3.  Volleyball, volleyball, volleyball, volleyball or just volleyball
(English: volleyball1), is a sport where two teams face on a smooth
pitch separated by a central network, trying to pass the ball over
the net to the floor of the attacking. The ball can be touched or
driven to clean shots, but can not be stopped, held, withheld or
company. Each team has a limited number of touches to return the
ball to the opposite field. Usually the ball is hit with hands and
arms, but also elsewhere in the body except the feet. One of the
most unique characteristics is that volleyball players have to be
rotated their positions as they earn points.
 El voleibol es uno de los deportes donde mayor es la paridad entre
las competiciones femeninas y masculinas, tanto por el nivel de la
competencia como por la popularidad, presencia en los medios y
público que sigue a los equipos.

4.  Volleyball (initially under  The first ball was specially
the name of mintonette) was designed at the request of
born on February 9, 1895 in Morgan by the firm AG
the U.S., in Spalding &
Holyoke, Massachusetts. Its
inventor was William Bros., Chicopee, Massachuset
George Morgan, a professor ts. In 1912 we reviewed the
of physical education at the initial rules in what concerns
YMCA. It was an indoor the size of the pitch and the
game with similarities team ball were not
tennis or handball. Although insured, limited to six the
close in basketball for number of players per
delivery time and team, and joins the rotation
space, clearly deviate from
this in the roughness in the on the serve. In
absence of contact between 1922, regulates the number
the players. of touches, limited attack by
defenders and lays down
two points to achieve the set.

5.  The field where they play volleyball is a rectangle of 18 m long
and 9 m wide, its center line divided into a network that
separates the two teams. In fact the game is also on the outside, in
the free zone, provided that the ball does not touch ground or any
other element. The free zone must be at least 3 m minimum in
international competitions is increased to 5 m on the sidelines
and 8 m for the bottom lines. The free space on the track must
have a minimum height of 7 m in international competitions up
to 12.5 m. A 3 m of the network, a line delimiting each field in the
attack zone, an area where the shares are restricted to players
who are currently in defensive roles (backs and sweeper). These
lines extending outside the field with broken lines, and limited
projects that represent equally all along the line, even beyond the
lines drawn. All lines are 5 cm wide. Contact between players is
continuous with the ground, usually using joint protection. The
surface can be roughened or not sliding.

7.  At the core of the field lies a
network of 1 m wide and 9.5
to 10 m long, with two bands
at the top and bottom and two
vertical rods protruding on
the sideline of the field. The
top edge of the network, the
rods and the roof of the
pavilion itself define the space
by which to pass the ball to
the attacking. The height of
the net may vary in different
categories, being in the adult
categories of 2.43 m and 2.24
m for men and women.

8. The ball is spherical and flexible
circumference 65-67 cm, 260-280 g
in weight and internal pressure
between 0.300 and 0.325 kg / cm ².
It is
smaller and lighter than basketball
or soccer balls. Can be made of
various materials but the most
comfortable and the leather is used.
There are also occasionally plastic
balls can be used in practice.

9. As in tennis, volleyball players during the match
dress shirt, shorts, socks, sneakers and knee pads.
To be continuous contact with the ground is
usually also wear protection on knees and elbows.
At first glance, the players immediately
distinguishes sweepers because they have a
different color dress the rest of his teammates.

10.  A match consists of three, four or five sets. The volleyball
matches are played best of five runs or blocks that are, as in
tennis, the Anglo-Saxon name sets. At the moment one of
the two teams won three sets won, wins the game and
closed the match. A team wins a set when it reaches or
exceeds 25 points with a two (ie: with 25-23 win, but would
have to wait 25-24 26-24 and so on while none of the two
teams do not get the two-point lead). If necessary the fifth
time, set-offs, the target is lowered to 15 points but also two
ahead. This set thus has a shorter duration, but still, the
duration of the volleyball matches are highly variable and
can range from about an hour to even more than two hours.
Fields are drawn before the game and the kickoff. Each set is
a change of field and alternates first serve. If necessary the
fifth set decider, we proceed to a new draw and we perform
a change of field at the point reached by the first 8 teams.

11. Each team plays with six players can be replaced with
conditions. Three of the players form the front line in
attack tasks and the other three are placed behind and
act as advocates or defenders. The entire team it can
be a maximum of 14 players (12 plus 2
sweepers), coach, assistant coach, a masseur and a
doctor. Each player is identified by a different number
from 1 to 20, number on both the front and rear of the
shirt. One player will captain the team and is identified
by a visible band under your number. The sweepers
can not be captain and they alone can and must wear a
different dress, usually of different colors to the team.

