2. THE CONCEPT OF ZERO
The concept of zero was created by the Babylonians and the Mayas but the Indians were the ones who invented the
symbol of the number zero because in their culture “to be” and “not to be” were set on the same level. The Arabs
diffused it in China and Europe.
“Zero” stands for nothing. In the western philosophy the concept of nothing opposed to the concept of infinity
continued to obsess thinkers and writers like a famous Romantic poet, Giacomo Leopardi, who wrote "the origin of
things and of God himself, is nothingness".
“Zero” is a concept that the whole world has in common and can be considered a good example against xenophobia.
Zero is perfect! Look at it and you will see nothing, but if you look through zero more deeply you will see a
completely new world.
TOGETHER
INFINITY JOINED
TO
IN
PEACE
NOTHING
FROM

3. PEYO YAVOROV SCHOOL - BULGARIA
Peyo Yavorov school in Varna
is situated in one of the
biggest housing complexes called Vladislav
Varnenchik. It includes elementary, middle and
high school levels. The students are aged 7 to 19.
Two years ago the school celebrated its 30-th
anniversary.
The school offers a variety of facilities – four
computer rooms, three gyms, a fitness room, a
concert hall, a library, a
school museum, a
swimming pool. The students can attend extra-curricular clubs like Ecology, a choir, Cheer
leaders, basketball, football and handball teams.
Peyo Yavorov school was the first school in Varna region which was awarded the international
prize Eco Schools Green Flag in 2000. Many eco projects have been held so far. The school
community also works on projects in other areas aiming at developing student’s personality
and protecting the physical and the mental health of the children.
Еco Classroom The Bread Day
Folk Celebration A Swimming Contest

4. MY SCHOOL - ITALY
Istituto magistrale statale`Francesco Angeloni'
`F.Angeloni' Institute is located in a town of small dimension, with a long historical past. The urban
area occupies the southern part of Umbria and has represented, during the period of industrial
revolution, a national pole of the great steel and chemical industry. Unfortunately, nowadays because of
the problems of the steel industry in the context of the international globalization, Terni is crossed by a
crisis that makes all the area exposed to phenomena of occupational decrement. Engaged in the search
of an alternative economic development, the town lives a crisis of identity looking for a new model of
development. The town now is a depressed area and it receives incentives, typical of the industrial
areas in crisis, addressed towards tourism, and movie production ( “La vita è bella”, Oscar movie by
Roberto Benigni ,was in fact produced in Terni ). Also in the technical literature, the “ Terni case” is a
metaphor of a social-economic-cultural situation, typical of the crisis and the search for a new
anthropological identity. The ‘Magistrale’ Institute, in the Italian school system, is a type of school
mainly focused on teachers education. Because of the development of the Italian Educational System,
“Angeloni” Institute evolved from the formation of the future teacher to the direction of Courses like :
Music Liceum, Linguistic Liceum, Human Sciences Liceum, Dance Liceum maturing a long European
experience, with the `mission' focused on the Comenius partnership, careful to the teachers training
process. “F.Angeloni” is also a DEURE centre strongly engaged in the planning of the European
projects.

5. MY SCHOOL - LATVIA
Oskara Kalpaka Rudbāržu primary school
History
Rudbarzi school was mentioned in Courland (Kurzeme) province statistics book in 1828. For the
first time officially Rudbarzu school was mentioned in the statement of the nobility in 1849.
School’s motto – poetess words dedicated to Oskars
Kalpaks:
- Where will I get a strenght for Latvia?
- Developing yourself you become this force!
(Anna Brigadere)
In honour of Oskars Kalpaks, the commander of the
first armed unit of Latvia, the 1st Latvian Independent
Battalion, in 1919, and his soldiers there is a memorial room
Oskars Kalpaks 1882-1919 at school - Heroes hall.
In 2010 / 2011 school year: kindergarten children and pupils (form 1-9) – 101, teachers –
20, technical staff – 11 were in our school.
In a special way we celebrate the
anniversary of Latvia. On the 18th of November
we gather at the school, light hundreds of
candles in the windows and around the building,
too. We listen to music and enjoy fireworks .
Students participate in international
Comenius projects. Thereby they have
possibilities to improve their personal
development very much.

