1. Dr. Mary NewportDr. Mary Newport
November 2009November 2009
www.coconutketones.comwww.coconutketones.com
COCONUT OIL &COCONUT OIL &
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASEALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Ketones as FuelKetones as Fuel
for Neuronsfor Neurons

2. Steve Newport 2009Steve Newport 2009

3. Steve NewportSteve Newport
 BSBA in Accounting from Xavier University,BSBA in Accounting from Xavier University,
Cincinnati, OhioCincinnati, Ohio
 Worked for 9 years as accountant/officeWorked for 9 years as accountant/office
manager for mental health centers until 1980manager for mental health centers until 1980
 1980’s to 2003 - Worked from home for medical1980’s to 2003 - Worked from home for medical
practice – accounting, management, billing,practice – accounting, management, billing,
while caring for our childrenwhile caring for our children
 Computer wizComputer wiz
 Loves landscaping, cooking, reading novels,Loves landscaping, cooking, reading novels,
kayakingkayaking
 Can fix anything, invents toolsCan fix anything, invents tools

4. Onset Of Alzheimer’s DiseaseOnset Of Alzheimer’s Disease
Early clues (retrospective):Early clues (retrospective):
 Grade School:Grade School:

Couldn’t remember rules of footballCouldn’t remember rules of football

““Fired” as altar boy – couldn’t remember flow of theFired” as altar boy – couldn’t remember flow of the
serviceservice
 Early adult:Early adult:

Couldn’t catch on to card gamesCouldn’t catch on to card games

Did not feel he was functioning as well in accounting/Did not feel he was functioning as well in accounting/
office manager position by late 20’soffice manager position by late 20’s
 30’s and 40’s30’s and 40’s

Hoarding – amasses garage full of “stuff”Hoarding – amasses garage full of “stuff”

5.  Age 50-51:Age 50-51:

Frequently forgets appointments even with 30 minuteFrequently forgets appointments even with 30 minute
remindersreminders

Often loses wallet and keysOften loses wallet and keys
 Age 51-52:Age 51-52:

Payroll errorsPayroll errors

Procrastinates with tax reportsProcrastinates with tax reports

Misses deadlinesMisses deadlines

Can’t remember going to bank and post officeCan’t remember going to bank and post office

Misplaces important mailMisplaces important mail

Psychiatrist believes it is depression rather thanPsychiatrist believes it is depression rather than
dementia - starts anti-depressants and counselingdementia - starts anti-depressants and counseling
Onset Of Alzheimer’s DiseaseOnset Of Alzheimer’s Disease

6.  Age 56:Age 56:

Can no longer follow map – gets lost in New PortCan no longer follow map – gets lost in New Port
RicheyRichey

Misses turn and ends up in JacksonvilleMisses turn and ends up in Jacksonville

Can’t remember how to turn on windshield wiperCan’t remember how to turn on windshield wiper

Confusion at tollboothConfusion at tollbooth

Gives up drivingGives up driving

Stops reading – can’t explain whyStops reading – can’t explain why

Often walks around house and yard with one shoeOften walks around house and yard with one shoe
• No matching pairs of shoes in the house!No matching pairs of shoes in the house!
Mild to ModerateMild to Moderate
Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease

7.  Age 57:Age 57:

Doesn’t recognize some relatives at family reunion –Doesn’t recognize some relatives at family reunion –
lost and confusedlost and confused

Loses 10 pounds in 3 weeks – no longer preparingLoses 10 pounds in 3 weeks – no longer preparing
meals for himselfmeals for himself

Develops intention tremor and problem with keepingDevelops intention tremor and problem with keeping
food on forkfood on fork

Develops jaw tremor when talkingDevelops jaw tremor when talking

Gait becomes slow, can no longer runGait becomes slow, can no longer run

Forgets that he “sired” older daughterForgets that he “sired” older daughter

Personality and sense of humor fadingPersonality and sense of humor fading

Takes lawn tractor and vacuum cleaner apartTakes lawn tractor and vacuum cleaner apart

difficulty spelling simple written words, such as “out”difficulty spelling simple written words, such as “out”
and “put,” and trouble recalling many common wordsand “put,” and trouble recalling many common words
when speakingwhen speaking
Moderate Alzheimer’s DiseaseModerate Alzheimer’s Disease

