Dr. Sindaolan D. Galla, GAD Director of University of Southern Mindanao, discussed their research findings on women entrepreneurial activities in North Cotabato

1. Predictors of Women’s
Participation in
Entrepreneurial Activities in
Selected Municipalities in
North Cotabato
Dr. Sindaolan D. Galla
Univ. of Southern Mindanao
Kabacan, Cotabato
GAD University Focal Person
Dr. Sharon R. Tabile
Univ. of Southern Mindanao
Kabacan, Cotabato
GAD College Focal Person

2. Introduction
•
Women of today play a vital and active role in our
society. Entrepreneurship offers an attractive alternative for
many women.
Aside from the economic motivation,
prospects of social rewards and individual satisfaction as well
as the ability to control or manage one’s work hours, it has
encouraged more and more women to venture into
entrepreneurship.

3. • It is in this light that this study
focused on women who engage in
entrepreneurial
activities,
their
plight, and what pushes them to
excel in their chosen field.

4. Objectives of the Study
• The study aimed to determine the
predictors of women’s participation in
entrepreneurial activities as measured
by qualitative
and
quantitative
indicators.

5. • Specifically, the study intended to:
1. Describe the profile of the
respondents in terms of personal and
family related factors, namely:
income, household size, civil status,
access
to
credit,
personal
entrepreneurial
characteristics
(PECs), awareness and availment of
support from Government, NGO’s or
Community
Programs,
age,
education, and consent of husband.
5

6. 2. Describe the extent of women’s
entrepreneurial participation in
terms of:
–Qualitative measures such as passion for
business
–Quantitative measures such as capital
investment and size of manpower.

7. 3. Analyze the significance of
selected push / pull and personal
and family factors as predictors
of the extent of women’s
participation in entrepreneurial
activities.

8. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
•
Respondents Profile
categorized as:
Push Factors
– Income
– Household Size
– Civil Status
Pull Factors
– Access to Credit
– Personal Entrepreneurial
Characteristics (PECS)
– Awareness & Availment
of support from
Government, NGO’s or
community programs
Personal and FamilyRelated Factors
– Age
– Education
– Consent of Husband
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Women’s Participation in
Entrepreneurial
Activities
Qualitative Measure
– Passion for
Business
Quantitative Measure
– Capital Investment
– Size of Manpower
employed in
business

9. Respondents of the Study
• One hundred eighty (180) women entrepreneurs with thirty
(30) respondents each coming from 1 city and five
Municipalities in North Cotabato, namely: (1) Kidapawan City
(2) Midsayap (3) Mlang (4) Makilala (5) Pres.
Roxas, and (6) Aleosan.
Sampling Procedure
• Purposive-Quota Sampling Method.

10. Research Instrument
• Part
I - demographic characteristics
• Part II - personal entrepreneurial characteristics
(PECs) through a set of statements written in Filipino.
These statements pertained to entrepreneurial
beliefs, attitudes or behavior reflective of specific
entrepreneurial characteristics.
• Part III - respondents’ passion for entrepreneurial
activity

11. CHARACTERISTICS
Income
P 500.00 - 8,999.00
9,000.00 - 17,499.00
17,500.00 – 25,500.00
26,000.00 – 34,499.00
34,500.00 – 42,999.00
43,000.00 – 51,499.00
51,500.00 – 60,000.00
FREQUENCY
130
31
10
6
1
1
1
Figure 1 . Respondents according to
income.
PERCENT
72.2
17.2
5.6
3.3
0.6
0.6
0.6

12. CHARACTERISTICS
Household Size
3 – below
4–6
7–9
10 – 12
FREQUENCY
97
76
6
1
Figure 2 . Respondents according to
Household Size.
PERCENT
53.9
42.2
3.3
0.6
12

13. CHARACTERISTICS
Civil Status
Single
Widowed
Married
FREQUENCY
PERCENT
19
20
141
10.6
11.1
78.3
Figure 3 . Respondents according to
Civil Status.

14. CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
Access to credit
No Access
With Access
49
131
27%
73%
No Access
With Access
Figure 4. Respondents according to
Access to Credit.
PERCENT
27.2
72.8

15. CHARACTERISTICS
PECs
A ( score 14 - 26 )
B ( score 28 - 42 )
FREQUENCY
PERCENT
9
171
5.0
95.0

16. CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
Awareness & Availment of Support from Gov’t, NGO or
Community Programs
Yes
55
No
125
69.4
70
60
50
40
30
30.6
20
10
0
Yes
No
Figure 6. Respondents according to
Awareness and Availment of Support.
PERCENT
30.6
69.4

17. CHARACTERISTICS
Age
FREQUENCY
PERCENT
20
74
66
17
3
11.1
41.1
36.7
9.4
1.7
17 - 30 yr
31 – 44
45 – 58
59 – 72
73 – above
73 - above
1.7
59 - 72
9.4
45 - 58
36.7
31 - 44
41.1
17 - 30
11.1
0
10
20
30
40
Figure 7 . Respondents according to Age.
50

18. CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
Educational Attainment
Some Elementary
Elementary Graduate
Some High School
High School Graduate
Vocational Technical
College Undergraduate
College Graduate
27.8
4
25
24
47
1
29
50
2.2 13.9
13.3
16.1
0.6
Some Elementary
Some High School
Vocational Technical
College Graduate
26.1
Elementary Graduate
High School Graduate
College Undergrauate
Figure 8 . Respondents according to
Educational Attainment.
PERCENT
2.2
13.9
13.3
26.1
0.6
16.1
27.8

19. CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENT
Consent of Husband
None
52
28.9
With Consent
128
71.1
28.9
71.1
Without
With Consent
Figure 9. Respondents according to
Consent of Husband.