6. NAISIAI BASIC SCHOOL
This is Naisiai basic
Twenty-one teacher
school which is
work in our school.
located in Naisiai
The headmaster is
village, Šiauliai
district. In 1904 Vytautas Šimkus and
V.Zubov was the the deputy is Stasė
first man in Naisiai Grušienė.
who opened the
school. In 2004
school celebrated a
100 year
anniversary. Our
school consists of
two buildings. One
is wooden school
where young pupils,
from 0 to 4 classes,
Students feel safe and happy in our
learn and a new
school so they can choose their
brick school for 5-10
favourite activity like dancing,
rite
classes students. In
the new school also singing, painting and other things. We
there is a canteen, a have a tradition at school that every
cloakroom, a gym, class from 5 to 10 grade must prepare
headmaster and one event in a year. These event events
teachers’ rooms. involve all students in this fun funny
About 100 students activity and make our school more
from Naisiai and interesting and attractive.
nearby villages study
in our school. Our
school has its own
flag and emblem.

7. My school

8. MY SCHOOL - ROMANIA
The School 26 was founded in 1889 on Ion Mos Street, next to the church with the same
name. From 1960 the school develops its activity in the building situated on Cobilitei Street.
Our school has classrooms and laboratries where the students learn not only general
knowledge but also how to build their future in a Romanian society in permanent change.
In our school functions a kindergarden and a Students’ Club where the children can
develop their skills in different fields.

9. ZŠ akad. Jura Hronca,
Zakarpatská 12, Rožňava
ABOUT US
 456 pupils ACTUAL AGE STRUCTURE
 22 classes
Primary level : 6 – 9- year-old pupils
 41 pedagogical employees
 18 non-pedagogical employees Secondary level : 10 – 15- year-old pupils
 A canteen, 2 gyms, a fitness
 15 special classrooms
HEADMASTER OF THE DEPUTY HEADMISTRESS DEPUTY HEADMISTRESS
SCHOOL FOR PRIMARY LEVEL FOR SECONDARY LEVEL
RNDr. JÁN DŽUBÁK Mgr. ILDIKÓ STRINKOVÁ Mgr. ADRIENA KOREŇOVÁ
certification: Maths certification: Primary Education certification: Slovak
Physics Ethics
Civics
TEAM OF THE TEACHERS
SCHOOL PROJECTS
 Infovek
 Open school
 Socrates – international project
 School encouraging health
 Reconstruction and
modernisation of the school
 Wider introduction of ICT into
teaching
 Commenius – school
partnerships
TECHNICAL CONDITIONS
 3 PC classrooms with 80 PC
COMPLETE RECONSTRUCTION AND MODERNISATION altogether
 60 school notebooks for work
OF THE SCHOOL
and study use
 4 interactive whiteboards
 13 dataprojectors
 Photo and video equipment
 Wi-Fi Internet conection in the
whole school building

10. MY SCHOOL
GAZİ PRIMARY SCHOOL
Our school was established in 1962. This year we are going the celebrate 50th
Establishment Anniversary. Our school is in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Gazi Primary
School lies within the Yenimahalle District.

11. VARNA - BULGARIA
Varna is the third biggest town in Bulgaria and is situated by the
Black sea coast. Varna is a cultural and tourist centre. According
to a national survey it is the best place for living in Bulgaria. Lots
of tourists visit Varna especially in summer to have their holiday
in the hotels nearby.
The town history can be traced back to a period of 7000 years
ago.
There are a lot of tourist sights which include the Archeological
museum, The Dolphinarium, the Roman baths, the cathedral,
the sea garden. Varna summer is a famous music and theatre
festival that takes place here every summer. Varna is an industrial city. There is a ship repair yard, a big port, chemical
plants. Varna has an international airport and a passenger port.
The Cathedral The Royal Residence Evksinograd The Theatre
The Archeological museum The Palace of Culture and Sports The Aquarium
The Sea Garden
The Sea Garden
The Swimming Pool

