2. EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AGENTS:
THERMAL STIMULUS
Hot-plate test
Mice on hot plate at 55°c.
cut off time 30 sec
PHYSICAL STIMULUS
Haffner’s tail clip method
A metal artery clip was applied to the root of
the mouse’s tail for 30 sec.
3. Writhing test
the mice were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.)
injection of 0.6% v/v acetic acid in a volume
of 10ml/kg to induce the characteristic
writhings.
4. Carrageenan-Induced Rat Paw Edema:
Animals of group I received normal saline (3
ml/kg b.w. intraperitoneal, i.p) and served as
saline control.
The .groups II and III received methanol
extract of . Clerodendron infortunatum (250
and 500 mg/kg b.w., i.p, . respectively) and
group IV received reference drug .
phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg b. w., i.p)..
5. EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA(EAC)
weekly intraperitoneal inoculation of 106 cells
per mouse.
Substances under investigation are
administered either orally or
intraperitoneally.
The viability of the cells are judged by the
trypan blue test
viable tumour cell count is done using
haemocytometer.
6. is induced in Balb-C mice by subcutaneous
injection of 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC).
7. defn
The capability of producing fetal malformation.
A given teratogen may be organ specific. It may be
species specific. It can be dose specific.
teratogens
halidomide
Accutane
Diethylstilbestrol(DES)
Alcohol
OBSERVATION PARAMETERS
8. Multigenerational studies
Single generational studies
Segment I:Evaluation of Fertility and Reproductive Performance
Segment II: Assessment of Developmental Toxicity
Segment II: Postnatal Evaluation
Tests under ICH:
Fertility Assessment
Postnatal Evaluation and Pregnancy State Susceptibility
Assessment of Developmental Toxicity
9. diagnosis
· colon & Rectal Cancer: Home Testing
Home Colorectal Cancer Tests
Home Fecal Occult Bleeding Tests
· Pregnancy -- Related Home Testing:
Home Pregnancy Tests
10. Mutation
A change in the DNA molecule
Process which produces changes in the DNA that
may be inherited.
MECHANISM
1. By the change in the structure of DNA which is
responsible in inaccurate application of genome.
2. Prevent cell proliferation that fixes the DNA
damage.
3. DNA repair removal of large segement of
DNA.
12. Induction of in vitro mammalian cells
resistant to certain chemical compound
◦ (e.g. 8-azaguanine, 6-thioguanin, ouabain)
SOS/umu test – measurement of DNA repair
in bacteria
◦ The bacteria is transformed by plasmide with
mutator (repair) genes umuC and umuD fused
with the gene for galactosidase. If the DNA is
damaged by mutagen both umu mutator genes
and gal gene are transcribed and galactosidase
turns a specific substrate into a color product.
13. Test system – auxotrophic strain of
Salmonella typhimurium – survives only in
medium with histidine (dies in normal
medium without histidine)
After treatment with mutagen some
auxotrophic cells are turned into normal ones
that synthesize histidine and survive in a
normal medium.
These cells are called revertants (due to
reverse mutation).
14. Mutagen
His– Reverse mutation His+
bacteria bacteria
Medium Dies in a Normal
containing normal medium
histidine medium
15. 0 Negative
control
SPONTANEOUS
REVERTANTS
A dish with GENOTOXICITY
a CONFIRMED
compound
to be tested
Positive IS USED FOR
CONTROL OF
control THE TEST
16. Number of revertant
colonies
Dose of 1-nitropyrene (micrograms per dish)
The graph describes results of the Ames test of
various 1-nitropyrene doses.
Describe the relationship between the dose and
number of revertant colonies. Is it possible to
confirm the mutagenic activity?
Why we test the compound in various
concentrations?
