should be last resort, not first
• know your capabilities

167. WATER RESCUE
• After a water rescue:
• protect victim & yourself against cold
• be prepared to start mouth to mouth resuscitation and/or
CPR
• seek medical attention for victim and yourself

168. ICE RESCUE
• attempt to reach victim with an object
• form a human chain, lying flat to distribute weight
on the ice
• seek medical attention for victim immediately after
rescue
• remove cold/wet clothing & cover with dry warm
blankets after rescue
• DON’T become the next victim

169. LEARNING OUTCOME
• identify poisoning, alcohol, and drug emergencies
and first aid interventions

170. POISONS, ALCOHOL & DRUGS
• poison defined as:
• any substance
that will cause a
reaction that
damages tissue,
alters organ and
system functions or
may even cause
death
Recreational Drugs/Alcohol

171. INGESTED POISONS
• swallowed
(accidental or
intentional)
Drano

172. INHALED POISONS
• the act of
breathing subjects
the respiratory
system to inhaled
poisons Carbon monoxide

173. ABSORBED POISONS
• through the skin
by coming in
contact with a
poison
Poison ivy

174. INJECTED POISONS
• through skin
puncture that
could be a bite
from an animal or
reptile, a sting
from an insect or
recreational drug
injection
Ouch!

175. INGESTED POISONS
• Signs & Symptoms:
• nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping
• obvious mouth burns, stains, odors
• obvious containers/evidence of poisons

176. TREATMENT
INGESTED POISONS
• manage A-B-C’s.
• determine what, amount & time ingested
• follow directions of poison center that may include
inducing vomiting using Syrup of Ipecac

177. INGESTED POISONS
• When NOT to induce vomiting:
• seizure activity
• unconsciousness or drowsiness
• pregnancy
• heart problems
• when corrosives, petroleum or strychnine products have
been ingested

178. INHALED POISONS
• Signs & Symptoms:
• headache
• dizziness/weakness
• visual disturbances
• hoarseness, tightness in throat,difficulty swallowing,
coughing, wheezing
• cardiac & respiratory failure
• INHALED POISONS OFTEN ODORLESS, BEWARE!!

179. TREATMENT
INHALED POISONS
• don’t become the next victim
• manage A-B-C’s
• remove patient from environment if possible
• call 9-1-1, 100% oxygen is needed for victim

180. ABSORBED POISONS
• Signs & Symptoms:
• redness of skin
• blisters/rashes
• swelling
• itching
• known contact with poison ivy/oak or other poisonous
substance

181. TREATMENT
ABSORBED POISONS
• wash exposed area immediately with mild soap & tepid
water (avoid strong water pressure)
• baking soda compresses to affected areas or poison ivy
or oak 4 times/day
• hot baths (releases natural antihistamines)
• seek medical attention in severe cases

182. INJECTED POISONS
• Signs & Symptoms:
• obvious markings (insect bites, bees, ticks, snake bites,
etc. or “needle tracks” anywhere on the body) DO
THOROUGH EXAM
• localized pain/burning
• swelling/redness
• possible nausea, vomiting, weakness
• tightness in throat, difficulty breathing
• possible respiratory/cardiac arrest

183. TREATMENT
INJECTED POISONS
• manage A-B-C’s
• identify poison
• pull off ticks with
tweezers or fingers
grasping close to
skin (don’t twist it)
tick
This bite resulted in
Lyme disease

184. MOOD ALTERING SUBSTANCES
• alcohol: a
depressant, even
though there is an
initial “up feeling”.
Abuse of alcohol
causes physical &
psychological
disorders that affect
personal &
professional
relationships

185. MOOD ALTERING SUBSTANCES
• drugs: may be
stimulants
(“uppers”) or they
may be
depressants
(“downers”)

186. “UPPER’S”
• stimulate central nervous system
• gives feeling of well being/reduce fatigue
• may cause hyperactivity, restlessness and
belligerence when high dosages are used
• frequently abused “uppers”:
• caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, anti-asthmatic drugs,
vasoconstrictors, etc.

187. “DOWNER’S”
• depress central nervous system
• cause drowsiness
• relieve anxiety
• relaxing
• frequently abused “downers”:
• marijuana, barbiturates, tranquilizers, narcotics,
anticonvulsants, etc.

188. MOOD ALTERING DRUGS
• Signs & Symptoms:
• possible alcohol odor on breath
• possible lack of coordination
• possible drowsiness
• possible slurred speech
• possible hyperactivity or combativeness
• possible nausea/vomiting
• possible flushed face (red)

189. TREATMENT
DRUG ABUSE
• manage A-B-C’s/call emergency.
• manage injuries/shock resulting from abuse
(victims abusing drugs/alcohol are frequent ER
patients)
• be prepared for vomiting & save for hospital
• observe environment for pills, alcohol, drug
paraphernalia, etc.