12. MY TOWN - ITALY
Our
Our Town : TERNI
Terni is a town in southern Umbria, central Italy, capital of the province of
Terni, located in the plain of the Nera river. It is 104 km (65 mi) N of Rome.
The town was probably founded around the 7th century BC by the Umbrians, in
a territory inhabited as early as the Bronze Age. In the 3rd century BC it was
conquered by the Romans and soon became an important municipium lying on
the Via Flaminia. The Roman name was Interamna, meaning "between two
rivers". During the Roman Empire the town was enriched with several buildings,
including aqueducts, walls, amphitheaters, temples and bridges.
During the Middle Ages went under the reign of Longobards and after this
directly under the power of the Catholic Church, this up to the end of the 19th
Century when in 1861 Italy finally became a Nation under the command of king
Vitttorio Emanuele II.
In the 19th century Terni took advantage of the Industrial Revolution also
because plenty of water sources in the area. New industries included a
steelwork, a foundry, as well as weapons, jute and wool factories. In 1927 Terni
became capital of the province. The presence of important industries made it a
favourite target for the Allied bombings in World War II, totalling 109 raids.
Despite of this, the industrial environment increased quickly, in fact the town is
called "the Italian Manchester".
Terni has three important industrial hubs: the first one is the Stainless called AST
(part of the ThyssenKrupp group) , this is a wide area located in the western
part of Terni. In the East there is a second industrial hub with four different
chemical multinational industries. The third industrial hub is the "TERNI
Research", which produces technologies employed for green energies and builds
green power plants in Italy.

13. MY SCHOOL - LATVIA
LATVIA
RU DBĀRŽI
Oskara Kalpaka Rudbāržu
prim ary school
The rural municipality of Rudbārži
• Status - an unit of the Skrundas self - governing territory
• Centre - Rudbārži village
• Area – 110 km2
• Population (in 2009) - 1099
• Density of population -10 people per km2
The white stork in Latvia
symbolizes stable and happy family.
Where live storks, there everything would
be all right!
Small Rudbārži Church 200 m from school
Rudbārži municipality-house
Kalnamuiža manor-house in Sieksāte

14. MY CITY – ŠIAULIAI
The name of the city came from
the battle of the Sun which took
place near Šiauliai in 1236.
Seven objects of the Sun
1 8
1. The square of Golden Boy
with the statue which shows
three symbols of the town : the
Sun , the Archer and the Time
which has passed from the first
time the name of the town was 2
mentioned.
2. Stained glass “The battle
of the Sun“.
3. The statue of Aušra. It Šiauliai is the fourth
was built in 2003 near the park. largest city in
The author of this statue is Dalia Lithuania. Every year
Matulaitė. our town celebrates its
4. St. Paul and Peter’s birthday on the 22nd
Cathedral. It was built at the of September. The
beginning of XVII century. On town is proud of its St.
the southern wall of this church Paul’s Cathedral(8).
3
you can see one of the oldest
sun clocks in Lithuania which
shows the correct time.
5. The memorial for Sun
battle was built for the honour
of the victory of Sun battle
which was one of the most
important events in the history 4
of Lithuania.
6. Fountain “Solar disks”.
It was opened on 1st October,
2006 during the 770 birthday of
Šiauliai city.
7. The square of Rooster’s
Clock. It is in the center of the
city and welcomes the people.
who come to Šiauliai.
6
7 5

15. My city
This is the emblem of Katowice Spodek – a sports and music hall
Theatre Silesian Stadium
“Wujek” coal mine Silesia Insurgents Monument

16. MY TOWN - BUCHAREST
Bucharest is the capital city, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city
in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Since then it has gone through a
variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its
position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts. In the period between the two
World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the
nickname of the "Little Paris of the East" (Micul Paris). Although many buildings and districts in the
historic centre were damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes and Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of
systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and
cultural boom.
Bucharest is the 6th largest city in the European
Union by population within city limits.
Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in
Romania.
Bucharest is situated in the south eastern corner of
the Romanian Plain, in an area once covered by the
Vlăsiei forest, which, after it was cleared, gave way to
a fertile flatland. As with many cities, Bucharest is traditionally considered to have seven hills, similar
to the seven hills of Rome. Bucharest's seven hills are: Mihai Vodă, Dealul Mitropoliei, Radu Vodă,
Cotroceni, Spirei, Văcărești and Sf. Gheorghe Nou.
In the centre of the capital there is a small artificial lake – Lake Cișmigiu (right picture) – surrounded
by the Cișmigiu Gardens. The Cișmigiu Gardens have a rich history, being frequented by famous
poets and writers. Opened in 1847 and based on the plans of German
architect Carl F.W. Meyer, the gardens are currently the main recreational
facility in the city centre.
Besides Cișmigiu, Bucharest contains several other large parks and gardens,
including HerăstrăuPark and the Botanical Garden. Herăstrău is a large
public park located in the north of the city, around Lake Herăstrău, and the
site of the Village Museum, while the Bucharest's botanical garden is the
largest in Romania and contains over 10,000 species of plants, many of
them exotic; it was once a pleasure park for the royal family.
Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural, but after 1989,
new suburbs started to be built around Bucharest, in the surrounding Ilfov county.

