1. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES Hormonal preparations used for reversible suppression of fertility FEMALE CONTRACEPTIVES Oral contraceptives Efficacious Low cost Overall safety Complete return of fertility on discontinuation

3. 2 . Phased regimens Reduction in total steroid dose without compromising efficacy -Biphasic -Triphasic Estrogen - constant(or varied b/w 30-40µg) Progestin - low in 1 st phase-progressively higher in 2 nd and 3 rd phase 3. Minipill Low dose Progestin only pill Taken continuously without any gap Efficacy- 96-98%

6. ii) Long acting progestins+ long acting estrogens once a month MPA+ estradiol cypionate-approved by US-FDA Mechanism of Action 1. Inhibition of Gn release from pituitary by reinforcement of normal feedback inhibition 2. Thick cervical mucus secretion hostile to sperm penetration is evoked by progestin action. 3. Make endometrium hyperproliferative or hypersecretory or atrophic- not suitable for nidation

7. 4. Modify uterine and tubal contractions –disfavour fertilization. 5. Postcoital pill-dislodge a just implanted blastocyst or may interfere with fertilization/implantation Adverse effects Nonserious - nausea, vomiting, headache Later - Weight gain Chloasma mood swings

9. MALE CONTRACEPTIVE -Inhibit spermatogenesis -complete suppression of spermatogenesis is relatively difficult without affecting other tissues. -spermatogenesis takes 64 days DRUGS Antiandrogens Estrogens & progestins

10. Cytotoxic drugs-cadmium, nitrofurans Gossypol-nonsteroidal compound obtained fron cotton seed supress spermatogenesis in 99% men reduce sperm motility Dose- 20mg/day for 2-3 months followed by 40-60mg/week