8. Clinical TrialsClinical Trials
 Age 58 (May 2008):Age 58 (May 2008):

Participates in ADRC annual evaluation andParticipates in ADRC annual evaluation and
screens for vaccine trial at Johnnie Byrdscreens for vaccine trial at Johnnie Byrd
• MRI: “Diffuse involutional change of frontal andMRI: “Diffuse involutional change of frontal and
parietal lobes and moderate left-sided and severeparietal lobes and moderate left-sided and severe
right-sided amygdala and hippocampal atrophyright-sided amygdala and hippocampal atrophy
with no ischemic change, which would support awith no ischemic change, which would support a
clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.”clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.”
• Scores only 12 of 30 on MMSEScores only 12 of 30 on MMSE

Doesn’t qualify for study – told to try again in aDoesn’t qualify for study – told to try again in a
couple of weekscouple of weeks

9.  Scheduled for screenings for 2 different clinicalScheduled for screenings for 2 different clinical
trials May 20 and 21, 2008trials May 20 and 21, 2008
 Late night internet research “risks and benefits”Late night internet research “risks and benefits”
 Learn about Accera product, Ketasyn, nowLearn about Accera product, Ketasyn, now
called Axona – read patent applicationcalled Axona – read patent application

Active ingredient is medium chain triglyceride oil –Active ingredient is medium chain triglyceride oil –
derived from coconut oilderived from coconut oil

47% in pilot study had significant improvement in47% in pilot study had significant improvement in
memory (ADAS-COG,) the rest declined minimallymemory (ADAS-COG,) the rest declined minimally
Clinical TrialsClinical Trials

10. Glucose as EnergyGlucose as Energy
 Glucose is the usual source of energyGlucose is the usual source of energy
for neurons (brain cells).for neurons (brain cells).

11. Glucose as EnergyGlucose as Energy
 In certain diseases, neurons and/or otherIn certain diseases, neurons and/or other
brain and nerve cells have a problem withbrain and nerve cells have a problem with
transporting glucose into the cell andtransporting glucose into the cell and
essentially starve and die.essentially starve and die.

12. ““Diabetes of the Brain”Diabetes of the Brain”

13. PET SCANS FORPET SCANS FOR
GLUCOSE UPTAKEGLUCOSE UPTAKE
NORMAL BRAIN ALZHEIMER’S BRAIN

14. ALZHEIMER’S VS. NORMAL BRAINALZHEIMER’S VS. NORMAL BRAIN

15. Medium chain triglycerides converted in liverMedium chain triglycerides converted in liver
toto KetonesKetones

16. Ketone BodiesKetone Bodies

17. Ketones: Metabolism’s Ugly
Duckling
Theodore B. VanItallie, M.D.,
and Thomas H. Nufert, B.A.
Nutrition Reviews , Vol. 61, No.
10

18. KETONES AS FUELKETONES AS FUEL
Ketones can be taken up by neurons that
cannot use glucose

19. KETONES CONVERT TOKETONES CONVERT TO
ENERGY IN NEURONENERGY IN NEURON
+ =

20. Neuron Can FunctionNeuron Can Function
And Stay AliveAnd Stay Alive

21. Diagram from: Parkinson disease: primacy of age as a risk factor for mitochondrial dysfunction
Theodore B. VanItallie, Metabolism Clinical and Experimental
57 (Suppl 2) (2008) S50–S55

22. Normal neurons can use glucose or ketonesNormal neurons can use glucose or ketones
but usually use glucose if availablebut usually use glucose if available

23. For neurons that cannot use glucose,
Ketones can serve as an “alternate fuel.”

24. DAY BEFORE COCONUT OILDAY BEFORE COCONUT OIL
INTERVENTIONINTERVENTION
 Steve screens for clinicalSteve screens for clinical
trial in St. Petetrial in St. Pete

Scores only 14 of 30 onScores only 14 of 30 on
MMSE, needs 16 to qualifyMMSE, needs 16 to qualify

Doctor asks him to draw aDoctor asks him to draw a
clock – consistent withclock – consistent with
moderately severemoderately severe
Alzheimer’sAlzheimer’s