17. Welcome to
ROŽŇAVA
The medieval mining town of Rožňava with over 700 years history lies in the heart of North Gemer. The
town and surrounding areas offer a wealth of experiences for tourists in all seasons of the year. Rožňava
is a significant centre of tourism and a good starting point for discovering the natural beauties and
historical sights of this wonderful part of Slovakia. By the end of the 15th century the essential character
of the town had already been created, it was based in a central square consisting of merchant’s houses
and a network of narrow streets. The original medieval town square is the largest of its kind in the whole
of Slovakia and is one of the most interesting heritage sites in the town . Most of the towns architectural
and historical treasures are concentrated around the square and include: the Renaissance Watch Tower,
Bishops Palace, The Convent of the Vincent order, the building of the former Mining Association. Other
well known heritage sites include: the 14th century gothic Bishop´s Cathedral, the Evangelic Church and
the Town Hall. Visitors of the town can admire the architecture and panoramatic views across the town
from the viewing gallery at the top of the Renaissance Watch Tower. The Mining Museum exhibits show
the history of the mining. A separate exhibition shows the natural history of the Slovak Karst area.
Historical sights of Rožňava
Watch Tower Memorial of Františka Plague Column
Andrassy
Town Hall
Church and Monastery of Jesuit Church Bishop´s Cathedral
Franciscans
Reformed Church Medieval Burgess House Mining Museum

18. ANKARA
My city, Ankara is the Capital City of Turkey which situated at the core of Turkey.
The history of Ankara and its surroundings stretches back to the Hatti civilisation of the Bronze Age. After Hittites. Ankara has been a part of historic
events through several great civilizations, including the Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greek, Romans, Galatians and Ottomans.
The name Ankara comes from the word 'Ancyra', which means 'anchor’.
Ankara is known for its wool, goat, cat, pear and honey
In 1923, the founder of Turkish Republic, M. Kemal Ataturk chose the same district to be the capital of newly founded Republic.
Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Turkish Republic stands in Ankara.
Ankara today is a center of history and culture.
There are very notable museums to be found within Ankara, offering a broad spectrum of information on a range of different topics.
In Ankara there are some sites of natural importance, such as the lakes of Golbasi, Cubuk Dam, Kurtbogazi Dam, Karagol for resting, and
Mount Elmadag for winter sports. In addition, Kizilcahamam is a thermal and hot springs center for places such as Ayas, Haymana and Beypazari.
Central Ankara has a population of nearly 5 million. and also ,Ankara is home for the multitude of universities.
Ankara has a continental climate, with cold, snowy winters due to its elevation and inland location, and hot, dry summers. Rainfall occurs
mostly during the spring and autumn.

19. BULGARIA – БЪЛГАРИЯ
Bulgaria is a parliamentary industry, power engineering and
republic in Southeast Europe with a territory of agriculture, all relying on local natural resources.
110,994 square kilometers. There are 3 national parks, 9 nature parks and 55
Its ancient history has been marked by the presence nature reserves.
of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and
Romans. The First Bulgarian state dates back to the
seventh century. With the downfall of the Second
Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under
Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years.
Some of the main rivers running through the territory
of the country are The Danube, The Maritsa, The
Iskar, The Yantra. There are five mountains. The Rila
mountain has the highest peak on the Balkan
peninsula – Musala /2925m/ and over 219 lakes. The
Bulgarian Black Sea Coast stretching for 236 miles
offers wonderful beaches and calm sea.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the
Bulgaria is the birthplace of the Cyrillic alphabet
Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. Shortly
which was developed in 10th century. Today more
afterward, Bulgaria engaged in a series of major
than 200 million people from different countries use
conflicts with its neighbours and allied with Germany
it.
in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a communist
republic and it was a satellite member of the Warsaw
Pact until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed
multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria
transitioned to democracy and introduced free-market
capitalism.
In Antiquity Bulgarian lands were inhabited by
Thracians. They left us amazing artifacts – unique
tombs with murals and precious golden and silver
treasures.
Bulgaria is one of the biggest producers of rose oil in
the world.
Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, NATO,
One of the famous Bulgarian folk songs is travelling
the Council of Europe.
in deep space on NASA’s “Voyager”.
The population of 7.36 million people is
predominantly urban and mainly concentrated in the
administrative centres of its 28 provinces. With 1.2
million people, the capital Sofia is the largest city and
concentrates most commercial and cultural activities.
The strongest sectors of the economy are heavy

