1. Máster en Desarrollo Urbano y Territorial
Mutation in Urban Mobility
César Trapote Barreira
14.04.2011

2. Introduction
CENIT
 Center for Innovation in Transport (CENIT) . 2001 - 2011: 10 years of innovation
 Consortium Technical University of Catalonia (Barcelona Tech) + regional govmnt.
2

3. Introduction
Transportation projects
3

4. Towards Smart Urban Mobility
Guidelines to see a clear
picture and to find our way…
towards smart urban mobility
4
www.eltis.org

5. Economic corridors
Sustainable, safe and intelligent urban mobility
– Seamless door-to-door
mobility (regardless of
mode)
– “City” is a generic
concept: common
mobility principles for
European cities
X – Mayors will likely
welcome EU policy on
pricing and regulation
– Best cases: eltis.org
Sustainable development is son of Economy + Ecology
Love or interested marriage ?
Technology may take leaps (non-continuous improvement of quality)
XXIst century will likely be characterized by urban mobility 5

6. Change of paradigm
 From designing and constructing infrastructures
to service inception and management (dynamic
processes vs. Static objects)
System analysis including the foreseeable
Infrastructures to
satisfy the stakeholder’s behavior
mobility of
people (+goods) Rational planning with global perspective
Global Local
but with local implementation (subsidiarity) Think Act
Critical mass and catalyzer effects
 Functional legislation (continuous variables,
administrations, multimodality, surveillance, etc.)
Supply
Ley 20/1991
 Economic logic
Unit cost
Accesibilidad Universal
Demand en el TP, Cataluña
Critical Size 6
size

7. Urban transportation microeconomics
Marginal CAverage
$/km Unit Demand
cost (social)
cost
Demand PV
Average PT
cost
(users) Cmarginal
Tasa
p’
p”
Deficit
p*
Social Current Flow Trips R’ R*
equilibrium equilibrium (veh/h)
flow flow PV must be taxed to internalize the
generated externalities
$/q(TP)
$/q(VP)
PT (transit) should have subsidies to
CMe TP benefit the maximum number of users
CMe VP We all worsen off by improving the PV
PT is an inferior good and needs Q
Conjoint / coupled layout, operations
7
q(TP) q(VP) and pricing

8. Mutation in urban mobility
Old concepts New concepts
Functionalism Sustainability
Diffuse city (urban sprawl) Compact city
Specialization of land uses Multifunctional city
European cities as a
Direct costs of operation Ecological accounting social project of
Pendulous mobility (commuting) Cloud-shaped mobility
Required (household-based) mobility Daily mobility
integration
Transport policy Mobility policy and right to accessibility
Long distance Proximity
Longitudinal use of the street Cross-street use
– Democratization of the street
– Human cities
– Diversity
– Integration
– Systems approach
8

9. European cities for the people
Smart, livable and efficient cities
WALK
TRANSIT
CAR
9

10. The role of ICT in mobility
We move atoms with energy, electrons and photons
“The end of distance”. 10 million
teleworks in 2000
Strategic
Telematics in all TERN in 2000 and
Tactical
in 30 metropolitan areas
Operational
Bangemann Report
“Europe and the global
information society”
(Corfu, 1994):

11. Oops! Forgot the stakeholder behavior
Administration, operators, users, citizens
New demand
models, game
theory, etc.
Multidisciplinary
cross-fertilization
HOV
N-VI CBA?
Madrid
11

12. Re-engineering & systems approach
No epic/bold changes? Re-engineering is radiKal!
• Innovation is doing things “right”
• Intelligence ITS = R+D+i = ?
• Known concepts (functional laws) with “new chemistry” (reactives
+ catalyzers) & boosted with ICT and intelligence
12

13. We need basic research
Sound behavioral models = basic research
• False planning:
• Tracking obsession
• A simple bottleneck:
– Mobility demand
models need to be
reformulated
– Dynamic real time
micro-simulations
reproduce the same
(outdated) philosophy
of 60’s
13

14. The transportation system
ETC.
STAKEHOLDERS
SOCIETY
MOTOR
CONTAINER
CONTROL
WAY
BUSINESS
TECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENT ENERGY
CULTURE
14