We pick up coconut oil onWe pick up coconut oil on
the way homethe way home

More internet research,More internet research,
learn about medium chainlearn about medium chain
triglycerides, ketonestriglycerides, ketones

25. HOW MUCH?HOW MUCH?
Coconut Oil is 60% MCT oilCoconut Oil is 60% MCT oil
4 teaspoons MCT Oil or 7 teaspoons Coconut oil
provide same amount of
medium chain triglycerides

26. 11stst
DAY OF COCONUT OILDAY OF COCONUT OIL
INTERVENTIONINTERVENTION
 Receives at least 35 grams coconut oilReceives at least 35 grams coconut oil
with breakfastwith breakfast
 Screens at Johnnie Byrd Center forScreens at Johnnie Byrd Center for
vaccine clinical trialvaccine clinical trial

Scores 18 of 30 on MMSEScores 18 of 30 on MMSE

Qualifies for studyQualifies for study

27. First Days after Coconut OilFirst Days after Coconut Oil
InterventionIntervention
 Begins daily consumption of coconut oilBegins daily consumption of coconut oil

Measured dose at breakfast, cooking andMeasured dose at breakfast, cooking and
other coconut containing foods for dinnerother coconut containing foods for dinner
 More alert - Personality and sense ofMore alert - Personality and sense of
humor resurfacehumor resurface
 Steve says theSteve says the “light switch came back on”“light switch came back on”
and the “fog lifted”and the “fog lifted”
 Facial tremor disappearsFacial tremor disappears
 Intention tremor infrequentIntention tremor infrequent

28. 14 Days After Starting Coconut Oil14 Days After Starting Coconut Oil

29. 37 Days After Starting Coconut Oil37 Days After Starting Coconut Oil

30. Steve’s ClocksSteve’s Clocks
DAY BEFORE
COCONUT OIL
14 DAYS ON
COCONUT OIL
37 DAYS ON
COCONUT OIL

31. More ResearchMore Research
 Ketones, medium chain triglycerides, fattyKetones, medium chain triglycerides, fatty
acids, coconut oilacids, coconut oil
 Dr. Richard Veech/NIH – Ketone expertDr. Richard Veech/NIH – Ketone expert

Ketone ester (beta-hydroxybutyrate)Ketone ester (beta-hydroxybutyrate)

Suggested ketone levelsSuggested ketone levels

32. Ketone EsterKetone Ester
Dr. Richard Veech – NIH-Rockville, MDDr. Richard Veech – NIH-Rockville, MD
 Became interested in studying ketones inBecame interested in studying ketones in
early 1990’searly 1990’s
 Developed an ester of ketone body beta-Developed an ester of ketone body beta-
hydroxybutyrate – oral or IVhydroxybutyrate – oral or IV
 Can achieve levels comparable to starvationCan achieve levels comparable to starvation
– 10 x coconut oil or MCT oil levels– 10 x coconut oil or MCT oil levels
 No adverse effects in recent human toxicityNo adverse effects in recent human toxicity
testingtesting
 Needs funding to mass produce for testingNeeds funding to mass produce for testing
in AD and other diseasesin AD and other diseases

33. Plasma ketones & glucose vs time
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
time (hr after breakfast)
Plasma[ketone](mM)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
[bHB]
[AcAc]
[Glucose]
[Glucose](mM)
dinner
35 grams (7 teaspoons) coconut oil
with breakfast and with dinner

34. Plasma [bHB] & [AcAc] after C-8 breakfast
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time (hr)
Plasma[bHB]&[AcAc](mM)
1 bHB
1 AcAc
2 bHB
2 AcAc
20 grams (4 teaspoons) medium chain triglyceride oil (C:8)

35. Expanded Coconut Oil IntakeExpanded Coconut Oil Intake
 As a result of levels with coconut oil alsoAs a result of levels with coconut oil also
used measured amounts at lunch andused measured amounts at lunch and
dinnerdinner
 Mixing coconut oil and MCT oilMixing coconut oil and MCT oil
 Substituting foods with MCTs for others:Substituting foods with MCTs for others:

Goat’s milk and cheese for cow’s milk andGoat’s milk and cheese for cow’s milk and
cheesecheese

Coconut milk for other liquids in cookingCoconut milk for other liquids in cooking