190. P O W E R P O I N T # 4
FIRST AID TRAINING

191. LEARNING OUTCOME
• identify burns, cold, and heat related
emergencies and first aid interventions

192. HEAT BURNS
• Causes:
• hot liquids, vapor or steam
• hot flames
• contact with hot coals, pipes, utensils, stoves,
etc.
• radiant heat
• solar heat
• The hotter the source, the more serious the burn injury

193. SUPERFICIAL BURNS
• epidermis or outer
layer of skin
involved
• once referred to as
a first degree burn
• skin will appear
very red. A good
example of this is
the typical
sunburn

194. PARTIAL THICKNESS BURNS
• includes entire outer
skin layer & below
• once referred to as
second degree
burns
• in addition to
redness, the skin will
blister, swell and be
very painful

195. FULL THICKNESS BURNS
• includes all layers
of skin &
underlying fat,
muscle & bone
continued

196. FULL THICKNESS BURNS
• once called third
degree
• skin will be charred
(black), white, or
red
• no pain in full
thickness burns,
nerves destroyed,
areas adjacent very
painful (2nd
degree)

197. BURN ASSESSMENT
• Factors influencing
seriousness of burn
• size & depth of burn
• age of victim
• body parts involved
in burn
• previous medical
history
• temperature of
burning agent

198. SIZE & DEPTH OF BURN
• the greater the size of the involved burn and the
deeper the burn penetrates, the more serious the
situation

199. SIZING UP THE BURN
• call emergency when burn involves:
• face (possible inhalation)
• hands & feet (may result in muscle contractures)
• genitalia area (may result in serious infections)

200. AGE INFLUENCE ON BURN RECOVERY
• a victim less than 5 years old will not tolerate
serious burns because they will not have
developed body systems mature enough to
battle serious burns
• a victim older than 60 years of age will not
tolerate serious burns, because the advanced
maturity of the body systems may not be able to
cope with the injury

201. PREVIOUS MEDICAL HISTORY
• history of cardiac problems may compromise
cardiovascular circulation
• history of respiratory problems may reduce
adequate oxygen supply to affected areas
• history of diabetes will complicate recovery from
burns

202. TREATMENT/HEAT BURNS
• put out fire (wrap body in blanket if flames)
• manage A-B-C’s
• remove clothing unless stuck, cut around this
area to avoid pulling off body tissue
• remove all jewelry
• cool superficial & partial thickness burns with
tepid water
continued

203. TREATMENT/FULL THICKNESS BURNS
• cover full thickness burns with sterile dressing or clean
cloth
• no ointments, butter or other home remedies
• do not break blisters
• do not wrap snug bandages over dressings
• maintain body temperature, do not allow the victim to
get cold

204. CHEMICAL BURNS
• most serious are the
caustic or corrosive
actions of
chemicals that
include:
• alkali-(examples:
Drano - ammonia)
alkali burns faster and
deeper than acid.
Most alkali burns can
penetrate and burn
within 30 seconds of
contact
Drano

205. CHEMICAL BURNS
• most serious are the
caustic or corrosive
actions of
chemicals that
include:
• acid-(examples:
bleach, vinegar) acid
burns are a little
slower to penetrate
and are noticed at
approximately 30
minutes after contact

206. TREATMENT
CAUSTIC OR CORROSIVES
• Caustic or Corrosive:
• flush area with gentle flow water15 minutes minimum.
Do not use pressure water source (forces chemical into
body)
• manage A-B-C’s
• remove clothing and jewelry
• note name of chemical for professionals
• remove contact lenses from eyes
• DO NOT TOUCH chemical yourself

207. TREATMENT
DRY CHEMICAL BURNS
• Dry Chemicals:
• do not wet (this will activate action of chemical)
• sweep chemical from clothing, body - do not touch with
bare hands
• remove victim’s clothing
• manage A-B-C’s
• note the name of the chemical

208. ELECTRICAL BURNS
• industrial,
bathroom &
flooded
basements are
frequent sites of
electrical burns

209. ELECTRICAL BURN ACTION
• electrical current enters, crosses, and exits body
causing an electrical heart rhythm disturbance

210. ELECTRICAL BURN ACTION
• after 24 hours, severe swelling develops around
affected area causing “compartment
syndrome” a condition that disrupts circulation
that deprives cells of oxygenated blood

211. TREATMENT
ELECTRICAL BURNS
• consider your own safety first
• disconnect power or call power company
• manage A-B-C’s
• DO NOT drive victim to hospital
• any electrical shock can lead to life threatening
problems
continued