20. MY COUNTRY - ITALY
Italy officially the Italian Republic is located in south-central Europe.
Republic, central
To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula Sicily, Sardinia –
Peninsula,
the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea – and many other smaller
islands.
The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are included in the
nation of Italy.
For centuries The capital of Italy, Rome, was the political centre of Western
,
civilization as the capital of the Roman Empire. After its decline Italy would
decline,
endure numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the
merous
Longobards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans among the
, Normans,
others. Centuries later, Italy would become the birthplace of the Renaissance, an
immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in
shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
Through much of its post-Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous
Roman
kingdoms and city-states (such as the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the
states ,
Two Sicilies and the Duchy of Milan but it was unified in 1861,
Milan), following a
tumultuous period in history known as "
"Risorgimento" . In the late 19th century,
"
through World War I, and up to the World War II, Italy possessed a colonial
, ,
empire, which extended its rule to Libya, Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Albania,
, ,
Rhodes, the Dodecanese and a concession in Tianjin, China.
Modern Italy is a democratic republic. It has been ranked the world's twenty
twenty-
third most-developed country and its Quality-of-Life Index has been ranked in the
developed
top ten in the world.
Our Region : UMBRIA
Umbria is a region of modern central Italy. It is defined “the Green
.
Heart of Italy”. It’s one of the smallest Italian regions and the only
peninsular region that is landlocked. Its capital is Perugia.
The region was named after the Umbrian tribe, one of those who were
an
absorbed by the expansion of the Romans, but our region was also inhabited
by The Etruscans.
They were the chief enemies of the Umbrians, and the Etruscan invasion
went from the western seaboard towards the north and east eventually driving the
Umbrians towards the Appennini.

21. "For Fatherland and
Freedom"
Freedom Monument
erected in 1935
(Again since
independence in 1992,
honor guard stands)

22. LITHUANIA
Lithuanian national flag consists of
three colours: yellow, green and red.
1
Parliamentary republic
The coat of arms of Lithuania is Vytis.
President Dalia Grybauskaitė
Population 3,1 millions, area 65300km².
Vilnius is the capital of
Lithuania is a member of the European
Lithuania(1). It has
always been a Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2004).
multinational,
multilingual, and
multicultural European
city. We have a very Lithuania is the land of
old Gediminas Castle
huge forests and wonderful
in Vilnius(2), which
was built many years lakes (3). We are proud of
ago by Duke 3
our seaside (5) and the
Gediminas. Now the
castle is the pride of 4 great dunes (6). The most
Lithuania. . In 1579, famous landmarks in
Vilnius University, an
Lithuania: Trakai Castle
important scientific 4
and education centre of (7), the Hill of Crosses (4),
the European scale, Open air museum of the
was opened.
centre of Europe, Neringa-
5
the Curonian Spit.
5
2 6
Lithuania is the only Baltic country
with nearly eight hundred years of statehood tradition, while its
name was first mentioned almost one thousand years ago, in 1009. Wedged at the dividing line of
Western and Eastern civilizations, Lithuania battled dramatically for its independence and survival.
Once in the Middle Ages, Lithuania was the largest state in the entire Eastern Europe, where crafts and
overseas trade prospered.
2 6 7