36. Between 2 - 4 monthsBetween 2 - 4 months
after Interventionafter Intervention
 Visual disturbance resolvesVisual disturbance resolves
 Normalization of gait – able to run againNormalization of gait – able to run again
 Completes household and gardening tasks withCompletes household and gardening tasks with
minimal to no supervision and without distractionminimal to no supervision and without distraction
 Wears both shoes and keeps pairs togetherWears both shoes and keeps pairs together
 His ability to initiate and continue a course ofHis ability to initiate and continue a course of
conversation improvesconversation improves
 Recognizes family members that he couldn’tRecognizes family members that he couldn’t
recall one year earlierrecall one year earlier
 Family says he no longer looks lost,Family says he no longer looks lost,
conversation makes senseconversation makes sense

37. Between 4 -10 MonthsBetween 4 -10 Months
After InterventionAfter Intervention
 Conversational skills continue to improveConversational skills continue to improve
 Reading comprehension improvesReading comprehension improves
 Short term and recent memory improvesShort term and recent memory improves
 Stops having episodes of near syncopeStops having episodes of near syncope
 No longer depressed – Says,No longer depressed – Says, “I have my life“I have my life
back.”back.”
 Wants to do more with his life - volunteers inWants to do more with his life - volunteers in
hospital warehousehospital warehouse
 Vacuums, cuts grass and weeds gardens againVacuums, cuts grass and weeds gardens again
(instead of taking equipment apart!)(instead of taking equipment apart!)

38. Getting the Message OutGetting the Message Out
 Family confirms Steve has improvedFamily confirms Steve has improved
 Article: “What If There Was a Cure forArticle: “What If There Was a Cure for
Alzheimer’s Disease and No One Knew?”Alzheimer’s Disease and No One Knew?”
July 2008July 2008

Sent letters to high profile persons to investigate MCTSent letters to high profile persons to investigate MCT
oil studies and make public awareoil studies and make public aware

Chicago ICAD conferenceChicago ICAD conference

Grass roots method/internetGrass roots method/internet

St Petersburg Times article October 2008St Petersburg Times article October 2008

Website: www.coconutketones.comWebsite: www.coconutketones.com

Legislators March 2009Legislators March 2009

39. Diseases With Decreased GlucoseDiseases With Decreased Glucose
Uptake into Brain/Nerve CellsUptake into Brain/Nerve Cells

Alzheimer’s diseaseAlzheimer’s disease

Parkinson’s diseaseParkinson’s disease

Multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis

Huntington’s choreaHuntington’s chorea

ALS/Lou Gehrig’sALS/Lou Gehrig’s
diseasedisease

Duchenne muscularDuchenne muscular
dystrophydystrophy

Some forms of autismSome forms of autism

Down’s syndrome –Down’s syndrome –
develop Alzheimer’sdevelop Alzheimer’s
disease by ages 30-40disease by ages 30-40

Acute brain injury,Acute brain injury,
accompanied by lackaccompanied by lack
of oxygenof oxygen

Type I and Type IIType I and Type II
diabetesdiabetes

41. Other Reported ImprovementsOther Reported Improvements
 Parkinson’s diseaseParkinson’s disease
 Multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis
 Improved blood sugars in type II diabetesImproved blood sugars in type II diabetes
 Down’s syndromeDown’s syndrome
 Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder
 GlaucomaGlaucoma
 Macular degenerationMacular degeneration
 Cognition in elderly dogCognition in elderly dog

42. Foods with Short and MediumFoods with Short and Medium
Chain Fatty AcidsChain Fatty Acids
 Fats/Oils:Fats/Oils:

Coconut oilCoconut oil 59%59%

Palm Kernel OilPalm Kernel Oil 54%54%

Babassu OilBabassu Oil 55% (Amazon palm)55% (Amazon palm)

Ucuhuba butterUcuhuba butter 13% (Amazon tree seed)13% (Amazon tree seed)

ButterButter 11.5%11.5%

Nutmeg ButterNutmeg Butter 3.1%3.1%

Sheanut OilSheanut Oil 1.7%1.7%

43. Foods with Short and MediumFoods with Short and Medium
Chain Fatty AcidsChain Fatty Acids
 Per 8 ounces:Per 8 ounces:

Goat MilkGoat Milk 1.7 grams1.7 grams

Whole Cow MilkWhole Cow Milk 0.9 grams0.9 grams

Human breast milkHuman breast milk 0.78 grams0.78 grams

Infant formulaInfant formula 1.0 grams1.0 grams

Cottage CheeseCottage Cheese 0.64 grams0.64 grams

44. Foods with Short and MediumFoods with Short and Medium
Chain Fatty AcidsChain Fatty Acids
 Per ounce:Per ounce:

Goat cheeseGoat cheese 2.0 grams2.0 grams

Feta cheeseFeta cheese 1.4 grams1.4 grams

Cream cheeseCream cheese 0.96 grams0.96 grams

American cheeseAmerican cheese 0.85 grams0.85 grams

MozarellaMozarella 0.78 grams0.78 grams

45. Newborns and KetonesNewborns and Ketones
 Newborn develops “ketosis” at onset ofNewborn develops “ketosis” at onset of
breastfeedingbreastfeeding
 Ketones provide 25% of energyKetones provide 25% of energy
requirements during first weeks of liferequirements during first weeks of life
 Even with equivalent amount MCTs inEven with equivalent amount MCTs in
formula, same degree of “ketosis” doesn’tformula, same degree of “ketosis” doesn’t
occur – missing factor?occur – missing factor?

46. Newborn MCFAsNewborn MCFAs
Equivalent in AdultEquivalent in Adult
 10 pound breastfeeding baby gets about10 pound breastfeeding baby gets about
3.12 grams MCFAs per quart breast milk =3.12 grams MCFAs per quart breast milk =
 47 grams MCFAs for 150 pound adult =47 grams MCFAs for 150 pound adult =
 5.5 tablespoons of coconut oil5.5 tablespoons of coconut oil

47. Coconut Oil EquivalentsCoconut Oil Equivalents
 Coconut oil - 1 tablespoon =Coconut oil - 1 tablespoon =

Coconut Milk (undiluted) – 4 ½ tablespoonsCoconut Milk (undiluted) – 4 ½ tablespoons

Coconut meat – 2” x 2” x ½” pieceCoconut meat – 2” x 2” x ½” piece

Coconut grated – 1/3 cupCoconut grated – 1/3 cup

Coconut oil capsules (1 gm) – 14 capsulesCoconut oil capsules (1 gm) – 14 capsules

48. Use onlyUse only NONNON-HYDROGENATED-HYDROGENATED
Coconut OilCoconut Oil

49. STARTSTART SLOWSLOW
 Common effectCommon effect –– DiarrheaDiarrhea

Begin with 1 teaspoon and increase slowlyBegin with 1 teaspoon and increase slowly

Start on a day when you don’t have to goStart on a day when you don’t have to go
somewhere immediately!somewhere immediately!

Take with other foodTake with other food

Can take it slowly during meal over 20-30Can take it slowly during meal over 20-30
minutesminutes

Some foods may help retain oil – cottageSome foods may help retain oil – cottage
cheesecheese

Try grated coconut or coconut milk asTry grated coconut or coconut milk as
alternative for part of “dose”alternative for part of “dose”

50. Food IdeasFood Ideas
 Use coconut oil instead of butter on toast, EnglishUse coconut oil instead of butter on toast, English
muffins, bagels, grits, corn on the cob, potatoes ormuffins, bagels, grits, corn on the cob, potatoes or
sweet potatoes.sweet potatoes.
 Add coconut oil or coconut milk to your favoriteAdd coconut oil or coconut milk to your favorite
smoothie recipe.smoothie recipe.
 Mix coconut oil into:Mix coconut oil into:

Oatmeal or other hot cereal.Oatmeal or other hot cereal.

RRice, vegetables, noodles, pasta.ice, vegetables, noodles, pasta.

Half and half with salad dressings.Half and half with salad dressings.

Soup, chili or spaghetti sauce.Soup, chili or spaghetti sauce.