13.  Point is achieved when the opposing team commits any of the following offenses
or offenses: If the ball touches the ground inside the field, whether the latter one
corresponds to a player touches itself as one of the opposing team. If the ball just
outside the playing court or by a misguided attack on the opponent or a mistake in
trying to defend. The absence is for the player and the team that last touched the
ball once, and instead point is scored. It is considered to be the contact with the
roof, public or any member of the pavilion, or the same colleges. Contact with the
net, poles or wires on the outside of the sidebands is also out. If you exceed the
number of three hits allowed without having gone to the opposite field, or if a
player touches it twice in a row the ball. As an exception, should touch the
block, that first touch is not accounted for the lack of equipment and four hits for
double single. If at the time of the serve the players are positioned incorrectly, or
that is not fitted to the corresponding rotation. If the wrong ball touch and there is
retention or accompaniment (double in this case). If a back row player attacks
beyond the attack line. The libero can not participate in any way in the block and
has restricted the attack, as has been seen. If a player enters the opponent's court
under the net interfering with the play of the hand, or if one foot has completely
crossed the center line. If it hinders the contrary playing the net, or touches the top
or the top of the rods when playing the ball. Contact is permitted provided that the
network does not interfere with the game.

15.  Each point begins with a throw of the ball from behind
the baseline. He throws the ball into the air and hits to
the opposite field looking for weaknesses in the
opponent's defense. It can be done standing or
jumping. Orientation is important to remove because
the opposing player, he is obliged to receive the shot, is
limited to participate in the subsequent attack.

16.  I t is the action to intercept any attack the opposing team, jumping
at the net with arms raised looking to return the ball directly to the
field of the opponent, or failing that, shake the front court to induce
him to throw the ball off the field game. The lock can be up to three
players (three forwards) to increase the chances of interception.
Also be important here aid of the second line to retrieve the ball for
a block attempt. One of the options available to the attacker jump is
just throwing the ball with force directly against the block looking
for the missing.

17. Intercept and control a ball directing it to
another partner in good condition to play. The
low balls are received with the forearms
together in front, at waist level and high
fingers above his head. In other cases it takes
more spectacular moves. It is common to see a
player jump in iron on the abdomen stretching
his arm to the ball pot on hand instead of on
the ground and avoid the point. Usually the
second touch is intended to provide a ball in
optimal conditions for an auctioneer to put him
to the opposite field. Placement is done raising
his hands with a finger pass, the more accurate
pass in volleyball. The setter has in his hand
(and head) the responsibility to be distributed
throughout the game balls to various
auctioneers and different areas. Generally uses
the techniques of forearm, broadcast, pitch or
hit with any part of the body as a last resort.

18. The player, jumping, finally sends the ball
hard to the opposite field looking for
places poorly defended, or against one's
opponents in terms of speed or direction
such that it can control and the ball goes
out. The player can also opt for the feint
deception or leaving at the end a soft ball
is not expected on the contrary. Although
there are three blasts on computer, you can
make an attack (or fake) in the first touch
to find misplaced or the opposing team off
guard. Types are named with the number
of attacks in the area: Attack defender: The
performing those found in defensive
positions without exceeding the 3-meter
line. 4 attack: the attack is performed by
the attacker who is located in zone 4.
Attack by 2: the attack is performed by the
attacker who is located in zone 2. Central

20.  Gymnastics is a sport in running exercise sequences that
require strength, flexibility and agility. Etymology == == is not
football, it comes from the Greek football γυμναστική
Gymnastics (gymnastike), f. (Gymnastikos), "fond of athletic
exercises", 1st (gymnastics), "exercise" 2 γυμνός derivative
(gymnos), "naked", 3 because athletes trained and competed in
the nude

21. The Romans of the Republic enthusiastically
devoted to walking, riding and other
gymnastic exercises. Not infrequently, after
violent exercise were thrown into the Tiber as
the Spartans the Eurotas. Plutarch reports
that Caesar got cured neuralgia amassed a
slave making your muscles. However, the
Romans practiced gymnastics never true, the
Athlete. Only Greece took exercises in
circuses, adapting to its harsh character
exercises in Greek and transforming
gladiatorial games of the Greek athletes. The
Middle Ages knew no gymnastics. Only turn
to her characters as jesters or harlequins. Also
some aristocrats continued exercising.
Christianity, so hostile to the naked body did
nothing to make or establish physical
exercises. True Fitness was defended by
philosophers reformers
Luther, Zwingli, Melanchthon and Roussene.

22.  General gymnastics General Gymnastics is a
discipline that involve people of all ages in
groups from 6 to 150 gymnasts perform
choreographed synchronized. Groups can be
single gender or mixed.

23.  The artistic gymnastics involves the
performance of a choreographic composition,
simultaneously combining high speed and
body movements. It consists of different
manner in male and female categories.

24. Is a discipline that combines elements of
ballet, gymnastics, dance and the use of
various devices such as rope, hoop, ball,
clubs and ribbon. In this sport competitions
take place both as exhibitions in which the
gymnast is accompanied by music to keep a
rhythm in their movements. We can
distinguish two types: individual and sets..
The modern rhythmic gymnastics was
developed in the late 1950's. In 1963, was
organized in Budapest the first International
Rhythmic Gymnastics Tournament. A year
later the Budapest International Tournament
was officially declared the first Rhythmic
Gymnastics World Championships. In the
Los Angeles Olympic Games, held in 1984,
becomes an Olympic sport, but only accepted
then the individual category. In the 1996
Atlanta Olympics, is also supported modeld.

25.  The aerobics, formerly known as sport aerobics is a
discipline of gymnastics in a routine that runs between
100 and 110 seconds with high-intensity movements
derived from traditional aerobics plus a number of
elements of difficulty. This routine must demonstrate
continuous movement, flexibility, strength and perfect
execution on the elements of difficulty.

