The presentation gives information about how to start writing a research paper, sections in research paper, tools, indexing etc

1. WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Venkata Padmavati

2. What a research paper means
• A research paper is an essay or article in which
you explain your findings after exploring your
topic in depth.
• In a research paper, you include information
from sources such as books, journal or
conference articles, interviews, and Internet
sites.
• You also use your own ideas, knowledge, and
opinions.

3. Why to write research paper
• To put new knowledge in a public forum to announce it
to others and so that others can use it.
• It improves your Reading Skills from Multiple Sources
• It Creates A Research Mind Set
• It Can Promote Curiosity
• Plagiarism and Intellectual Property Rights Matter
• It improves writing skills
• More points for higher studies like MS, MTech etc

4. How to Start

5. Researching Your Topic
• Focus your research on a narrow topic.
• Search for credible sources online and at a library
• Extensive literature survey- recent journal issues
and recent conferences on the topic.
• Come up with a topic

6. Drafting Your Essay
• Create an outline to map out your paper’s structure.
• Present research already done in the topic and
argument in the introduction.
• Build your argument in the body paragraphs
• Summarize your argument in the conclusion

7. Revising Your Paper
• Ensure your paper is well-organized and
includes transitions.
• Cut out unnecessary words and sentences.
Use simple present, past and future tense as
per context.
• Proofread for spelling, grammatical, and
formatting errors.
• Ask a friend, relative, or teacher to read your
work before you submit it.

8. Structure of a research paper

9. Sections of a Research Paper
• Title of the paper
• Authors Information
• Abstract
• Keywords
• Introduction
• Methodology section- can have two or more
subsections
• Findings/results
• Conclusion
• References

10. Title of the Research Paper
• The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study.
• So keep the title brief and clear. Use active verbs instead
of complex noun-based phrases, and avoid unnecessary
details.
• Moreover, a good title for a research paper is typically
around 10 to 12 words long.
• An effective title should:
–Convey the main topics of the study
–Highlight the importance of the research
–Be concise
–Attract readers
– Covid19 Vaccination of Children: A Randomized Trial
– Effect of Covid19 Vaccination on Infection Rates in Rural
Communities: A Randomized Trial

11. Author Information
• First Author (mostly Corresponding Author)
• There can be three to four authors
• Mentors name as the last authors
• Author Name, Institute name and email-ids of
all authors need to be mentioned.
• Doesn’t require your designation, mobile
number etc.

12. Abstract
• An abstract is like a movie trailer. People will only
consider reading the rest of the manuscript if they find
your abstract interesting.
• Write the abstract after you have finished writing your
whole paper.
• Pick out key statements from your introduction,
methods, results, and discussion sections to frame your
abstract with a logical flow.
• Edit your abstract carefully to make it cohesive and
meet the word count requirements of the journal. It
should be less than 250 words and should be in one
paragraph. No citations unless it is very much
required.

13. The Abstract
• A summary of the content of the journal
manuscript
• A time-saving shortcut for busy researchers
• A guide to the most important parts of your
manuscript’s written content
• Your Abstract should answer these questions
about your manuscript:
– What was done?
– Why did you do it?
– What did you find?
– Why are these findings useful and important?
TIP: Journals often set a maximum word count for Abstracts, often 250 words, and
no citations. This is to ensure that the full Abstract appears in indexing services.

14. Keywords
• Keywords are a tool to help indexers and
search engines find relevant papers.
• However, to be effective, Keywords must be
chosen carefully. They should:
• Represent the content of your manuscript
• Be specific to your field or sub-field

15. Introduction
• The Introduction should provide readers with the
background information needed to understand your
study, and the reasons why you conducted your
experiments.
• Every field is different, but you should aim to cite
references that are not more than 10 years old if
possible. Although be sure to cite the first discovery or
mention in the literature even if it older than 10 years.

16. Introduction
• A good introduction should answer the
following questions:
– What is the problem to be solved?
– Are there any existing solutions? (Literature
Survey)
– Which is the best?
– What is its main limitation?
– What do you hope to achieve?