51. Food IdeasFood Ideas
 Use a measured amount of coconut oil to stir fry orUse a measured amount of coconut oil to stir fry or
sauté any of your favorite dishes.sauté any of your favorite dishes.
 Purchase or make coconut macaroons made fromPurchase or make coconut macaroons made from
all natural products.all natural products.
 Make Coconut oil “fudge”Make Coconut oil “fudge”
 Eat a 2” x 2” square of raw coconut for a snack toEat a 2” x 2” square of raw coconut for a snack to
provide 15 grams of oil.provide 15 grams of oil.
 Add flaked or grated coconut to hot or cold cereal,Add flaked or grated coconut to hot or cold cereal,
yogurt, fruit or vegetable saladsyogurt, fruit or vegetable salads

52. Mixing MCT and Coconut OilMixing MCT and Coconut Oil
 Reason: to achieve higher and continuousReason: to achieve higher and continuous
levels of ketoneslevels of ketones
 One combination:One combination:

MCT Oil 16 ounces + Coconut oil 12 ouncesMCT Oil 16 ounces + Coconut oil 12 ounces

Can emulsify with soy lethicin (about ½Can emulsify with soy lethicin (about ½
teaspoon)teaspoon)

Start low and increase as toleratedStart low and increase as tolerated

Take with each mealTake with each meal

53. Mixing MCT and Coconut OilMixing MCT and Coconut Oil
 Advantages:Advantages:

Stays liquid when mixedStays liquid when mixed

Mixes more easily into many foodsMixes more easily into many foods

Takes advantage of properties of each oilTakes advantage of properties of each oil

More portable for eating away from homeMore portable for eating away from home

54. DoDo Eat Foods withEat Foods with
Omega-3 Fatty AcidsOmega-3 Fatty Acids

55. Eat Whole FoodsEat Whole Foods

56. Don’tDon’t Eat Foods with TransfatsEat Foods with Transfats
and Hydrogenated or Partiallyand Hydrogenated or Partially
Hydrogenated OilsHydrogenated Oils

57. Why not use just MCT oil?Why not use just MCT oil?
 Many other fatty acids of all chain lengthsMany other fatty acids of all chain lengths
in coconut oil that may serve specialin coconut oil that may serve special
purpose:purpose:

Supports thyroidSupports thyroid

Anti-microbial properties – kills certain virusesAnti-microbial properties – kills certain viruses
and bacteria that some research implicates inand bacteria that some research implicates in
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’sAlzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
• Herpes virusesHerpes viruses
• Helicobacter pyloriHelicobacter pylori

May be other factors in the “whole” oil thatMay be other factors in the “whole” oil that
benefit Alzheimer’s and other diseasesbenefit Alzheimer’s and other diseases

58. Why not use justWhy not use just
Coconut Oil?Coconut Oil?
 Ketone levels higher with MCT oilKetone levels higher with MCT oil
 Recent evidence that medium chainsRecent evidence that medium chains
cross blood brain barrier and appear tocross blood brain barrier and appear to
also be used by neurons as fuelalso be used by neurons as fuel

59. Cholesterol IssueCholesterol Issue
 Proponents of each side of issue can findProponents of each side of issue can find
studies to support their beliefsstudies to support their beliefs
 Large scale study with men and women ofLarge scale study with men and women of
all ages needs be done to lay the issue toall ages needs be done to lay the issue to
restrest
 Consider risks vs. benefits in makingConsider risks vs. benefits in making
decision to try this intervention indecision to try this intervention in
Alzheimer’s and other diseasesAlzheimer’s and other diseases

60. ExpectationsExpectations
 Most people will not have immediate orMost people will not have immediate or
dramatic response and some “stabilize”dramatic response and some “stabilize”

Keep a journalKeep a journal
 Must be consistent and persistentMust be consistent and persistent
 Cannot miss a dayCannot miss a day

If no fuel in the tank the car won’t runIf no fuel in the tank the car won’t run
 Strongly suggest at least three month trialStrongly suggest at least three month trial

Monitor closely if stopping this interventionMonitor closely if stopping this intervention

Some don’t realize how much it was helpingSome don’t realize how much it was helping
until they stop ituntil they stop it

61. Is there a relationship betweenIs there a relationship between
lack of MCFAs AND AUTISM?lack of MCFAs AND AUTISM?
 A Mother’s Observation: Child developedA Mother’s Observation: Child developed
neurologic symptoms of autism afterneurologic symptoms of autism after
discontinuing infant formula at 18 monthsdiscontinuing infant formula at 18 months

Lack of MCFAs the culprit?Lack of MCFAs the culprit?