26.  Acrobatic gymnastics also known as acro-sport or
acrosport is a group discipline in which there are
patterns of male partner, female partner, mixed couple,
female and male quartet trio. Collective gymnastics
demonstrations occur where the body acts as a motor
unit, driver support and other bodies performing
jumps, figures and human pyramids.

28.  Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countries
throughout history. According to FIFA, the "very earliest form of the game for which
there is scientific evidence was an exercise from a military manual dating back to the
second and third centuries BC in China", which was known as cuju. The modern rules of
association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the
widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England. The history of
football in England dates back to at least the eighth century.
 The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly
influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The
Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by
representatives from Eton, Harrow,Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They
were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or
universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms
of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably
the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to
formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862,John Charles Thring of Uppingham
School also devised an influential set of rules.

29.  These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football
Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26
October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen
Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion
was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more
meetings between October and December, which eventually produced
the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA
treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the
FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first
allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such
a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and
holding.

30.  Other English rugby football clubs followed this lead and did not join the
FA, or subsequently left the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby
Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge
of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of
the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the
lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian
rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA
played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its
rules until there was little difference between the games.

31.  The laws of the game are currently determined by the International
Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a
meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football
Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football
Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which
was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams
since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872
between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C.
W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which
was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa directorWilliam
McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and
the North of England. FIFA, the international football body, was formed
in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game
of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international
game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International
Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four
representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four
British associations.

32.  Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world.
Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their
favourite teams, while billions more watch the game on television or
on the internet. A very large number of people also play football at an
amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in
2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly
play football. Football has the highest global television audience in
sport.

33.  In many parts of the world football evokes great passions
and plays an important role in the life of individual fans,
local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says
that people who are polite, modest or even humble in
Europe fall easily into rage with playing or watching soccer
games. The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped
secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped
further reduce tensions between government and rebel
forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital
of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together
peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely
considered to be the final proximate cause in the Football
War in June 1969 between. The
Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions
at the beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a
match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star
Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.

34.  There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a
collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to
apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups
such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are
permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow
flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The
Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by
the International Football Association Board(IFAB). In addition to the
seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute
to the regulation of football.

35.  The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of
100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–
80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–
130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch
does not become square. Although in 2008, the IFAB initially approved a
fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch
dimension for A international matches, this decision was later put on hold
and was never actually implemented.

36.  World Cup
 CONCACAF Gold Cup
 UEFA Champions League
 UEFA Europa League
 CAF
 AFC

39.  American football is a sport played between two teams of eleven
with the objective of scoring points by advancing the ball in to the
opposing team's end zone. Known in the United States simply
as football, it may also be referred to informally asgridiron
football, and even more rare, the "pigskin". The ball can be
advanced by running with it or throwing it to a teammate. Points
can be scored by carrying the ball over the opponent's goal
line, catching a pass thrown over that goal line, kicking the ball
through the opponent's goal posts or tackling an opposing ball
carrier in his own end zone.
 In the United States, the major forms are high school
football, college football and professional football. Each of these
are played under slightly different rules. High school football is
governed by the National Federation of State High School
Associations and college football by the National Collegiate
Athletic Association and National Association of Intercollegiate
Athletics. The major league for professional football is
the National Football League.

40.  The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby
football and association football. Both games have their origins invarieties
of football played in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century, in
which a ball is kicked at a goal and/or run over a line. Many games
known as "football" were being played at colleges and universities in the
United States in the first half of the 19th century.
 Rutgers University and its neighbor, Princeton University, played the first
game of intercollegiate football on 6 November 1869 on a plot of ground
where the present-day Rutgers gymnasium now stands in New
Brunswick, New Jersey. Rutgers won that first game, 6-4.

41.  American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby
football, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp,
considered the "Father of American Football." Among these important
changes were the introduction of the line of scrimmage and of down-and-
distance rules. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, game play
developments by college coaches such as Eddie Cochems, Amos Alonzo
Stagg, Knute Rockne, and Glenn "Pop" Warner helped take advantage of
the newly introduced forward pass.
 The popularity of collegiate football grew as it became the dominant
version of the sport for the first half of the twentieth century. Bowl games,
a college football tradition, attracted a national audience for collegiate
teams. Bolstered by fierce rivalries, college football still holds widespread
appeal in the US.

42.  Football is played on a field 360 by 160 feet (120.0 by 53.3 yards; 109.7 by
48.8 meters). The longer boundary lines aresidelines, while the shorter
boundary lines are end lines. Sidelines and end lines are out of bounds.
Near each end of the field is agoal line; they are 100 yards (91.4 m) apart. A
scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards (9.1 m) beyond each goal
line to each end line. The end zone includes the goal line but not the end
line. While the playing field is effectively flat, it is common for a field to
be built with a slight crown—with the middle of the field higher than the
sides—to allow water to drain from the field.
 Yard lines cross the field every 5 yards (4.6 m), and are numbered every 10
yards from each goal line to the 50-yard line, or midfield. Two rows of
short lines, known as inbounds lines or hash marks, run at 1-yard (91.4 cm)
intervals perpendicular to the sidelines near the middle of the field. All
plays start with the ball on or between the hash marks. Because of the
arrangement of the lines, the field is occasionally referred to as
a gridiron in a reference to the cooking grill with a similar pattern of lines.
 At the back of each end zone are two goalposts (also called uprights)
connected by a crossbar 10 feet (3.05 m) from the ground. For high skill
levels, the posts are 18 feet 6 inches (5.64 m) apart. For lower skill levels,
these are widened to 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m).

