These slides are a complement to the video of Mark Bünger at PICNIC '10: http://vimeo.com/15604764

1. De?mystifying Life Sciences Mark Bünger, Research Director Lux Research www.luxresearchinc.com 22 Sept 2010 PICNIC Amsterdam

2. A few words aboutLux Research We help clients capitalize on science-driven innovation We focus on emerging technologies in the chemicals and materials sector and the energy and environment sector (cleantech) We have practices in Water, Green Buildings, Nanomaterials, Solar, Energy Storage, Targeted Delivery, and Biofuels & Biomaterials We have clients on five continents – blue-chip corporations, government agencies and laboratories, universities, investors, and SMBs We source our intelligence from direct interaction with CEOs, CTOs, CSOs, and R&D execs at cutting-edge technology firms in our sectors of focus We draw on our network to: Continuously monitor emerging technologies Identify discontinuities in technology commercialization Assist with company and technology evaluation We have global reach, with 40+ employees in New York, Boston, Singapore, and Amsterdam Research team is 67% scientists, 33% business analysts Suntech solar factory, China Qatar Science and Technology Park Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Norway PICNIC, Amsterdam

3. Let’s talk aboutDemystifying Life Sciences Grok the tech Assess the applications Participate in the future

4. A technophile’s life story – up to now Car, plane, computer… these technologies have frozen Where is the next revolution? 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s 2050s 2060s Boring, boring! A long time left to learn new things

5. The world's fastest Introduction to biology DNA is organized into genes, which create proteins Proteins connect via pathways, which create metabolites DNA insulin ethanol

6. The DNA to protein process is known asThe central dogma of biology A T A T G C G C Chromosomes The human body’s 46 chromosomes… Gene …contain 30,000 genes… …each made of 100-10,000 nucleotides. The sequence of nucleotides in each gene… Nucleotides DNA …is transcribed and translated by RNA into a chain of amino acids… mRNA tRNA and rRNA …that fold themselves into proteins, which perform various tasks Protein

7. For example…Translating the ins gene to insulin protein DNA code for ins gene AA code for insulin protein Structure of insulin protein 7

8. Viruses are basicallybare-minimum genes and proteins

9. Proteins can become messages, machines, or materials <50 amino acids 50-1000 AAs 1000+ AAs Messages Insulin Machines Cellular pump Flagella Actin (muscle fiber) Materials Shell and bone

10. Protein messages areHow cells communicate and compute Interaction of DNA, peptides, and enzymes enable organisms to develop and change with their environment -- to “compute” Gene A makes Protein A Gene B makes Protein B Protein B breaks down Substance X Is Substance X present? Protein A detects Substance X Y N Protein A blocks Gene B Sequences of protein reactions (called “enzymatic pathways”), perform complex logical operations. Substance X might be a food like lactose that Protein B digests, or a poison that Protein B degrades.

11. Cell communication and computation leads to self-organization and emergence of higher order

12. If you get the tech, you canAssess the applications The World DNA Proteins Pathways

13. % of petroleum use Petroleum- based product Bio-based substitute 100% Asphalt etc. Not replacable Propane Biopropane Jet fuel 80% Biokerosene Chemicals Bio-n-butanol 60% Biodiesel Diesel Renewable diesel 40% Bio-isobutanol 20% Gasoline Bioethanol 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Technical substitution potential Bio-based fuels and materials can replace 92% of petroleum products Ethanol is a partial substitute for gasoline, but drop-in replacements (4- and 5-carbon alcohols) exist Ditto for diesel, jet fuel, and most petrochemicals Only heavy, tarry petrochemicals lack bio-replacements

14. But to get more than a few drops, we need lots of non-food, sustainable biomass Oil crops Cane Sugar crops Sugar beet Non-crop biomass Corn Equivalent annual petroleum use Rapeseed Wheat Sunflower, Barley Petroleum Palm, Soy Agricultural waste Forest harvest and waste Losers: Purpose-grown energy crops and algae bioreactors Winners: Agricultural and forest waste Wildcards: low-capex and offshore algae

15. Synthetic biology is about standardizing biological parts to create predictable devices Electronic circuit Standard parts Predictable input-output Biological circuit Standard parts Predictable input-output Switch Light Switch Light

16. An actual enzymatic pathway map

17. DNA sequencing and synthesis costs are rapidly declining Source: Lux Research

18. So what's that good for?and who's doing it? Party tricks Image of Darwin produced by photosensitive bacteria Real-world products Instruments capable of reading a person’s entire genetic code in hours, for under $1000 (Complete Genomics) Machines that can assemble a new genome from basic chemicals (Blue Heron), and insert it into an empty cell “chassis” to create entirely new species (Venter Institute) Protein drugs that use amino acids not found among the 20 used by almost all life on Earth (Ambrx) Algae that can be programmed to produce the raw materials for soap, cooking oil, and jet fuel (Solazyme) Bacteria that convert carbon dioxide into ethanol (Synthetic Genomics) DNA-based logic circuits with inverters, oscillators, and standard, interchangeable parts (BioBricks) Sheets of bacteria that can count and do complex computations like image processing (Voigt Lab, UCSF) Humans that photosynthesize and houses you can grow from a seed (MIT Synthetic Biology Working Group) Foods, medicines, structural materials, basic and specialty chemicals, fuels Markets each worth tens of billions annually

21. Applications lie over business, technical, and scientific horizons 2012 2015 2020 Tools for control Nanopore sequencing Gene sequencing Gene synthesis Metabolites Small-molecule drugs Biofuels Biodrugs Bioplastics Materials Minimum-genome chassis Machines Bioremediation Biodevices Bacterial biosensors Tissue grafts Drug-delivering bacteria Synthetic foods Biochemical computers Synthetic morphologies Human-plant hybrids Green goo

22. Corporations and venture capitalists are jumping in to synthetic biology Synbio collaborations by corporation Chevron - Solazyme Roche - Ambrx BP - Synthetic Genomics Danisco - Brain AG DuPont cellulosic ethanol (2010) Goodyear bioisoprene (2013) Microsoft “Executable Biology” at Cambridge’s synbio center

23. Synbio application companies have received more than $1 billion in funding to date

24. Biohackers are playing an important role in innovation and commercialization

25. Coming soon to a child near you:Elementary- and middle school biotechnology kits

26. Unsurprisingly, people have opinions about Life Stem cells Euthanasia GM food Biofuels Synthetic biology “Curing” homosexuality Humanity + …and more

27. …and that’s been going on for a very long time Cloning Vaccines In-vitro fertilization Birth-control pills Abortion Evolution Transfusions and transplants Clean vs unclean animals

28. Knowing the tech and the apps, you canParticipate in the future Learn: The last thing we need is more (uninformed) opinions Do: We cocreate and participate, shaping the world by action or inaction Teach: In teaching you learn

29. Thank you Mark Bünger, Research Director mark.bunger@luxresearchinc.com