Do MCFAs delay onset of neuro symptoms?Do MCFAs delay onset of neuro symptoms?

Onset of autism often during second yearOnset of autism often during second year
 Parental Survey:Parental Survey:

Most autistic children not breastfedMost autistic children not breastfed

62.  Website for information onlyWebsite for information only

Copies of article, “What If…?Copies of article, “What If…?

Diet guidelines and FAQsDiet guidelines and FAQs

Complete articles - scientific referencesComplete articles - scientific references
related to ketones that can be printed outrelated to ketones that can be printed out

InterviewsInterviews

Can email me with questionsCan email me with questions

UpdatesUpdates

BlogBlog
www.coconutketones.comwww.coconutketones.com

63. Drs. George Cahill, Mary Newport & Richard VeechDrs. George Cahill, Mary Newport & Richard Veech
in Capitol Building – March 2009in Capitol Building – March 2009

66. KETOGENIC DIETKETOGENIC DIET
 HistoryHistory

Fasting used as treatment for seizures andFasting used as treatment for seizures and
epilepsy in biblical times and middle agesepilepsy in biblical times and middle ages

Early 1900’s - NY Pediatrician Rawle GeyelinEarly 1900’s - NY Pediatrician Rawle Geyelin
successfully fasted children to controlsuccessfully fasted children to control
seizures (15 day fast) – 18% were helpedseizures (15 day fast) – 18% were helped

1921 – Wilder proposed that benefits of1921 – Wilder proposed that benefits of
fasting (increase in ketone bodies) could befasting (increase in ketone bodies) could be
produced by diet rich in fats and low inproduced by diet rich in fats and low in
carbohydrates - - “ketogenic diet”carbohydrates - - “ketogenic diet”

67. KETOGENIC DIETKETOGENIC DIET
 History (continued):History (continued):

1924 – Peterman reports effectiveness of diet1924 – Peterman reports effectiveness of diet
from Mayo Clinic – 51% seizure free after 2 ½from Mayo Clinic – 51% seizure free after 2 ½
years on dietyears on diet
• 1 gram protein per kg body weight1 gram protein per kg body weight
• 10-15 grams/day carbohydrate10-15 grams/day carbohydrate
• Remainder of calories as fatRemainder of calories as fat
• Total calories Basal Metabolic Rate + 50%Total calories Basal Metabolic Rate + 50%

Identical to ketogenic diet used today – someIdentical to ketogenic diet used today – some
variations exist – including MCT oil version –variations exist – including MCT oil version –
half of calories are MCT oilhalf of calories are MCT oil

68. KETOGENIC DIETKETOGENIC DIET
 Reported positive effects of ketogenic diet:Reported positive effects of ketogenic diet:

EpilepsyEpilepsy

Alzheimer’s diseaseAlzheimer’s disease

Parkinson’s diseaseParkinson’s disease

Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS)Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS)

Traumatic brain injury and strokeTraumatic brain injury and stroke

Oxygen toxicityOxygen toxicity

Glioblastoma and other cancerous tumorsGlioblastoma and other cancerous tumors

Weight lossWeight loss

69. Brain Metabolism during Fasting
0. E. OWEN, A. P. MORGAN, H. G. KEMP, J. M.
SULLIVAN, M. G. HERRERA, AND
G. F. CAHILL, JR.
The Journal of Clinical Investigation
Vol. 46, No. 10, 1967
First report of ability of brain to use
ketones as fuel

70. Diagram from: Ketone Bodies as a Fuel for the Brain during Starvation - Oliver E. Owen‡
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION
Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 246–251, 2005
Overnight in normal
people: glucose
100% of fuel
Starvation:
Ketones about
2/3 of fuel

71. Diagram from: Ketone Bodies as a Fuel for the Brain during Starvation
Oliver E. Owen‡
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION
Printed in U.S.A. Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 246–251, 2005
FIG. 3. Concentrations of ketone bodies
and free fatty acids during starvation in
humans. Values are shown as the
means
S.E. Ketone bodies undergo the
greatest changes of all fuels during
total starvation.

