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Does Music Make Us Smarter?
1. MUSIC & OTHER ABILITIES
By Paul M. Cohen | Thompson Chapter 10
2. WHY DO WE MAKE MUSIC?
Questions from another planet
If an alien came to
Yale, he/she/it would
ask, “What is the
purpose of music?”
3. WHY DO WE MAKE MUSIC?
Questions from another planet
If an alien came to
Yale, he/she/it would
ask, “What is the
purpose of music?”
4. WHY DO WE MAKE MUSIC?
Questions from another planet
1. Does not communicate specific
ideas
2. It does not attract prey, deter
predators, or heal wounds
3. Bears little resemblance to other
sounds in our lives (with the notable
exception of “Concret PH”)
13. HISTORICAL PRECEDENT
Middle ages
• Music taught as a science
• Oxford quadrivium: music, arithmetic,
geometry, and astronomy
• Music studied as physical sound
14. HISTORICAL PRECEDENT
“If I were not a
physicist, I would
probably be a
musician. I often
think in music.”
20. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
1. Classical music more wine sales (Areni &
Kim, 1993)
2. Classical music prevents teens from
congregating outside of stores
21. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
1. Classical music more wine sales (Areni & Kim,
1993)
2. Classical music prevents teens from
congregating outside of stores
3. Add music more persuasive (Schwarz, Bless, & Bohner,
1991; Thompson & Russo, 2004)
22. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
1. Classical music more wine sales (Areni & Kim,
1993)
2. Classical music prevents teens from
congregating outside of stores
3. Add music more persuasive (Schwarz, Bless, & Bohner,
1991; Thompson & Russo, 2004)
4. Slow tempo music walk slowly (Milliman, 1982)
26. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Mozart Effect?
Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) in Nature
Finding: College students who listened to 10
minutes of a Mozart sonata had
increased spatial abilities for 15-20
minutes than those who sat in silence or listened
to relaxing music
27. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Mozart Effect?
Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) in Nature
Problems:
1. Not consistently replicated (Steele, Bass, & Crook, 1999; Steele, Dalla
Bella, et al., 1999)
28. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Mozart Effect?
Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) in Nature
Problems:
1. Not consistently replicated (Steele, Bass, & Crook, 1999; Steele, Dalla
Bella, et al., 1999)
2. When replicated, benefits accounted for just by
arousal and mood influences (Husain,Thompson, &
Schellenberg, 2002; Thompson, Schellenberg, & Husain, 2001)
29. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Mozart Effect?
Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) in Nature
Take Away: Listening to music doesn’t prime us it
just manipulates our mood and arousal (Nantais &
Schellenberg, 1999)
30. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Mozart Effect?
Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) in Nature
Take Away: Listening to music doesn’t prime us it
just manipulates our mood and arousal (Nantais &
Schellenberg, 1999)
Problem: Yerkes-Dodson law says we shouldn’t have
too much arousal before difficult tasks
31. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Mozart Effect?
Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) in Nature
Take Away: Listening to music doesn’t prime us it
just manipulates our mood and arousal
32.
33. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Mozart Effect?
Concret PH
Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) in Nature
Take Away: Listening to music doesn’t prime us it
just manipulates our mood and arousal
39. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Mathematics
Meta-analysis showed causally… (Vaughn 2000)
1. Students who play music higher
mathematical achievement
2. Background music during math problems
small enhancement
3. Individuals exposed to music curriculum
higher mathematical achievement*
40. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Mathematics
Meta-analysis showed causally… (Vaughn 2000)
1. Students who play music higher
*three of the six achievement no effect of
mathematical studies showed
2. Background music during math problems
music on mathematical achievement
small enhancement
3. Individuals exposed to music curriculum
higher mathematical achievement*
42. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Mathematics
Take Away: modest connection between
music and mathematics
Why? Shared cognitive operations common to
both fields
43. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Mathematics
Take Away: modest connection between
music and mathematics
Why? Shared cognitive operations common to
both fields (attention to numbers,
repeating patterns, and ratios)
47. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Reasoning: Music & spatial-temporal abil. invol…
1. Complex patterns perceived and remembered
as “structural units”
48. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Reasoning: Music & spatial-temporal abil. invol…
1. Complex patterns perceived and remembered
as “structural units” (think: Cooper & Meyer)
49. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Reasoning: Music & spatial-temporal abil. invol…
1. Complex patterns perceived and remembered
as “structural units” (think: Cooper & Meyer)
2. Ability to detect, appreciate, and respond to
patterns similar to math, chess, physics, etc.
50. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Reasoning: Music & spatial-temporal abil. invol…
1. Complex patterns perceived and remembered
as “structural units” (think: Cooper & Meyer)
2. Ability to detect, appreciate, and respond to
patterns similar to math, chess, physics, etc.
3. Ability to hold mental images and use models
in applications
51. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Reasoning: Music & spatial-temporal abil. invol…
1. Complex patterns perceived and remembered
as “structural units” (think: Cooper & Meyer)
2. Ability to detect, appreciate, and respond to
patterns similar to math, chess, physics, etc.
3. Ability to hold mental images and use models
in applications (think: melody & variations
on melody)
52. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Reasoning: Music & spatial-temporal abil. invol…
1. Complex patterns perceived and remembered
as “structural units” (think: Cooper & Meyer)
Neurological support (Leng, Shaw, &
2. Ability to detect, appreciate, and respond to
Wright, 1990)
patterns similar to math, chess, physics, etc.
3. Ability to hold mental images and use models
in applications (think: melody & variations
on melody)
53. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Result: Meta-analysis of 15 studies w/ 701 children
(3-12 yrs old) musical instruction had higher
scores in spatial-temporal tasks (Hetland, 2000)
54. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Result: Meta-analysis of 15 studies w/ 701 children
(3-12 yrs old) musical instruction had higher
scores in spatial-temporal tasks (Hetland, 2000)
Problems: Modest effect & not consistent (Gromko &
Poorman, 1998; Costa-Giomi, 1999)
55. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Spatial-Temporal Ability
Result: Meta-analysis of 15 studies w/ 701 children
(3-12 yrs old) musical instruction had higher
scores in spatial-temporal tasks (Hetland, 2000)
Problems: Modest effect & not consistent (Gromko &
Poorman, 1998; Costa-Giomi, 1999)
Take Away: No real conclusion
58. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Reasoning: Music & verbal skills involve…
1. Memory for visual information
59. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Reasoning: Music & verbal skills involve…
1. Memory for visual information
2. Conversion of visual symbols into motor
commands (visio-motor processing)
60. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Reasoning: Music & verbal skills involve…
1. Memory for visual information
2. Conversion of visual symbols into motor
commands (visio-motor processing)
3. Conversion of visual symbols into cognitive
representations
61. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Reasoning: Music & verbal skills involve…
1. Memory for visual information
2. Conversion of visual symbols into motor
commands (visio-motor processing)
3. Conversion of visual symbols into cognitive
representations
4. Auditory system
62. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Results
1. Music skills correlated with reading skills in 4
& 5 year olds (Lamb & Gregory, 1993)
63. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Results
1. Music skills correlated with reading skills in 4
& 5 year olds (Lamb & Gregory, 1993)
2. Verbal memory enhanced in 5-16 year olds with
music training (Ho, Cheung, & Chan, 2003)
64. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Results
1. Music skills correlated with reading skills in 4
& 5 year olds (Lamb & Gregory, 1993)
2. Verbal memory enhanced in 5-16 year olds with
music training (Ho, Cheung, & Chan, 2003)
3. Song lyrics memorized better in musically-
trained people (Kilgour, Jakobson, & Cuddy, 2000)
65. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Musically-trained people
Results
1. Music remember song lyrics skills
skills correlated with reading in 4
& 5 year olds (Lamb & Gregory, 1993) sense
better…this makes
2. Verbal memory enhanced in 5-16 year olds with
music training (Ho, Cheung, & Chan, 2003)
3. Song lyrics memorized better in musically-
trained people (Kilgour, Jakobson, & Cuddy, 2000)
68. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Problems
1. Musicians have greater phonological awareness
(Anvari, Trainor, Woodside, & Levy, 2002)
2. Musicians have a better ability to determine the
temporal order of acoustic input (Jakob son, Cuddy, &
Kilgour, 2003)
69. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Problems
1. Musicians have greater phonological awareness
(Anvari, Trainor, Woodside, & Levy, 2002)
2. Musicians have a better ability to determine the
temporal order of acoustic input (Jakob son, Cuddy, &
Kilgour, 2003)
3. Not causal studies
70. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Verbal Skills
Problems
1. Musicians have greater phonological awareness
(Anvari, Trainor, Woodside, & Levy, 2002)
2. Musicians have a better ability to determine the
temporal order of acoustic input (Jakob son, Cuddy, &
Kilgour, 2003)
3. Not causal studies
Take Away: Could be related, but not demonstrated
74. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Emotional Sensitivity & Speech Prosody
Reasoning
1. Speech prosody = melody (intonation) &
rhythm (stress and timing)
2. Emotional meaning shares similar structure as
music (timbre, amplitude, pitch, stress, etc.)
75. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Emotional Sensitivity & Speech Prosody
Reasoning
1. Speech prosody = melody (intonation) &
rhythm (stress and timing)
2. Emotional meaning shares similar structure as
music (timbre, amplitude, pitch, stress, etc.)
3. Music conveys emotional meaning
76. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Emotional Sensitivity & Speech Prosody
Results
1. Music and speech prosody share similar neural paths in
right hemisphere (Zatorre, Evans & Meyer, 1994; Joseph, 1988; Shapiro &
Danly, 1985)
77. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Emotional Sensitivity & Speech Prosody
Results
1. Music and speech prosody share similar neural paths in
right hemisphere (Zatorre, Evans & Meyer, 1994; Joseph, 1988; Shapiro &
Danly, 1985)
2. Musical students better than law students at detecting
depressed individuals (Nilsonne & Sundberg, 1985)
78. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Emotional Sensitivity & Speech Prosody
Results
1. Music and speech prosody share similar neural paths in
right hemisphere (Zatorre, Evans & Meyer, 1994; Joseph, 1988; Shapiro &
Danly, 1985)
2. Musical students better than law students at detecting
depressed individuals (Nilsonne & Sundberg, 1985)
3. Music students increased EI [causal] (Thompson., 2004)
79. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Emotional Sensitivity & Speech Prosody
Results
1. Music and speech prosody share similar neural paths in
right hemisphere (Zatorre, Evans & Meyer, 1994; Joseph, 1988; Shapiro &
Danly, 1985)
2. Musical students better than law students at detecting
depressed individuals (Nilsonne & Sundberg, 1985)
3. Music students increased EI [causal] (Thompson., 2004)
4. Piano lessons enhance sensitivity to emotion in vocal
prosody (Thompson, 2004)
80. LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Emotional Sensitivity & Speech Prosody
Take Away: Music students may have superior
abilities in emotional sensitivity and EI, but
no evidence that they actually use it.
85. FINAL VERDICT?
A Mixed Bag
Musical training allows
musicians to develop
other subskills that help
them in other areas of life.
(Plus, it can’t hurt.)
Notes de l'éditeur
Wound on top of old, dried trees. It’s a very strange concept when you think about it. And that’s just stringed instruments. So a common justification is that….
It makes us smarter
Or does it? That’s the question that we’ll be exploring today.
Pythagoras, who, by the way,
Looks a LOT like Paul Bloom
Anyway, Pythagoras first realized that mathematics was related to music
For example…
In the middle ages…
EINSTEIN! So what does this mean?
Here are some claims about music.It improves…
Okay, so the first area we’re going to talk about are…The first thing you should know is that there is…
Okay, so the first area we’re going to talk about are…The first thing you should know is that there is…
Or is it?
Or is it?
Or is it?
Or is it?
Or is it?
Or is it?
Or is it?
In all seriousness, there have been a lot of studies, both correlational and causal
There are some studies showing modest increases in IQ, others showing none; it’s hard to tell