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November is
National Diabetes
Awareness Month
Patty Melody, M.A.
Health and Physical Education Instructor

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What’s New?
The American Diabetes Association and the
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services are now using the term “pre-
diabetes”. This term is used to describe
blood sugar levels that are higher than
normal but not yet diagnosed with diabetes.

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Pre-diabetes
If you do not take action pre-diabetes
will develop into diabetes within 10
years. The state of being pre-diabetic
is already increasing your risk for
heart disease significantly.

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Agenda
 How Big a Problem is This?
 Define Diabetes
 Who is at risk?
 Symptoms of diabetes
 Should I Get Tested?
 Prevention
 Resources

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Some Facts…
 Diabetes has become an epidemic in the U.S. for adults
and children
 Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S.
 About 17 million Americans have diabetes and 6 million
don’t know they have it
 About 90% of diabetes cases are related to type 2
diabetes
 About 90% of type 2 cases are caused by obesity
 The number of diabetes cases grows by about 1 million
each year

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Diabetes
 Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by the body’s
inability to control chemical processes. The body either
doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body does not use
the insulin properly. Insulin is the hormone secreted by the
islet cells of the pancreas that is necessary for the
utilization of glucose. If the insulin is not secreted or used
effectively by the cells, glucose levels continue to rise in the
blood stream thereby not fulfilling the body’s primary energy
needs. The body therefore “thinks” it is starving. This
leads to a variety of short-term and long-term medical
complications which will be discussed.

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The Insult of Diabetes
The Cardiorespiratory
System
 Cardio:
 heart and blood vessels
 transports oxygen,
nutrients, and wastes
among vital organs and
tissues
 Respiratory:
 lungs, air passages, and
breathing muscles
 supplies oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide

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Three types of diabetes
 Type 1 (Insulin-dependent)
 Type 2 (Non-insulin dependent)
 Gestational diabetes

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Type 1:
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus (IDDM)
 The islet cells of the pancreas does not
produce insulin. Usually the onset of this
form of diabetes occurs before age 35
(generally during childhood). Destruction
of the islet cells by the immune system
may be caused by a viral infection within
the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes is more
serious than type 2 with sudden,
irreversible consequences.

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Type 2:
Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus (NIDDM)
 Insulin is produced by the islet cells of the
pancreas. In type 2 diabetes the insulin receptors
on the cells become less sensitive to insulin. This
disruption of the body’s system of “checks and
balances” in relation to glucose levels causes the
blood glucose levels to rise (hyperglycemia).
Inactivity and obesity have been correlated to type
2 diabetes. Lifestyle management during pre-
diabetes can reverse the onset of diabetes.

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Gestational Diabetes
 Some women are diagnosed with
gestational diabetes during their
pregnancy. These women are at
greater risk of developing type 2
diabetes in the future.

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Risk Factors
 Obesity (>30% body fat) or Overweight (BMI > 25)
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Unresolved stress or depression
 Carrying fat around the waist and stomach
 Over 45 years old (+65 increases risk even further)
 Family history of type 2 diabetes
 Gestational diabetes or having a baby that weighed +9 lbs
 Being of African-American, Latino, Asian-American, or
Native American descent
 Low HDL cholesterol level (less than 35)
 High triglyceride level (250 or above)
 High blood pressure (140/90 mm/Hg or higher)

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Pre-Diabetes Screening
ACSM GUIDELINES 2000
Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors
Positive Risk Factors
 Family history
 Cigarette smoking
 Hypertension
 Hypercholesterolemia
 Impaired fasting glucose
 Obesity
 Sedentary lifestyle
Negative Risk Factor
 High serum HDL cholesterol > 60mg/dL
(1.6mmol/L)

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Symptoms of Diabetes
1. Polydipsia
2. Polyphagia
3. Polyuria
4. Fatigue
5. Infections
6. Cuts that don’t heal
7. Blurred vision
8. Weight loss
 Remember this disease is unforgiving when it is left
untreated. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness,
leg and foot amputations and kidney disease. As well
as the 6th
leading cause of death.

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Signs/Symptoms of
Depression
 Sadness/hopelessness
 Loss of pleasure
 Poor appetite/weight loss
 Insomnia/disturbed sleep
 Restless or fatigue
 Feelings of worthlessness and guilt
 Trouble concentrating/making decisions
 Thoughts of death or suicide
 Or s/s can be opposite of these listed

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Stressors – “The Good, The
Bad and The Ugly”
 Good Stressors –
1. Getting a promotion
2. Graduating
3. Getting married
4. Winning the lottery
5. Dating
6. Going on vacation
7. Going to a party
 Your stress response to
these stressors is called
Eustress.
 Bad stressors –
1. Death of a loved one
2. Divorce
3. Getting fired
4. Car accident
5. Victim of a violent act
6. Being depressed or
anxious
 Your stress response to
these stressors is called
Distress.

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Who Should Be Tested?
 Anyone 45 or older and overweight
 Younger overweight people who
have one or more risk factors
 If you present with any symptoms
of diabetes

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Two Tests to Measure
Blood Glucose
 Fasting blood glucose test (blood glucose
measured before eating breakfast) Normal
blood glucose is below 110 mg/dL; Pre-
diabetes is 110-125 mg/dL; Diabetes is 126+
mg/dL
 Oral glucose tolerance test (measures body’s
reaction to a sugary drink) Normal blood
glucose is below 140 mg/dL; Pre-diabetes is
140—199 mg/dL; Diabetes is 200+ mg/dL

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Prevention of Diabetes
 Lose 5-10% of body weight
 Exercise 30 minutes/day
 Improve your psychosocial health (stress/depression)
 Limit sugar to 10 –25% of your calories (6-18
teaspoons/day) (soda has approx. 10 teaspoons of
sugar)
 Fiber intake – average American takes in 15g/day -
increase to 25g/day for women and 38g/day for men
 Increase Magnesium
 Eat 5 servings of fruits/vegetables each day and at
least 3 servings of your 6-11 starch servings should
be whole-grain
 Get tested for diabetes periodically if you are at risk

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Resources
 American Diabetes Association
 American Dietetic Association (
www.eatright.org)
 Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)
 American College of Sports Medicine
 American Heart Association

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Do not automatically conclude that a
pill dissolving in your stomach is
necessarily more powerful than a
healing thought dissolving in your
mind
Carr Clifton