15. City as a complex service network
Local Car (P&P)
Accessibility
Tram-train P
Bus lane-BRT-HOV
P&R P
P
Car
Car (P&R)
Microbus/shared Global
taxicabs (DRS) Accessibility
15

16. Mode promiscuity & convergence (1)
 
Eco-
mobility PV Transit The extreme converge
Rail
pedes- bicycle car motor- taxi bus BRT
trian cycle
shared / public
HOV LRT metro commuter
“BiCiNg” carsharing
rail
16

17. Promiscuity and convergence (2)
17

18. Promiscuity and convergence (3)
18

19. Mode adequacy (1)
Non-continuous technological supply
(but continuous demand)
1, 2, 3 lanes…
Play with time
(traffic signals),
multi-purpose
lanes, pricing…
Demand
pedestrian bus
car
plane Functional
parameters to
describe mobility
d, t, v
Gabriel Bouladon (1967) “The transportation gaps”
19

20. Mode adequacy (2)
Temporal coverage (When do you want to travel)
Spatial coverage (Where do you want to travel)
Speed (Fast and reliable)
Temporal
coverage
Private car
Spatial coverage
Bus
Metro
Speed 20

21. Mode adequacy (3)
Status Quo
• Individual transportation (car,
motorcycle):
– When do you want to travel?: Yes
– Where do you want to travel?: Yes
View:
– Is it fast?: Yes
• Public transportation (metro):
• Public transportation (netbus):
– When do you want to travel?: Yes
– When do you want to travel: Yes
– Where do you want to travel?: No
– Where do you want to travel: Yes
– Fast?: Yes
– Is it fast?: Yes
• Public transportation (bus):
– When do you want to travel?: No
– Where do you want to travel: Yes Cheaper, easier and
– Is it fast?: No more convenient
21

22. Mode adequacy (4)
What is the “optimal” transport mode for a given corridor?
14
12
10
Milions d'euros
8
6
4
2
0
1
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
900
Viatgers/dia
Autobús Ferrocarril Vehicle Privat
22

23. Mode adequacy (5)
Competitiveness of urban transportation modes
C inf: Infraestructure cost
Cop: Operation cost
Cu : Users cost
Cext: Cost of externalities
Lines of Z=ct. for each pair of modes Optimal region of operation
Passengers per day
Passengers per day
Tr
Ba
Bc
Headway (min) Headway (min)
Bc: standard bus (80 people), Ba: articulated bus (140 people), Tr: Tramway (220 people)
23

24. The power of density and occupancy
In the beginning of Universe, it was gravity…. (Stephen Hawking)
“In the beginning of mobility, it was density”…. (Francesc Robusté)
24

25. BRTs
“we take you fast… to nowhere”
?
Think as a 2D network! 25

26. NB Netbus (1)
Reinvention and promotion of efficient urban bus services,
competitive with tramways and cars
• Strategic vs.
operational decisions
• Flexibility of buses vs.
rigidity of railways
M R T NB B b
26

27. NB Netbus (2)
Grid (Holroyd, 1965) Radial or hub & spoke (Air tr. 1980’s) Hybrid (Daganzo, 2009)
27

28. NB Netbus (3)
• INFRASTRUCTURAL • TRAVEL TIME:
NB • OPERATIONAL – Bus lane (single, double)
– Bus lane in the median of road
• VEHICLE-ORIENTED – Fluctuations smoothing (L/U,
works, garbage containers,
cleaning vehicles, etc.)
Capacity is interaction supply-
demand and depends on • STOP TIME:
behavior and management
– Multiple platform
– Platform on sidewalk
– Ticketing
• JOINT OPTIMIZATION:
– Stop spacing
– Pairing control
– Reliability
– Entries coordination in corridors
– TSP, transit signal priority 28

29. Fare integration, ticketing and MTA
Smartcard
29

30. CSI in transit
30

31. L9 metro line
L9: 44 km, 46 stations, 15 interchanges,
automatic, €8,5 billion
31

32. Traffic (1)
MFD of traffic in quarters (regardless of O/D !!!)
1500000
1500000
1200000
Outflow
1200000
Travel Production
Travel Production
900000
900000
Yokohama 600000
Network Flow
600000
300000
300000
00
SFO 00 2000
2000 4000
4000
Vehicle Accumulation
Accumulation
Accumulation
6000 6000 8000 8000 10000 10000
Nairobi “Cities can regulate
congestion with traffic lights
Network Vehicle Density
of the XXI century”
Managed lanes Congestion pricing
Speed has a Integration
price (economic, with parking.
social, Pareto
environmental) optimum 32