43.  Each team has 11 players on the field at a time. Usually there are many
more players off the field (an NFL team has a limit of 53 players on its
roster, 46 of whom can be dressed for a game). However, teams may
substitute for any or all of their players during the breaks between plays.
As a result, players have very specialized roles and are divided into three
separate units: the offense the defense and the special teams. It is rare for
all team members to participate in a given game, as some roles have little
utility beyond that of an injury substitute.

44.  A touchdown(TD) is worth 6 points. It is scored when a player runs the ball into or
catches a pass in his opponent's end zone.A touchdown is analogous to a try in
rugby. Unlike rugby, a player does not have to touch the ball to the ground to
score; a touchdown is scored any time a player has possession of the ball while any
part of the ball is beyond the vertical plane created by the leading edge of the
opponent's goal line stripe (the stripe itself is a part of the end zone).After a
touchdown, the scoring team attempts a try (which is also analogous to
the conversion in rugby). The ball is placed at the other team's 3 yard line (the 2
yard line in the NFL). The team can attempt to kick it through the goalposts (over
the crossbar and between the uprights) in the manner of a field goal for 1 point
(an extra point or point-after touchdown (PAT)), or run or pass it into the end
zone in the manner of a touchdown for 2 points (a two-point conversion). In
college football, if the defense intercepts or recovers a fumble during a one or two
point conversion attempt and returns it to the opposing end zone, the defensive
team is awarded the two points.
 A field goal (FG) is worth 3 points, and it is scored by kicking the ball through the
goalposts defended by the opposition. Field goals may be place kicked (kicked
when the ball is held vertically against the ground by a teammate) or drop
kicked (extremely uncommon in the modern game due to the better accuracy of
place kicks, with only two successful drop kicks in sixty-plus years in the NFL). A
field goal is usually attempted on fourth down instead of a punt when the ball is
close enough to the opponent's goalposts, or, when there is little or no time left to
otherwise score.

45.  (Rare) A safety, worth 2 points, is scored by the opposing team when the
team in possession at the end of a down is responsible for the ball
becoming dead behind its own goal line. For instance, a safety is scored
by the defense if an offensive player is tackled, goes out of bounds, or
fumbles the ball out of bounds in his own end zone. Safeties are relatively
rare. Note that, though even more rare, the team initially on offense
during a down can score a safety if a player of the original defense gains
possession of the ball in front of his own goal line and then carries the ball
or fumbles it into his own end zone where it becomes dead. However, if
the ball becomes dead behind the goal line of the team in possession and
its opponent is responsible for the ball being there (for instance, if the
defense intercepts a forward pass in its own end zone and the ball
becomes dead before the ball is advanced out of the end zone) it is a
touchback: no points are scored and the team last in possession keeps
possession with a first down at its own 20 yard line. In the extremely rare
instance that a safety is scored on a try, it is worth only 1 point.

46.  Fouls (a type of rule violation) are punished with penalties against the
offending team. Most penalties result in moving the football towards the
offending team's end zone. If the penalty would move the ball more than
half the distance towards the offender's end zone, the penalty becomes
half the distance to the goal instead of its normal value.
 Most penalties result in replaying the down. Some defensive penalties
give the offense an automatic first down. Conversely, some offensive
penalties result in loss of a down (loss of the right to repeat the down). If
a penalty gives the offensive team enough yardage to gain a first
down, they get a first down, as usual. The only penalty that results in
points is if a team on offense commits certain fouls, such as holding, in its
own end zone, which results in a safety.
 If a foul occurs during a down (after the play has begun), the down is
allowed to continue and an official throws a yellow penalty flag near the
spot of the foul. When the down ends, the team that did not commit the
foul has the option of accepting the penalty, or declining the penalty and
accepting the result of the down.

47.  In the NFL, ranges of uniform numbers are (usually) reserved for certain
positions:
 1–19: Quarterbacks, punters and placekickers (by rule)
 20–49: Running backs and defensive backs (by rule)
 50–59: Centers and linebackers (by custom)
 60–79: Offensive guards and tackles (mandatory), defensive guards and
tackles (by custom)
 10–19, 80–89: Wide receivers (by rule)[
 80–89 (by rule),[40-49 (optional): Tight ends
 90–99: Defensive ends and linebackers (by custom)

48.  The International Federation of American Football (IFAF) is the de
facto governing body for American football, with 45 member associations
from North and South America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. The
organization is headquartered in La Courneuve, France. Although the
IFAF has relatively little standing in the U.S. compared to the NFL,
NCAA, and the other established aforementioned bodies, these same
organizations also give support to USA Football, the designated U.S.
representative to the IFAF.
 The IFAF also oversees the American Football World Cup, which is held
every four years. Japan won the first two World Cups, held in 1999 and
2003. Team USA, which had not participated in the previous World Cups,
won the title in 2007 and 2011.
 A long term goal of the IFAF is for American football to be accepted by
the International Olympic Committee as an Olympic sport. The only time
that the sport was played was at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los
Angeles, but as a demonstration sport.

