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Agile Projects – Lazy Contracts
Emanuele Passera
PMP, Prince2 , PMI-ACP
03 February 2018
Highly Specialized Assets
High Value for Few People
Highly Specialized Assets
High Value for Few People
Technological
Monopoly
Highly Specialized Assets
High Value for Few People
Technological
Monopoly
Deadlock
Highly Specialized Assets
High Value for Few People
Technological
Monopoly
Deadlock Opportunistic
Behaviors
To Avoid This We Sign Contracts
To Align Customer/Supplier
Objectives
To Avoid This We Sign Contracts
Which Too Often Embody Our
Fears, Not Our Hopes
To Align Customer/Supplier
Objectives
Just 2 Kinds of Contracts
Fixed Price Time & Material
“Fixed Price”
Effort
Revenues
Profit
✘ Risk on Supplier
✘ Indifference
✘ Competitive
“Fixed Price”
Effort
Revenues
Profit
Quality
✘ Risk on Supplier
✘ Indifference
✘ Competitive
Customer Will
Suffer Too
“Fixed Price”
Effort
Revenues
Profit
Quality
✘ Risk on Supplier
✘ Indifference
✘ Competitive
Customer Will
Suffer Too
You Are Trading a Deterministic Variable With an
Aleatory One. Technological Debt
“Fixed Price”
…But I Know the Cost
“Fixed Price”
…But I Know the Cost
A Pumped Up Cost if You Are
Lucky
“Fixed Price”
…But I feel safe
“Fixed Price”
…But I feel safe
Would You Contract Your
Surgery on a Fixed Price Term?
“Fixed Price”
…But We Can Issue Call for Bids
“Fixed Price”
…But We Can Issue Call for Bids
…Selecting The More Desperate
Supplier…
“Fixed Price”
…But We Can Issue Call for Bids
…Selecting The More Desperate
Supplier…
…And Being Locked in Wearying
T&M Maintenance Contracts
“T&M”
Effort
✘ Risk on Customer
✘ Indifference
✘ Competitive
“T&M”
Effort
Quality
✘ Risk on Customer
✘ Indifference
✘ Competitive
Project will fail
sooner or later
T&M Contracts created a career:
The Controller
What is Waiting For You at the
End of the Journey
Why We Do This to Our Projects?
Why We Do This to Our Projects?
✘ Lawyers Are Trained to Focus on Failures
✘ Lawyers Protect Customers, Not Projects
✘ Law Builds Upon Tradition
✘ Well-Known Contracts Lead to Predictable
Outcomes in Court
Why We Do This to Our Projects?
✘ Lawyers Are Trained to Focus on Failures
✘ Lawyers Protect Customers, Not Projects
✘ Law Builds Upon Tradition
✘ Well-Known Contracts Lead to Predictable
Outcomes in Court
There Are Better Ways
1.
Share The Risk
Do Not Transfer It
Risk Should be Handled by Who is More Apt to
Manage it
2.
Build a Bridge of Trust
Skin in the Game
3.
Have Lawyers in the Team
No Silos Optimization
4.
Constrained Freedom
Do Not Sign Bottlenecks
5.
Talk About Value
Not About Costs
A Small Step Forward
✘ Money for Nothing & Change for Free
✘ It Requires Customer High Engagement
“Fixed Price”
A Small Step Forward
✘ Money for Nothing & Change for Free
✘ It Requires Customer High Engagement
✘ Split in Phases
✘ No Big Upfront Estimation
✘ Need to Have a MMF at Each Phase
“Fixed Price”
A Small Step Forward
✘ Money for Nothing & Change for Free
✘ It Requires Customer High Engagement
✘ Split in Phases
✘ No Big Upfront Estimation
✘ Need to Have a MMF at Each Phase
✘ No Exit Penalty
✘ Skin in the Game = Trust
“Fixed Price”
A Small Step Forward
✘ Cost Ceiling
✘ Balance the Risk for the Customer
✘ It Reverts Back to Fixed Price
“T&M”
A Small Step Forward
✘ Cost Ceiling
✘ Balance the Risk for the Customer
✘ It Reverts Back to Fixed Price
✘ Split in Phases
✘ Efficient Costs Control
✘ Need to Have a MMF at Each Phase
“T&M”
A Small Step Forward
✘ Cost Ceiling
✘ Balance the Risk for the Customer
✘ It Reverts Back to Fixed Price
✘ Split in Phases
✘ Efficient Costs Control
✘ Need to Have a MMF at Each Phase
✘ No Exit Penalty
✘ Skin in the Game = Trust
“T&M”
A Small Step Forward
✘ Man/Hours Cost Variance (Bonus/Penalty)
✘ Even if it Changes the Math, Not the Approach
“T&M”
A Small Step Forward
✘ Man/Hours Cost Variance (Bonus/Penalty)
✘ Even if it Changes the Math, Not the Approach
✘ Fixed Profit
✘ Efficient Costs Control
✘ It Requires Access to the Supplier Cost Structure
“T&M”
A Small Step Forward
✘ Man/Hours Cost Variance (Bonus/Penalty)
✘ Even if it Changes the Math, Not the Approach
✘ Fixed Profit
✘ Efficient Costs Control
✘ It Requires Access to the Supplier Cost Structure
✘ Percentual Risk Sharing
✘ Efficient Risk Sharing
“T&M”
Share the Risk
Skin in The Game
Constrained Freedom
Talk About Value
No Silos Optimization
A Step Forward
…But Another One…
Toward
Ex-Post?