33. Traffic (2)
São Paulo, 2007
Barcelona, 2008
33

34. Traffic (3)
Radars & sensors
34

35. Taxicabs (1)
Understanding the taxi business and its role in UM
8000
Costes sociales
Supply of the proposed
7000
measure
Current supply
6000
Optimal supply
5000
+Emisiones
Number of taxis
+Congestión 4000
- Nivel de vida
3000
2000
Número óptimo Número de taxis 1000
0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5
hourly zones of a day
₋ Fleet management
₋ Radio-taxi
₋ Intelligent taxi stops
₋ Licenses (vehicles) vs. drivers (turns)
₋ Scheduling and supply/demand matching
35

36. Taxicabs (2)
Distribution of taxicab demand, revenues and supply according to hours
INGRESSOS SEGONS FRANJA HORÀRIA
FEINER
35
DISSABTE
€
30 DIUMENGE
25
20
15
10
5
0 HORA
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Profitability: taxi business?
Return On Equity adapted to taxi owners (“reasonable business profit”)
The asset is the taxi license (market value?)
Indicator 2007 2009
Income per hour 19.42 € 17.65 €
Number of services per hour 2.19 services 1.88 services
CSI = 5.9 Average service time 13.65 min 12.56 min
36

37. Urban freight distribution (DUMB) (1)
Multi-purpose lanes and VMS
8-10 am traffic
10 am – 5 pm L/U
5-9 pm traffic
9 pm-8 am parking
SMILE project under ELTIS
(www.eltis.org): reversible Lights
multiuse street lanes
Zone Access Control
system in center 37

38. Urban freight distribution (DUMB) (2)
Timing L/U
operations
– sticker
“clock”
W orkdays
9 to 20 h
Except
authorised
Un/loading
30 min max.
38

39. Customer information
Real time customer information means efficiency, modernity and transparency
39

40. City planning
Multipolar and “self-
containing” City Planning
Mobility Law, 2003
Decree of Generated Mobility, 2006
Integration: a social project
-Chamfered corners
Ildefons Cerdà -5-6 stories high (Pral)
-Garden inside
“Network -Shops at street level “The city of the future…”
Urbanism” -Sidewalks to enjoy city
Is the Mediterranean city!
“General Theory of Urbanization”, 1867
Barcelona “broadening” Eixample, 1859 40

41. Supply (pull) vs demand (push) models
 City planning perspective : OK but link to
land value
 “Tiro por la culata”
 “Do the homework”
Pitis
 Chemical reaction: catalyzers, critical
masses, humidity, temperature, reactive
quality, etc.
41

42. Urban street safety
Driver
Street Vehicle
Urban safety audits
42

43. TSM – ITS – Sustainable mobility
TSM: Transportation System TSM
Management
TDM: Travel Demand Management
MM: Mobility Management
TSupplyM
Economically
competitive TDM
Eco-
mobility
ICT Sustainable
Mobility
Sustainable
Environmentally ITS Mobility
Socially fair responsible
Sustainable transportation : permanent regime
43

44. Sustainability
 Diffuse emissions and health problems
 Energy consumption, energy type and emissions
 Energy policy
 Energy pricing
 Fleet renewal (RENOVE plan): de pre-Euro a Euro-V
 Eco-mobility
 Electric and hybrid vehicles
 Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (PMUS - IDAE) CORINAIR,
European
Environmental agency
44

45. Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans
PMUS: more than recipes, just an enthusiastic description of cases
Public transport interchanges
Parking regulation and pricing
Road pricing
Traffic restricted areas
Boosting bicycles and walking
More quality in public transport
Flexible supply to fit demand
Logistic platforms for loading and unloading
Tele-working
Carsharing centers
Etc.
45