72.  Presence of ketone in circulation, even at low levelsPresence of ketone in circulation, even at low levels
increases cerebral blood flow by as much as 40%increases cerebral blood flow by as much as 40%
 Ketones used within mitochondria to drive the chainKetones used within mitochondria to drive the chain
reaction that produces ATPreaction that produces ATP
 Reduces generation of free radicals and at same timeReduces generation of free radicals and at same time
increases the scavengers of free radicals linked to theincreases the scavengers of free radicals linked to the
NADP system, such as glutathione.NADP system, such as glutathione.
 Activates anti-inflammatory mechanismsActivates anti-inflammatory mechanisms
Ketone EffectsKetone Effects

73. 
Presence of ketone in circulation, even atPresence of ketone in circulation, even at
low levels increases cerebral blood flow bylow levels increases cerebral blood flow by
as much as 40%as much as 40%

Rectify cerebral energy metabolismRectify cerebral energy metabolism
(provide alternative fuel)(provide alternative fuel)

Protect cerebral functionProtect cerebral function

Suppress cerebral edema and reduceSuppress cerebral edema and reduce
extent of cerebral infarction in brain injuryextent of cerebral infarction in brain injury

Treat diseases involving free radicalTreat diseases involving free radical
damage such as occurs in coronarydamage such as occurs in coronary
reperfusion, diabetic angiopathy,reperfusion, diabetic angiopathy,
inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitisinflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis
Ketone EffectsKetone Effects

74.  ““Utilizing the nerve growth/ stimulatory effects ofUtilizing the nerve growth/ stimulatory effects of
the ketone bodies…cells that are still viable canthe ketone bodies…cells that are still viable can
be caused to improve beyond the state to whichbe caused to improve beyond the state to which
they have degenerated and accordingly somethey have degenerated and accordingly some
improvement of function will be seen inimprovement of function will be seen in
patients.”patients.”

Veech has shown in mice receiving 30% ketone esterVeech has shown in mice receiving 30% ketone ester
diet, significant increase in brain peptides BDNF anddiet, significant increase in brain peptides BDNF and
NGF, compared to high CHO or high fat diet.NGF, compared to high CHO or high fat diet.
Ketone EffectsKetone Effects

75. 
Would allow diabetics to maintain betterWould allow diabetics to maintain better
control of blood sugars without fear ofcontrol of blood sugars without fear of
hypoglycemic consequences and therebyhypoglycemic consequences and thereby
prevent the vascular changes in eye andprevent the vascular changes in eye and
kidneykidney

May treat refractory epilepsy and otherMay treat refractory epilepsy and other
seizure related disorders currently treatableseizure related disorders currently treatable
with ketogenic dietwith ketogenic diet
Potential Effects of KetonesPotential Effects of Ketones

76. D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate treatment of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
deficiency (MADD,) Johan L K Van Hove, et.al., Lancet 2003; 361: 1433–35
After a 150 mg/kg dose
of D,L-3-
hydroxybutyrate,
plasma physiological
ketone body
concentrations peaked
between 0·19 mmol/L
and 0·36 mmol/L after
30 min to 1 h, and
remained above pre-
treatment
concentrations for 4 h.
Brain MRI scans were obtained before (A and D), after 2 months (B and E), and after 9
months of treatment (C and F). There is diffuse involvement of the supratentorial white
matter both centrally and peripherally and in the corpus callosum (A, D). On the
posttreatment scans there is a progressive change in the central white matter with a
decrease in signal intensity. Cavitation can occasionally be seen (F)

78. CELL BASICS –CELL BASICS –
SIMPLE DIAGRAMSIMPLE DIAGRAM

79. CELLCELL

80. CELL MEMBRANECELL MEMBRANE
 Electron micrograph of cell membraneElectron micrograph of cell membrane

82. CELL MEMBRANECELL MEMBRANE

83. FATTY ACIDSFATTY ACIDS

84. FATTY ACIDSFATTY ACIDS
Hydrogenation producesHydrogenation produces
abnormally shapedabnormally shaped
molecules calledmolecules called
transfatstransfats

85. FUEL ANALOGYFUEL ANALOGY
Different vehicles use different fuelsDifferent vehicles use different fuels

86. NEURONSNEURONS

87. NEUROTRANSMITTERSNEUROTRANSMITTERS