23. My country

24. MY COUNTRY - ROMANIA

25. SLOVAKIA
Slovakia is a mountainous country. There are the High and Low Tatras, the Big and Small Fatra, the Slovak
Ore Mountains, the Štiavnica Mountains, etc. These parts are perfect for hiking in summer and skiing in
winter. There are plains in the south with agriculture and the river Danube, the biggest European river.
There are big cities with industry and small historical towns with nice scenery. There are a lot of spas,
thermal parks, caves and mineral springs in Slovakia.
PRESIDENT
GENERAL INFORMATION
Area: 49 035 km²
Population: 5 500 000
Location: Central Europe
Official name: The Slovak Republic (SR)
State formation date: 1 January 1993
State system: republic
Political system: parliamentary democracy
President: Ivan Gašparovič
EU member since 1 May 2004
Currency: Euro Ivan Gašparovič
Bratislava the Capital of the SR Košice Banská Bystrica
Spa Piešťany Chateau Betliar The Hight Tatras
Ivan Bella
 the first Slovak astronaut
 colonel of Slovak Army
 he flew to the Space
Station MIR within the
mission Sojuz TM – 29
 20 February 1999
Caves Domica

26. MY COUNTRY
TURKEY
Turkey stretches over two continents and bridges Turkey , encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea
Europe to Asia. to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the
Mediterranean to the south, has been the cradle of several
civilizations.
Istanbul is the only city in the world to straddle two Two of the original Seven Wonders of the (Ancient)
continents. Once was capital of the Ottoman Empire, World, The Temple of Artemis and the Mausoleum of
still remains the commercial, historical and cultural Maussollos are in Turkey.
pulse of Turkey.
Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and the There are seven regions in Turkey and each has a
population of the country is 73 million. different climate depending on its location from the
Republic of Turkey is a parliamentary representative mountain ranges, seas. You can swim under the sunshine
democracy. while others are skiing.
Agriculture, industry and tourism are the major Turkish culture is as diverse as its climate, and reflects its
pillars of the Turkish economy. rich cultural heritage.
Mount Nemrut Sumela Monastery Pamukkale Cappadocia

27. PEACE LETTER - BULGARIA

28. PEACE LETTER - ITALY
Hi! My name is Leonardo Ungarini , I’m sixteen years old and my birthday’s on the 17 July . I am
from Terni and I’m attending F. Angeloni high school , the third school year specialised in
languages . My favourite subjects are : English , French , History , Spanish , and Art . I am tall and
thin , I’ve got short, brown hair and brown eyes . I’m easy-going , generous , sociable , cheerful ,
chatty and I like staying with people .
I live in a flat with my mother Rita and at the week-end I usually stay with my father Gustavo . I
haven’t got any pet but I love animals . During the week I go to school ,
I do my homework , and I go out with my friends . I don’t practise any sport but three times a
week I go to the gym . I like reading books to the children at the public library , I like going to the
cinema , I like listening to music and I love eating : pizza , every type of pasta , meat etc.. One of
the things I love most is travelling and sightseeing ; for example I visited : Madrid , Prague ,
Budapest , Munich , Paris and Innsbruck . I hope I’ll meet you as soon as possible to share our
ideas on young people’s lifestyles

29. PEACE LETTER - LATVIA
Dear friend,
I will tell you about peace. Tell that it is difficult
to keep the peace and that it is difficult to control
anger. I think my classmates won’t understand this
text, but the teacher will. I hope all will understand.
Peace. It sounds so nic but so difficult to realize. Peace is such a difficult thing
nice,
to do. You can just keep the peace for yourself, just keeps it in the country and in
ou
the world. If one person takes over the anger, the anger takes over all. Peace sinks
erson
like a ship in the sea. If one person takes over the anger and the other see it, then
others
all fly into a rage. You cannot retain peace for yourself, in your town, country,
ou
continent and in the world But there is someone who can pull the Peace ship out
world.
of the sea. Someone who ha a clear heart. Someone who can keep the peace for
omeone has one
oneself, and this one pulls the Peace ship out of the sea. There is a peace in the
d
world now. We all are happy. The Anger ship sinks and doesn’t show above the
sea for a long time. Now y can keep the peace for yourself, in your family, city,
you
country, continent and in the world. But you must be ready for the next battle with
anger, because there is someone who can pull the Anger ship out of the sea, but we
re
will hope it never happen.
Quite honestly, raise your hand, who understands! Once again, for those who
,
don’t understand. It's hard to keep the peace. If one is angry, it searches for a
,
dispute with each other and all are in hostility, but there is someone who can settle
this dispute. If someone can do it, then man will be special.
Author - Annija Elizabete Meija
Form - 6
School - Oskara Kalpaka Rudb
Rudbāržu primary school
Country - Latvia