51.  The basketball or basketball (basketball English) is a
team sport that is basically in the ball in a hoop, from
which hangs a network, which gives it a basket. In
some regions is called basketball, the castellanizar the
English term for the word basket.It was invented by
Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 at the
Springfield YMCA. It is played with two teams of five
people during 4 periods or quarters of 10
(international) or 12 (NBA) minutes each. At the end of
the second quarter, a break is made, usually 10 to 20
minutes as the proper legislation championship which
the party belongs.

52.  Game Mode:Duration of a match: In FIBA, by
regulations, the party is composed of four
periods of 10 minutes each. In the NBA the
duration of each period is 12 min, and NCAA
play two periods of 20 minutes each. If the
match ends with a tie between the two teams
will play an extension of 5 min. And so on until
one team wins the match.Players: The team
presented the game consists of 12 players max.
5 form the starting lineup and the other 7 will
be the alternates. The coach can change the
players as often as you leveraging game
interruptions.

53.  Kick-Off: Must register one player from each team within
the center circle with one foot close to the line that divides
the field into two halves, each located in their field. The
other players must be outside the circle. The referee throws
the ball up from the center of the circle and the two players
jump vertically to try to divert, without taking it, to some
companion of his team.Referees: for most competitions are
usually two referees in charge of directing the meeting.
Although for many professional leagues and there are three
others with a very low budget.Scorer's table: the scorer's
table (scorekeeper, assistant
scorekeeper, timekeeper, operator of the rule of 24 s, if
any, curator) controls all occurrences of the game
(score, time-outs, play time, faults, changes , etc..) and made
the score sheet.Regulation:

54.  A party must be conducted by three arbitrators, one
principal and two assistants. They will be assisted from the
table of scorers, timekeepers and technical commissioner.
The referee and his assistants lead the game according to the
rules and official interpretations. Will have to adjust the
most to the rules and can have no connection with any of the
equipment having to be fully competent and impartial. The
referee will decide in any situation of conflict between
assistant referees, scorers table, questions of validity in the
baskets, shall approve the minutes, is responsible to verify,
inspect and approve all technical elements and can make
decisions about situations unregulated and regulated. The
referees can communicate with the scorer's table and the rest
of arbitrators by the gesture, signaling the impact with a
series of preset signals.

55.  Game Time:The basketball games are divided
into 4 quarters of 10 minutes each in the field of
FIBA ​basketball, four quarters of 12 minutes in
the NBA and two parts of 20 minutes in the
NCAA.

56.  The Playground:A basketball court has to be a hard, flat,
rectangular and free of obstacles, with 15 m wide and 28 m in
length.The perimeter of the track must be clear of obstructions to
two meters away.The height of the first obstacle that is vertically
over the course must be at least 7 m in height.The field is divided
into two equal halves separated by the midfield line labeled with a
circle of the center of the track, the center circle measures 3.6 m
diameter. For each team, the midfield containing defends the
basket is called defensive midfield and midfield containing the
basket that is to write is called offensive midfield.In the shorter
sides are placed the rings that are 3.05 m. in height and 1.20 m are
introduced. within the rectangle of play, have to be provided with
tilting approved.Parallel to the bottom line we find the free throw
line, which is 5.80 m from the baseline and 4.60 m from the basket.
The circle where the free throw line has a diameter of 1.80 m. The
lines are 6 cm. wide.The three-point line is located at 6.25 m.
(FIBA) and to 7.25 m. (NBA) away from the basket.

57.  The Ball:The basketball should be, obviously, spherical, or rough
skin leather or synthetic material to facilitate gripping of the
players even with sweaty hands (the balls have a surface with
9.366 points). Traditionally is orange with black lines, but there are
many variants. Indoor balls (covered pavilion) and outdoor
(exterior) differ in the material which are coated.From the 2004-05
season FIBA ​competitions has taken to a ball with yellow light
bands on the classic orange background color to improve visibility
of the ball by both players and audiences.Since 2007 in Spain
using a ball with black stripes, on which we discuss its duration
and sliding too much.Circumference: 68 - 73 cmDiameter: 23-24
cmWeight: 567 - 650 gBalls are used three different names for
three different sizes and weights according to category: the
number "7", used for men's basketball, the "6" for women's
basketball, and "5" for children and pre-minibasket (children 8 to
12 years usually). Furthermore, it stipulates that the ball must
have a pressure that dropped from 1.80 m high, between 1.40 and
1.60 boat m.

58.  The Pack:The board of the basket is a rectangle of
1.05 x 1.80 m, at least 30 mm thick and the lower
edges acolchados.En the bottom center, is a
rectangle painted 0.45my 0.59mx board that is
raised 0.15m from the bottom, inside the rectangle
is a swing arm that holds the approved measuring
0.45m basket, the basket will grab the inner
rectangle in the center. The rim of the basket
should have a diameter of 45.7 cm, the inner
rectangle is used to calculate the shot, and that to
hit the ball enters the basket. The hoop is located at
a height of 3.05 meters and is provided with
approved networks.