46. Towards a KPI of Urban Mobility
Objective: give a city a “grade” about mobility and follow it
Attributes (some measured):
• Unit social cost of overcoming a distance ($/pax-km)
− Mobility behavior patterns
− Land use patterns and city planning issues
• Space distribution Policy objectives?
• Time distribution Measure attributes
• Modal split
Decide some weights
• Safety
• Reliability Aggregate Mobility Indicator
• Sustainability (similar to CSI in transit)
• (Energy)
• (Emissions)
• (ICT technology)
• Social equity: income, gender, MRP (universal accessibility)
• Perception (weights from local surveys) 46

47. Future of Urban Transport (Europe)
European Parliament, 2010 (under publication)
Most of the innovation in urban mobility will come
from the re-engineering of old concepts with the
help of ICT: success or failure of implementation
will depend on a package of „soft‟ management
measures that involve understanding stakeholder
behavior and managing the system in an
integrated, efficient and dynamic (real-time) way,
rather than on „hard‟ physical infrastructure or
new vehicles. New energy sources for vehicles are
tactical changes; however, the physical or functional
aspects of overcoming a certain distance at a
certain speed will remain.
47

48. 2050 scenario in Europe
• IN • OUT
− Pedestrians − Segways
− Bicycles, eBicycles, eBikes − Kickbicycles, tricycles
− Buses, netbus, proximity bus − Motorcycles with 3 wheels
− Metros and commuter rails − Lean cars
− eCars, eFreight distribution − PRT, AGT, monorails
− Carpool and shared vehicles − Trolley buses
− Managed lanes, VVI, IVI − Paratransit with microbuses
− Pricing and fare integration − AMW moving walkways
− Planning, land price, legislation, − Freight in tramways / metros
governance… − Speed
− Elderly, handicapped & MRP
− Urban safety 48

49. Barcelona model (1)
“Barcelona model” of mobility (2006):
 Safety
 Sustainability
 Social equity
 Efficiency
 Agreement (deal) and social consensus
 Metropolitan mobility perspective
49

50. Barcelona model (2)
•Social integration: “Gaixample” (Gay Eixample)
•Network thinking: use the grid and kill the diagonals
•Recuperate public space taking it from cars: broadening
of sidewalks, reduce number of lanes (after public works), etc.
•More squares, boulevards & meeting points for people
•Each decade a “mission” or huge project: Olympics
1992, Forum of cultures 2004, 22@ 2010, Sagrera 2020 50

51. Barcelona model (3)
• Promote PT: metro (L9+L10, expansions of the others),
tramways, buses (RetBus, conventional, microbuses)
• Promote bicycles (BiCiNg) and walking
• Quality city planning elements
• Public logistics platforms
• Innovation: multi-purpose lanes, carsharing, etc.
• Parking (on-street & off-street) regulation and pricing
• Do not segregate but integrate: down with viaducts
(Ronda del Mig), infra-dimensioned arterials (Ronda Litoral)
• Surface and air space of the street belongs to people
• Mixed land uses (down with zoning like Brasilia)
Good building designers do not necessarily make good cities 51

52. Int’l: Bicycle-sharing
City Area Population
Stations Bicycles Performance
(Km2) (million)
Barcelona 101 1.6 401 6,000 Good service
London 1,572 7.6 315 5,000 Low coverage
To be
San Francisco 121 0.8 50 1000 implemented
It’s just the
Washington 177 5.2 10 120 beginning
Good coverage.
Montreal 365 1.6 400 5,000 Weather? 52

53. Int’l: Segregated lanes
BLIP or IBL
BLIPBLIP
BUS
BLIP
BUS
53

54. Int’l: Combo
Smartcard
iBUS -
mBUS
Congestion Charge in London
54

55. Vision and leadership
R+D+i
PROPHET POET
COACH THERAPIST
Source: Mikel Murga, MIT, who
adapted it from a presentation
by Marc J. Roberts Time
Harvard School of Public Health
55

56. CENIT books on Urban Mobility
URBAN MOB ILITY
56

57. Conclusions
• “Package of soft management measures” in urban
transportation (enhanced by ITS) as opposed to single hard
physical infrastructures of “technology driven innovations”
• Re-engineering of current mobility services
• Think in 2D networks instead of corridors or 1D services
• Focus on the people and stakeholders behavior
• Promiscuity and convergence of urban mobility modes
• Emissions will improve but urban safety and congestion will
remain
• Need “functional” laws and governance in mobility
• Democratize street public space
57

58. Gracias por su atención