This PowerPoint is the culmination of 4 months’ hard work and was presented to the Gettysburg College Environmental Studies Department. The project analyzed the commuting trends of suburbanites versus city citizens.

1. Edge Cities: The Rise of the Suburban Commuter Sarah Peters Andrew Weinstein Penny Zuckerman ES 400 Senior Seminar

2. Introduction 1991 – Edge City published Edge cities City decentralization and urban sprawl Photo Courtesy: www.bookbyte.com

3. Hypotheses Edge city populations increasing Public transportation use decreasing Human health and ecological impacts

4. Methods Expand on Garreau’s work 2000 US Census data Center cities vs. center cities Center cities vs. edge cities

5. Methods Number of vehicles per house Means of commuting Travel time by means of commuting

6. Seattle Boston Detroit New York City Salt Lake City Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Washington, DC Los Angeles Phoenix Houston Map Courtesy: http://www.netstate.com/states/index.html

10. Vehicles Per House – Washington, DC Metropolitan Area

16. Vehicles Per House – Los Angeles Metropolitan Area

21. Discussion Our hypotheses supported Age and history matter Longer commute = greater percent use public transportation Center cities = fewer cars, less driving, more public transport use, and more walking

22. Conclusions Garreau’s observed trends continuing Ecological and social impacts Concentration

23. Future Studies Metropolitan areas Smart growth effective? 2010 Census?

24. Bibliography Banham, Reyner. Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies. Oakland: University of California Press, 2001. Garreau, Joel. Edge City – Life on the New Frontier. Knopf Doubleday Publishing, 1991. Owen, David. Green Metropolis. New York: Riverhead Books, 2009. University of Minnesota. National Historical Geographic System. 2000. Web. U.S. Census Bureau. Data Access Tools. Web.