59.  Attachments:The equipment of a basketball player consists of:A tank
top, cotton originally, and now plastic. In the front we find the team logo
and advertising agreed (although in the NBA and other competitions
there). In the back are the name of the player and sometimes the first
letter of the name when two or more players with the same surname.
Under the name in large, the number of the player, it is important to note
the number of fouls and the player's points and substitutions.The pants
can be short or shorts (although the fashion of taking "pirate" some
competitions like the NBA impose rules on its length) can be found in
small, the player's number on the right end of the leg. Must be the same
color as the shirt, can not have pockets.Footwear: boots are shaped to
securely hold and protect the ankle sprains. They also have air chambers
to preserve the foot. Soles should be properly designed to stop fast.Socks:
Generally short and cotton. Although usually white socks and other
sports can be a different color to match the uniform or, rarely, be left to
the taste of the player.You can also add
wristbands, belts, bracelets, heaters, goggles, etc..Scoring System:

60.  Free throws are worth one point.Shots within the zone or within
the triple line worth two points.Shots from the triple line (at 6.25
m from the center of the ring, or 7.24 in the NBA) are worth three
points.If the player is shooting a free throw line and hits the shot
becomes invalid, if the player is shooting from 3-point line if you
step on the line of 6.25 (NBA 7.24) the shot will be rated as a field
goal (2 points). However, a player if you pull from a distance of
three can start with a jump shot without stepping over the line
and drop or exceed it, then the shot would be considered 3
points.The score is carried by two systems, the first is the form
where the scorer marks all baskets have become a numbered box
that contains the numbers of a score and the second system is the
electronic board, which also points out the stopwatch, counting
errors of each player and each team and the fourth being played
(if the minutes and the score are in disagreement, it is true that the
record reflects, the marker is not binding and serves only to show
so no regulations on the content).

63.  Baseball, baseball or ball also called base1
(English baseball) is a team sport played
between two teams of 9 players each. It is
considered one of the most popular sports in
the U.S., Japan (reigning WBC), Canada, South
Korea (Olympic champion), Taiwan, Cuba (Pan
American
champions), Australia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pan
ama , Puerto Rico, South
Africa, Netherlands, Dominican Republic, Italy
(European champion), Colombia and
Venezuela.

64.  The countries of the sport powers are concentrated
in the Americas (North, Central, Caribbean) and
Asia, with European and African continents
laggards, although Europe has two good examples
such as the Netherlands and Italy and in Africa can
only be highlight the selection of South Africa with
some good talent.It is played on a vast field of
natural grass or artificial (except the area where
the offensive players to reach the bases are located
at the vertices of the square area called the
diamond, and record, called Corridor line, and the
area launcher where the terrain is a ridge of land).

65.  The object is to hit a ball with a bat (bat), moving through
the field and run around the infield dirt (infield) seeking to
reach as many potential bases to give back to the base from
where you hit (home) and get both known and score the
run, while defensive players looking for a ball hit to kill the
player who hit the ball or other brokers before they arrive
first at any of the bases or get career scoring (see Rules for
details of the game).The team scoring the most runs after
nine (9) episodes, called the meeting innings lasts, is the one
that wins. If at the end of nine innings scores level is still a
regular racing, the meeting is extended as necessary for
there to be a winner, according to the rules of the game there
is no tie, allowed only in amateur leagues and children to
limit wear of the players.

66.  Typical scene of baseball.Unlike other sports that
are played with ball, such as football, which is also
known as football or basketball, also known as
basketball, even though "baseball" could be
translated into Spanish, the custom of using
English as root, could give the impression of a
strange name phonetically: the translation should
be pelotabase or bolabase, although in some
Spanish-speaking countries is usually referred to
colloquially as the ball game or just ball.On the
other hand, one of the characteristics that
differentiate the other baseball team sports, is that
this defense is the one with the ball.

69.  Tennis is a sport that is practiced in a plain,
rectangular, divided by an intermediate
network, which is called pista. is disputed
between two players (singles) or between two
pairs (doubles) playing with rackets and balls
and is to hit the ball with the racket to go from
one side to another field bypassing the red. The
word "tennis" comes from English, tennis
which in turn has its origins in the French
language word tenez, expression that comes
from the cry of the tennis player (called tennis),
who exclaims, throwing the ball here goes! ,
which in French is tenez.

70.  Egyptian, Roman, Greek and Aztec and played
games like tennis. The first references of tennis
taking place in France, named "Jeu de Paume"
because at first struck the ball with his hand. But
later they began to use snowshoes. The original
tennis courts played on natural grass. It originated
in Europe in the late eighteenth century and
expanded in the beginning by the Anglophone
countries, especially among the upper classes.
Today's tennis has become universal, and is played
in almost every country in the world. Since 1926,
with the creation of the first tour, is a professional
sport. It is also an Olympic sport since the Athens
1896 Olympic Games.