212. TREATMENT
ELECTRICAL BURNS
• cover both
wounds (entrance
& exit) with sterile
dry bandage or
clean dry cloth
• be prepared to do
CPR, patient may
experience a
cardiac arrest
burn

213. LIGHTNING STRIKE
• victim will be at risk for cardiac or respiratory arrest
• manage A-B-C’s
• victim is not electrically charged
• if the area is a high risk area of being struck again
with lightening, get to safety

214. DANGEROUS LIGHTNING SITES TO
AVOID
• open fields
• under trees
• on or near water
• on the golf course
• on a telephone
BOOM

215. COLD EMERGENCIES FROSTBITE
• occurs when temperature is below freezing
• affects feet, hands, ears & nose initially
• severe consequences, gangrene and amputation
• freezes tissues, causing ice crystals that damage
nerves, blood vessels, etc.

216. FROSTBITE
• Superficial
• skin white, grayish-
yellow or flushed
• painful initially
• possible numbness,
tingling or stinging
sensation
• late sign, outer skin
layer will be hard to
touch

217. FROSTBITE
• Partial & Full
Thickness
• part very hard to the
touch
• blisters appear 12-
36 hours after
freezing begins
• skin pale and waxy
• usually no pain after
part is frozen
Partial
full

218. TREATMENT
FROSTBITE/FROSTNIP
• manage A-B-C’s
• move victim to a warm environment & remove
any wet clothing
• cover with warm/dry blankets
• handle involved part gently (no rubbing)
• seek medical attention immediately

219. HYPOTHERMIA
• anytime the body’s core temperature goes
below 95 degrees Fahrenheit, the body is too
cool for normal body systems to function

220. MILD HYPOTHERMIA
• Signs & Symptoms:
• shivering
• slurred speech
• memory lapses
• poor coordination

221. SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA
• Signs & Symptoms:
• not shivering
• stiff muscles
• cyanosis (blue)
• pupils dilated
• decreased pulse/respirations (or absent)
• appears dead (80% will die)

222. TREATMENT
HYPOTHERMIA
• manage A-B-C’s
• remove from cold environment gently
• remove wet clothing & cover with blanket
• heat packs to: head, neck, armpits & groin
• ventilate with mouth to mouth when necessary (98.6
degrees F) starts warming process
• be prepared to do CPR

223. HEAT EMERGENCIES
• Heat Stroke:
• most dangerous
heat emergency
• sweating ceases
• body has more
heat than it can
handle
Often enclosed in turnout
gear or something similar
100 degrees
98% humidity

224. HEAT STROKE
• Signs & Symptoms:
• skin” hot” to touch, “flushed” in color & “dry” to the touch
• body temperature in excess of 104 degrees
• decreased level of consciousness
• “bounding” pulse

225. TREATMENT
HEAT STROKE
• manage A-B-C’s
• move victim to cool
environment
• ice packs to head,
neck, armpits & groin
• keep head &
• shoulders slightly
elevated
• a true life threatening
emergency - - -
may Air Lift

226. HEAT EXHAUSTION
• “most common” heat emergency
• not as serious as heat stroke
• excessive perspiration
• common when hot weather emerges rapidly & the body
has not had time to adjust
• common during hot weather sporting events & outdoor
occupational activities due to inadequate fluid intake

227. HEAT EXHAUSTION
• Signs & Symptoms:
• profuse sweating
• weakness, dizziness,
headache
• rapid, weak pulse
• nausea/vomiting &
diarrhea
• pale/ashen skin color
• normal body temp

228. TREATMENT
HEAT EXHAUSTION
• manage A-B-C’s
• remove victim from hot environment
• cool victim with cold packs/wet towels and a fan
• if conscious, may give cool liquids to drink (absolutely
no alcoholic beverages should be given)
• seek medical attention

229. HEAT CRAMPS
• Heat Cramps
• painful muscle
cramps in
arms/legs due to
profuse sweating

230. HEAT CRAMPS
• Signs & Symptoms:
• recent profuse sweating
• muscles cramping in extremities
• abdominal cramping

231. TREATMENT
HEAT CRAMPS
• manage A-B-C’s
• remove from hot environment
• replenish fluid loss with “water”
• do not massage cramping muscle(s)

232. LEARNING OUTCOME
• identify common disease emergencies

233. HEART ATTACK
• death of a portion
of the heart
muscle due to an
inadequate supply
of oxygenated
blood pain

234. HEART ATTACK
• Signs & Symptoms:
• chest pressure, tightness, pain
• jaw, neck & arm(s) ache/pain
• nausea/vomiting or indigestion
• skin white, gray or bluish in color
• skin cool & wet to touch
• shortness of breath
• pulse changes (rapid, weak, slow, irregular)
• possible fainting spell