20. Passion for Business
Table
1: Extent of Women’s Entrepreneurial Participation in terms of Qualitative
Measure
such as Passion for Business in North Cotabato, January 2007.
PASSION FOR BUSINESS
1. Kapag abala ako sa aking gawain,kaya ko
ipagpaliban kumain ng almusal, tanghalian at
hapunan.
2. Kung ako ay may problema, hinaharap ko ito at
hindi ko ito tinatalikuran
3. Hindi baling puyat ako basta’t matapos lang ang
aking gawain.
4. Saganang akin, hindi balakid ang pagkakasakit
upang matapos ang gawain.
5. Pinagpapaliban ko ang paglilibang upang
maasikaso ko ang aking negosyo.
OVERALL MEAN
Mean:
1.00 – 1.49
1.50 – 2.49
2.50 – 3.49
3.50 – 4.00
=
=
=
=
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
MEAN
VERBAL
DESCRIPTION
2.09
Disagree
3.22
Agree
2.83
Agree
2.55
Agree
2.99
Agree
2.74
Agree

21. Capital Investment
61,000.00 - 80,000.00
3.4
2.2
41,100.00 - 60,000.00
21,100.00 - 40,000.00
4.4
1,100.00 - 20,000.00
68.9
21.1
P 1,000.00 & below
0
10
20
30
40
50
Figure 10 . Respondents according to
Capital
Investment.
60
70
80

22. Size of Manpower
QUANTITATIVE MEASURES
PERCEN
FREQUENCY
T
Capital Investment
P 1,000.00 & below
1,100.00 - 20,000.00
21,100.00 – 40,000.00
41,100.00 – 60,000.00
61,000.00 - 80,000.00
81,000.00 – above
38
124
8
4
3
3
21.1
68.9
4.4
2.2
1.7
1.7
Size of Manpower
1–2
3–4
5–6
7–8
140
34
5
1
77.8
18.9
2.8
0.6

23. Nature of Business
Table 2. Nature of Business Participated in by Women in North
Cotabato,
N = 180
NATURE OF BUSINESS
PERCENT
1. Vending (livestock)
2. Street food vending
3. Dressmaking/Tailoring
4. Buy and Sell (dry goods)
5. Food Processing
6. Catering
7. Beauty Parlor/barber shop
15
17
10
10
0
2
3
8.3
9.4
5.6
5.6
0.0
1.1
1.7
8. Computer/internet
9. Sari-sari store
10. Fruit Stand
11. Fish
12. Carenderia/Restaurant
13. Refreshment/Snack House
14. Vegetables
15. Native delicacies
16. Beauty products
17. Bakery
18. Textile
19. Shoes
20. School Supplies
21. Animal feeds
22. Rice (buy and sell)
23. Dried fish
24. motor parts
25. E-load
FREQUENCY
3
39
7
12
14
4
16
6
4
2
4
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
1.7
21.7
3.9
6.7
7.8
2.2
8.9
3.3
2.2
1.1
2.2
1.7
0.6
1.1
0.6
1.7
0.6
0.6

24. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results, a Filipino woman
entrepreneur is married, 44 years old and has a high
school education. She has a family size of four (4)
members. She belongs to a low-income group,
shown by a mean monthly income of Php 7,900.00

25. Her business is mainly associated with
daily needs, particularly sari-sari store,
her starting investment is Php 11,000.00,
she employs the services of one paid and
one unpaid laborers in their businesses.

26. The results of the regression analysis to determine the
significance of the hypothesized predictors against
quantitative measures of extent revealed that:
1. Women entrepreneurs generally possessed high
personal entrepreneurial characteristics.

27. 2. In the push factors studied, household size solely
predicted the passion for business; combined
contribution of income, household size and civil status
predicted the capital investment; combined contribution
of income, household size and civil status predicted the
size of manpower employed in their business.

28. Among the pull factors studied, access to credit predicted
both the passion for business and size of manpower
employed in their business.
4. In the personal and family related factors studied,
education predicted the capital investment; consent of
husband and education predicted the size of manpower
employed in their business.
3.

29. None of the entrepreneurial characteristics predicted the
extent of women‘s participation in entrepreneurial activities.
6. Awareness and availment of support from the government,
NGO’s and Community Programs did not influence the extent
of women’s participation in entrepreneurial activities.
5.

30. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The positive effect of elementary and secondary education
to entrepreneurial participation of women (as measured by
starting capital of women entrepreneurs) denotes the
importance of female education. It is highly recommended
therefore that curriculum for both elementary and secondary
education be enhanced.

31. For those whose with entrepreneurial
strategies to prepare not only women but
men, youth and children for entrepreneurial
endeavors even without finishing their
college education.
2.

32. 3. The number of manpower employed in the business being
predicted by family income demonstrates that the more
access women have on more resources, the more
progressive her entrepreneurial activities will be. It is
thus recommended that existence of support from
Government and NGO’s and Community Programs be
widely made known and more available to women
entrepreneurs.

33. 4. For women to be more active partners of men in
community development efforts, Gender and
Development programs should be integrated in the
curriculum as early as the pre-school levels of
education to the high school level not only to become
a gender-fair society but to become a well developed
progressive country.

34. end