71.  A tennis game starts with the pull of one of the players
must hit the ball so it bounces inside the box diagonal
to the side that takes, that is if a player gets from his
right, the ball must bounce in the box on the left but
always in the box attached to the network side of his
rival and metersala very strong. For each point the
player has two opportunities out if it fails the first, has
one more. After the break, the player must pass the ball
from one field to another in search of the ball bounce
twice and can get a point. The games are 4 points and
the sets of 6 games, while the match or match is
divided into 2 sets (maximum 3) at the ATP World
Tour tournaments and 3, maximum of 5 in Grand Slam
tournaments 0.

72.  Tennis is played on a rectangular track. Its exact
measurements are defined in units of the imperial
system and vary depending on the mode you play
(singles and doubles). For individuals is 78 feet (23.78
meters) long and 27 feet (8.23 meters) wide. To double
the length is the same and the width is 36 feet (10.97
meters). These limits are marked by lines, which are
considered part of the track. A mesh net-shaped track
divided into two halves, which are divided opponents.
The net height at the poles is 3 feet 6 inches (1.06
meters), and in the middle of 3 feet (0.914 meters). On
each side of the network there are two
rectangles, measuring 21 feet (6.40 meters) long and
13.5 feet (4.11 meters) wide, which serve only to
determine if a goal is valid.

73.  During the game you use many types of
strokes, each with their respective
techniques, shocks are:

74.  The serve is the most important stroke in
tennis, since it is going to kick off the point and its
proper application can be allowed to punch in an
advantageous position upon return or achieve a
goal winner or "ace" point won without the
opponent impacts the ball, or after the impact the
ball does not pass the network or go outside the
boundaries of the strips (in which case it is called
ace, but the point of service). By having good serve
a tennis player learns to stop the beatings
made ​better without the ball touching the ground
and can make it difficult for the opponent to mark
a point after you make a cut.

75.  The drive or right is the basic beat. Is to hit the
ball after the bounce, directly, on the same side
of the business arm of the player. For most of
the players is the key weapon to win a point
and the most control. For proper drive must be
profiled to the ball (depending on with which
the player plays hand) in the case of a right-
handed, the stroke begins on the right side of
the body, continuing through it to hit the ball
and ending on the left side of the body.

76.  The reverse is the blow to the side opposite the
drive. Despite being a natural mechanical stroke, is
often one of the hardest to master when you start
in tennis. It is very important body position, which
must be placed in profile, used as a technique to it,
lower the shoulder to point toward the network,
while the right arm for right-handers and left
lefties, passes without being bent by under the
chin, to settle before returning back to hit the ball,
always in front of the body. It is important, as the
drive, which body weight is transferred back and
forth at the time of ball impact.

77.  The volley, or blast of air, is the stroke that
takes place before the ball bounces. Is normally
run close to the net to define a point. Because
the player closer to the opponent, is a blow that
needs to be done with great speed and reflex.
The racket must be at all times to the front and
top.

78.  The left or drop shot (English drop, drop) is a blow
to the power that is subtracted from the ball with
the intention that falls closest to the network, the
other side. Drive is usually done, but you can also
do reverse. The preparation of stroke is similar to
the preparation of the drive (or reverse) and
should be held until the last minute, wait for the
opponent a shot to the bottom. Upon impact,
instead of realizing the broad swing the racquet
should fall perpendicular to the ball with a flick of
the wrist to produce the trickle down effect that
will drop the ball and pass well the network.

79.  The left tends to be the appropriate response to
a drop shot, which the player comes shortly
before the second bounce. As the ball is usually
very low and near the net, it is possible to use a
powerful blow. Therefore, the player only has
the option of a gentle tap on the bottom, or left
against, ie, a new left response, this time
made ​from near the net.

80.  The coup is prepared outlining the
body, taking the racket back and placing it
behind the neck, while his free hand points to
the top, towards the ball. At the moment of
impact, the rear foot goes forward, while
leaving behind the racket body in a movement
similar to the kick. Upon ball impact, the wrist
should bend down, ending the strike similarly
to serve. The ball must bounce before returning
it.

81.  Es un golpe inusual, habitualmente en
situación desesperada, cuando la pelota ha
pasado al jugador, que consiste en impactarla
entre las piernas de espalda a la red. Lleva ese
nombre porque fue inventado por el tenista
argentino Guillermo Vilas.

83.  Swimming is a sport consisting of moving a
person in the water without that touch the
suelo. is regulated by the International
Swimming Federation and born of the need
that humans have had to adapt to the aquatic
environment, on Planet Earth which occupies
much more area than the land, thus making
swimming in a very useful skill for survival.
Swimming as a sport has a number of
physiological benefits and also provides many
positive effects on mental health practitioners.

84.  The history of swimming dates back to prehistory,
paintings have been discovered swimming Stone
Age 7,000 years ago and the first written references
dating from 2000 BC. C. However, swimming as a
sport began in the early nineteenth century in
Britain, with the National Swimming Society of
London, founded in 1837. The first champion was
Tom Morris, who won a mile race on the Thames
in 1869. By the late nineteenth century competitive
swimming was being established in Australia and
New Zealand and several European countries had
already established federations. In the United
States amateur clubs began to hold competitions in
the year 1870.

85.  Swimming became part of the first modern
Olympic Games 1896 in Athens in the case of
men, and from 1912 to the women. In 1908 the
style trudgen Richard Cavill was improved by
using the boot continues. In 1908 he created the
FINA: International Swimming Federation. The
butterfly was originally developed as a variant
of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a style
in 1952.