1.
A Tale of “Fixed Price”
2.
A Tale of (Good) “T&M”
3.
A Tale of (Bad) “T&M”
…But in the End…
TRUST
All Comes Down to It
thanks!
Any Questions?
passera.emanuele@gmail.com
www.emanuelepassera.com
www.pmcrumbs.com

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Agile projects & Lazy Contracts

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Progetti ad alto valore aggiunto, basati su proprietà intellettuale o opere di ingegno. Software dedicato ad un’azienda oppure un COT pesantemente modificato.
  2. Questo tipo di situazione generalmente ingenera monopolio tecnologico
  3. Che porta ad un deadlock tra fornitore e cliente
  4. che presta il fianco alla nascita comportamenti opportunistici. Progetti industriali standard regolati dal mercato stesso ma progetti come questi, hanno bisogno di un approccio dedicato.
  5. Introducendo clausole, penali, bonus...per allineare gli obiettivi di fornitore e cliente. Partendo da contratti standard ed aggiungendo clausole per prevedere ogni frangente.
  6. Un contratto troppo complesso diviene incomprensibile. L’oggetto del contratto occupa solo una piccola parte del contenuto. Un contratto di questo tipo non favorisce il successo, anzi, potrebbe pure impedirlo.
  7. Ci sono solo 2 tipi di contratto. A corpo e time&material. A corpo stima upfront del costo dell’intero progetto e del profitto atteso del fornitore. Dimmi cosa vuoi ed io ti dico immediatamente quanto costerà. T&M non prevede stima iniziale. Dimmi cosa vuoi ed alla fine vedrai quanto ti sarà costato. Tutti gli altri tipi di contratto sono solo una declinazione di questi 2 tipi.
  8. Esempio ristrutturazione, meccanico. O accettate un aumento dei costi, o impugnate il contratto. Riduzione progressiva della qualità dell’opera fornita (junior al posto di senior, ritardi, costi di manutenzione gonfiati, litigi su tutto anche sulle icone...).
  9. State barattando una variabile deterministica con una aleatoria. Il debito tecnologico vi strangolerà.
  10. Il contratto a corpo risponde all’esigenza fondamentale di sapere quanto costerà ed in quanto tempo. Legittimo. Esempio ristrutturazione casa o azienda che fa budget.
  11. Stime sono solo stime. Il cliente crede, sbagliando, maggiore tutela. Contratto a corpo rischio al fornitore. Una stima che dovrà essere rispettata e che nel 90% dei casi sarà sbagliata di almeno il 50%. Il fornitore si proteggerà esponendo una stima gonfiata, per assorbire gli inevitabili problem o cambiamenti.
  12. I contratti a corpo sono molto appetibili per - parvenza di sicurezza che offrono - possibilità di aste al ribasso
  13. Meccanismo perverso, - Selezione dell’offerta più conveniente solo sulla carta - Attirare solo i fornitori più disperati.
  14. Lock-in e debito tecnologico raggiungono il massimo. Fornitori entrano in contrattazione per fare soldi su manutenzione e non sull’oggetto (India?).
  15. Peso del rischio al contraente, che si imbarca in un progetto senza avere nessuna nozione, se non una stima non vincolante, di quanto costerà.
  16. time&material hanno portato alla nascita di una professione. Il controller.
  17. Esempi personali su litigi icone
  18. Difficile introdurre nuovi contratti
  19. La direzione è quella sbagliata. La direzione giusta è partire si da un contratto standard ed aggiungere clausole che permettono una equa divisione del rischio (che deve essere gestito da chi lo può fare meglio), concentrate sull’oggetto del contratto e non su una possibile breach.
  20. Il contratto come oggetto per condividere il rischio e non subappaltarlo.
  21. Non si può contrattualizzare la fiducia, se questa non esiste a priori Skin in the game aiuta molto a crearla
  22. Un corporate potrebbe beneficiare molto addestrando i propri legali a quelli che sono i principi dell’agile.
  23. I contratti dovrebbero definire un framework entro cui operare Non includere bottleneck nei contratti. Ad esempio, se contrattualizzi 5 meeting, stai sicuro che sono quelli che avrai. Magari però te ne servirebbero 8 per gestire al meglio il progetto ed il cliente/fornitore sarebbe anche contento di farli.
  24. Cambia la percezione sul valore e non sul costo.
  25. Decine di contratti possono essere creati mescolando questi ingredienti, ognuno con pregi e difetti. Partiamo da contratti standard, eliminiamo la pletora di clausole che incarnano le nostre paure, aggiungiamo clausole per distribuire il rischio a chi meglio lo può gestire. La situazione è migliore ma non risolta.
  26. Oppure andare verso queste forme ancora più estremizzate di contratto, che però non ti riparano da comportamenti fraudolenti…ancora una volta la fiducia…
  27. TREmaps5
  28. Simcat
  29. Navision
  30. L’unica cosa che serve per fare girare un contratto è la fiducia tra fornitore e cliente. Clausole sono tentativo di rimpiazzarla. Se ce l’hai, puoi fare anche contratti a corpo e sempre trovarti bene.