17. Literature Review
• The purpose of the literature review is to describe
past important research and how it specifically
relates to the research thesis. It should include all
relevant findings from credible sources, such as
academic books and peer-reviewed journal articles.
You will want to:
• Try to show connections and any disparities
between the literature.
• Identify new ways to interpret prior research.
• Reveal any gaps that exist in the literature.

18. Methodology
• It can have three or more sections
• The methods section of a research paper provides
the information by which a study's validity is judged.
• Therefore, it requires a clear and precise description
of how the work was done, and why specific
methods were chosen.
• If proposing new method, what is the requirement
and comparison with existing methods

19. Methodology
• The methods section should describe what was
done to answer the research question, describe
how it was done, justify the design, and explain
how the results were analyzed.
• Scientific writing is direct and orderly.
• Therefore, the methods section structure should:
– describe the data used in the study,
– explain how the data were prepared for the study,
describe the research protocol,
– Explain algorithms made
– what calculations were performed, and state which
statistical tests were done to analyze the data.

20. Tables and Figures
• Tables are used to present quantitative data or statistical results of
analyses. Examples of quantitative data are population, age,
frequency, etc.
• Figures on the other hand come in different forms. These could be
graphs, images.
• Figures and tables should be clearly visible
• Ensure that all the tables you have included are referred to in your
text.
• Do not include explicit instructions in your text for the readers to refer
to the tables. It's best to make a brief reference, for example, “More
than half of the Canadian population has not consumed hot sauce in
the first half of 2010 (Table 1).“Avoid instructions such as "See Table 2"
and "Refer to Figure 6"
• Pay particular attention to your target journal’s style: is it Figure 1, Fig.
1, or figure 1? Is the word set in italics or bold or normal? Is it followed
by a colon, a full stop, or just space? And does the caption end in a full
stop?

22. Conclusion
• Paraphrase it or summarize the key points of
your paper.
• You may emphasize the significance of your
findings as well.
• A good idea is to provide some
recommendations based on the results of your
investigation or suggest some directions for
further research.

23. Reference List
• No paper is complete without a reference list,
documenting all the sources that you used for
your research.
• This should be laid out according to APA or
other specified format, allowing any
interested researcher to follow up on the
research.

24. APA: American Psychological Association Style
• Mischel, W. and Baker, N. (1975). Cognitive transformations of
reward objects through instructions. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 31, 254-261.
• Author, I. N. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal or
Periodical, volume number(issue number), page numbers.
• How to refer in the paper
– Mischel and Baker (2005) outlines clear difference……….

25. IEEE Referencing Style
People find hearing aids inconvenient, and some accept that
losing hearing capability is a part of aging, known as
presbycusis [6], [7].
References:
[6] G. Gates and J. Mills, "Presbycusis," Lancet, vol. 366, no.
9491, pp. 1111–1120, 2005.
[7] J. Cohen-Mansfield and J. Taylor, "Hearing aid use in
nursing homes. Part 2: Barriers to effective utilization of
hearing aids," J. Amer. Med. Dir. Assoc., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 289–
296, 2004.

26. Tools for Research Paper Preparation
• Manuscript preparation- MSWord, Open Office
writer, Latex etc
• Grammar checkers .
https://www.grammarly.com/
• Referencing Tools- Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote
• Plagiarism checkers- While Turnitin is available
to Universities, Scribbr is available to
students. Many free online tools are available.
https://www.paperrater.com/plagiarism_checker

27. Indexing of a Journal
• Indexing: Indexation of a journal is considered a
reflection of its quality.
• Indexed journals are considered to be of higher
scientific quality as compared to non-indexed
journals.
• https://www.springer.com/journal/10994
– UGC Care indexing
https://ugccare.unipune.ac.in/apps1/home/index
– SCOPUS Indexed
https://www.scopus.com/sources.uri?zone=TopNavBar&origin=se
archbasic
– Science Citation indexing (SCI)
https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results

28. Top Publishers
• Publishers
– Elsevier,
– Springer,
– Emerald,
– Taylor and Francis,
– Science Direct,
– IEEE Transactions,

29. Thank you.
Submit papers for BITCON 2020