86.  The swimming was a sport very dear to the ancient
civilizations of Greece and Rome, especially as a
training method for warriors. In Japan and
competitions were held in the first century BC
However, during the Middle Ages in Europe the
practice was almost forgotten, and that immersion in
water is associated with the continuing epidemic of the
time. By the nineteenth century and this prejudice
disappeared, and in the twentieth, the swimming has
been considered a valuable system of physical therapy
and exercise as there is generally more beneficial. No
other exercise use many muscles of the body and so
intensely. In addition, the increased influx of
swimmers and the best construction techniques and
heating, have greatly increased the number of public
pools and outdoor decks around the world. The private
pool, which was once a sign of exceptional privilege, is
increasingly common.

87.  There are 4 swimming strokes used in
competition:
 Freestyle.
 Backstroke.
 Breast stroke or chest.
 Butterfly.

88.  Competitive swimming is swimming with the
aim of improving own brands and those
established by others, is a sport of self-
improvement. It became popular in the
nineteenth century, and is a major event in the
Olympics. The body that administers
competitive swimming is FINA, which
includes sub-branches of local groups such as
the United States Swimming (USS) in the
United States. FINA coordinates four
swimming disciplines, at different distances.

89.  Freestyle (crawl) means that the swimmer can do it the
style that suits you. In freestyle, the only rules are that
at the time of the test, the swimmer must start from the
bank output after the start and each turn, you can stay
submerged up to 15 meters. During the swim can not
get out of the "rails" can not be promoted or walk along
the bottom of the pool until testing is completed. Upon
completion of any stage and at the end of the test, you
must touch the wall in any way that marks the end of
the pool. By tradition and speed, using the crawl to
swim the freestyle, but we know how to differentiate
which are not synonymous. The events are made at
distances of 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m
and 3000 m, the latter being the longest and toughest
test you can swim in a pool competition.

90.  Backstroke no symmetry restrictions, but
swimmers should stay back for the entire
event, except during the turn is made in the
wall. This style is essentially a reversal of the
crawl, but with the elbows straight - the
competitor moves his arms back over her
shoulders, and gets fully stretched hand
pushing water to produce progress, coupled
with a kick similar to crawl, but that this kick is
done from the knees. Events are held at
distances of 50 m, 100 m and 200 m.

91.  Braza, from which evolved the butterfly, has
the additional restriction that the swimmer's
hands must be pushed forward together from
the chest and elbows must remain under
water, at an angle of 90 °. Style is slower in
competitive swimming. Events are held at
distances of 50 m, 100 m and 200 m. This style
is what the legs provide the greatest force for
progress.

92.  Butterfly requires the swimmer's actions have
bilateral symmetry (the left side of the body
must do the same as the right) and also the legs
are coordinated in a shake up and down like
the hip with the arms starting the movement of
the legs with a ripple that will travel from the
hip to the foot of the swimmer. This style is one
that requires more strength and more energy-
consuming of all. The events are made at
distances of 50 m, 100 m and 200 m.Deshacer
cambios

93.  To put the arm in the water, is the hand the first to
enter the water, creating a streamlined effect.
 At the stroke as possible, since apart from increasing
the distance reduces fatigue.
 Close the palm of your hand to keep water from
escaping between the fingers, with much less thrust
produced.
 Learn to breathe on both sides, keeping the axis of the
body towards the target firm, without rocking.
 Jump as far as possible from the podium
(recommended to get to the pennant in competitions).
 Swimming through the middle of the lane to avoid
hitting the streets separating rows.Deshacer cambios

94.  In breaststroke, try sticking your head while
his arms shrink, and give the kick while the
arms are stretched.
 For backstroke, posting the recommended
distance (stroke) from the flag to the finish
(wall) to perform well then the first signs.
 When turning, close to the wall as possible in
order to propel (legs-wall), while leaving the
gap enough to not have to bow and exit the
water

95.  It originated in Canada in 1920 and spread to
America, the first country to exploit was the
United States in 1930, which won many awards,
especially for its great musical water. At first they
called water ballet. He began exhibiting in 1984 at
the Olympic Games. To participate in tournaments
it takes at least three hours of training which
includes one hour of physical training, also need:
physical strength, thanks, beauty, agility and
musical interpretation. This game shows a strength
and coordination in an artwork: the choreography.
The rules are similar to those of other artistic
sports like skating and gymnastics.

96.  Aerobic swimming as a sport helps promote good blood
circulation body and thus significantly improves the
oxygenation of vital organs like the brain. Studies have
shown a strong relationship between swimming and
swimming and practice adapted it for people who lead
sedentary lives of exercise, such as retirees or seniors.
Studies show a strong relationship between the practice of
sport and improving emotional and self-esteem (measured
in Rosenberg Scale and physical aspects such as weight
reduction, optimization of motor skills and joint mobility.
There are also studies that demonstrate a relationship
between the practice of swimming in women over 55 years
and improvements in psychological well-being variables
such as trust in the Auto Physical presentation, the
perceived Physical Ability, self-esteem Rosenberg scale) and
satisfaction with life.