235. TREATMENT
HEART ATTACK
• recognize problem
• seat patient and provide calm atmosphere
• reassure patient that help is on the way
• if Nitroglycerin is being carried by the patient, help them
use the drug
• be prepared to do CPR

236. STROKE
• “brain attack” a
disruption of blood
flow to, or through
the brain
• causes:
• possible burst of a
blood vessel in the
brain
• blood clot that
traveled to the
brain & became
lodged
attack

237. STROKE
• Signs & Symptoms:
• sudden weakness/numbness of face, arm, &/or leg on
one side of the body
• speech disturbances
• visual disturbances
• unexplained dizziness, unsteady gait or falls without
cause
• sudden severe headache
• loss of bladder &/or bowel control

238. TREATMENT/STROKE
• manage A-B-C’s
• determine time of onset of symptoms
• if no injuries, turn patient onto affected side
• keep head/shoulder slightly elevated if there are no
head/neck injuries that prevent it
• give nothing to eat or drink
• keep atmosphere calm, avoid creating greater anxiety
to the patient

239. TREATMENT/STROKE
• this patient needs
clot-busting drugs
in a timely manner.
Do not delay
definitive care

240. DIABETES
• an inability of the body to properly metabolize
carbohydrates
• created by a failure of the pancreas to produce insulin
• insulin carries sugar to body cells
• lack of insulin causes starving cells in need of fuel
(sugar) creating “crises” for diabetics

241. DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
• (High Blood Sugar)
• Signs & Symptoms
• slow onset
• warm, dry, flushed skin
• decreased level of consciousness
• “sweet, fruity, acetone” breath odor
• vomiting
• intense thirst (due to dehydration)
• frequent urination

242. TREATMENT
KETOACIDOSIS
• (High Blood Sugar)
• manage A-B-C’s
• if victim is conscious, & you are unable to determine if
victim is in ketoacidosis or insulin shock, give them a
sugar drink or food to eat (NO DIET soft drinks)
• if unconscious or level of consciousness is diminished,
give nothing by mouth. Manage airway until
professional rescuers arrive

243. INSULIN SHOCK
• (Low Blood Sugar)
• Signs & Symptoms:
• sudden onset
• behavior similar to intoxication
• skin pale, moist and cool to touch
• weak, disoriented or unconscious
• intense hunger

244. TREATMENT
INSULIN SHOCK
• manage A-B-C’s & call for help immediately
• if conscious, give sugar drink/food (NO DIET drinks)
orange juice with extra sugar
• question about last insulin & last meal
• other illnesses? flu, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.
• extra physical activities?
• this is a life threatening emergency
• give nothing to eat or drink if unconscious

245. EPILEPSY
• a malfunction of the brain due to interruption of
the brain wave signals, often a result of trauma
or earlier illness that creates an uncontrollable
muscle spasm activity

246. SEIZURES
• Signs & Symptoms
• often an aura is experienced prior to seizure
• sudden rigidity & generalized muscle jerking activity
begins
• skin color is blue during seizure
• eyes appear to roll back into head during seizure
• often drooling tinged with blood from mouth
• loss of bladder and/or bowel control
• deep drowsiness after seizure activity

247. TREATMENT
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
• manage A-B-C’s (secretions)
• protect patient from injury (move nearby furniture &
objects)
• DO NOT apply force to flailing patient
• place something soft under head
• turn on side for secretions to drain freely
• maintain privacy for patient
continued

248. TREATMENT
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
• DO NOT place anything in patient’s mouth
• if condition is new or lasts long than a few minutes
• Most common cause of a seizure in patient’s already
diagnosed with the condition, is their failure to take their
seizure medications as directed

249. ASTHMA
• an allergic
reaction that
causes spasms
within the
bronchial airways
of the respiratory
system causing
serious breathing
problems

250. ASTHMA CRISES
• Signs & Symptoms
• recent exposure to allergen
• difficulty breathing, often wheezing noise is heard
(whistling noise) with breathing
• victim sitting in upright position & leaning slightly forward
(tripod position)
• frightened patient
• history of asthma, may have an inhaler

251. TREATMENT
• Asthma Crisis
• manage A-B-C’s
• allow patient to maintain sitting (tripod) position
• remain calm, dim lights, & keep atmosphere quiet
• assist patient with their asthma medications
• encourage patient to drink water
continued

252. TREATMENT
• Asthma Crisis
• CALL for help IMMEDIATELY IF:
• if crisis is caused by a bee sting
• if no improvement with 30 minutes of initial medications
• skin color begins to turn gray/blue
• when breathing is barely heard
• when evidence of dehydration is present (dry mouth,
dry skin, sunken eyes, decreasing level of
consciousness is observed, etc.)

253. THE END