31. Letter
Dear Friend!
My name is Marta. I’m thirteen years old and I’m from Poland.
When I look at the world around I can see many people arguing and warring.
Sometimes I wonder how to stop this and then I think there is no hope for a change,
because so far no one has ever done anything about it. It seems wars will never end. But is
the situation really hopeless? I remember one film about a boy who decided to do
something special. He came up with the project called “Pay it forward”. He wanted to help
three people, and those three people were to help some other three people. That’s how the
chain was created. In the end, he made many people happier. And I think this is the key.
Maybe we cannot save the world, but we can make some small changes first. Let’s start with
ourselves. Let’s just be nice and kind to everyone, beginning with the members of our
family. Let’s try to get to know our neighbors better. If we can, let’s help people around us –
even if it was only the matter of carrying some shopping bags for an elderly lady. Let’s stop
our anger and annoyance, whenever possible. And what is most important, let’s take care
of our friends and make some new ones as often as we can. This may be our small, but in
the end, a very big role in peace – making!
Greetings from Poland!

33. PEACE LETTER - SLOVAKIA

35. PROVERBS - BULGARIA
BETTER STALE BREAD IN PEACE THAN PLENTY OF MEALS IN HATRED
 In Turkish: Barış döneminde kuru ekmek, nefret dönemindeki ziyafetten iyidir.
 In Slovak : Lepší je kúsok chleba v pokoji než mnoho jedla s nenávisťou.
 In Bulgarian: По-добре сух хляб с мир, отколкото много ястия със зехир
 In Latvian: Labāk cieta maize mierā dzīvojot, nekā bagāti mielasti naidā.
 In Italian: Meglio essere poveri nella pace che ricchi nell’odio.
 In Romanian : Mai bine o paine veche in pace,decat o multime de mese cu ura.
 In Polish:Lepszy czerstwy chleb w czasach pokoju niż wykwintne posiłki w czasach nienawiści.
 In Lithuanian: Geriau sužiedijusios duonos riekė taikoje, negu perteklius nesantaikoje.

36. PROVERB - ITALY
Peace comes from
prudence,
And richness
comes from peace
Dalla prudenza viene la pace,
dalla pace viene l’abbondanza

37. Kur mīlestība, tur miers un patiesība.
lestība,
ba, paties
Latvian proverb
Where love is, there’s peace and truth
truth.
In Turkish:
Sevginin olduğu yerde, Barış ve Dürüstlük vardır.
ğu Barı
In Slovakian:
Kde je láska, tam je mier a dôvera.
In Bulgarian:
.
Където има любов, там има мир и истина.
любов
In Italian:
Dove c'è amore, c'è pace e verità.
In Romanian:
Unde este dragoste,este si pace si adevar.
In Lithuanian:
Kur meilė, ten
vyrauja taika ir tiesa.
In Polish:
Gdzie jest miłość
miłość,
tam pokój i prawda.

38. LIVE LIKE BROTHERS, LOVE LIKE SISTERS
In Turkish: Erkek kardeşler gibi yaşa, kız kardeşler gibi sev.
In Slovak Language: Žite ako bratia, milujte ako sestry.
In Bulgarian: Живейте като братя, обичайте се като сестри .
In Latvian: Dzīvot kā brāļiem, mīlēt kā māsām.
In Italian: Vivete come fratelli, amatevi come sorelle.
In Romanian Language: Traieste ca fratii,iubeste ca surorile.
In Lithuanian: Gyvenkime kaip broliai, mylėkime kaip
3ed meeting in Lithuania, 2011
seserys.
In Polish: Żyjcie jak bracia, kochajcie jak siostry.
10th form students, 2011
Mantas Grigalauskas, 6th form, 2011
5th meeting in Poland, 2011 Lukas Šimkevičius, 9th form, 2011

39. Words of peace
Gość w dom, Bóg w dom.
A Guest is coming, God is coming.
Turkish: Misafir geliyor, Tanrı geliyor.
Slovak: Hosť do domu, boh do domu.
Bulgarian: Гост е дошъл, Бог е дошъл.
Latvian: Ciemiņš nāk, Dievs nāk.
Italian: Quando arriva un ospite arriva Dio.
Romanian: Un invitat vine, Dumnezeu vine.
Lithuanian: Jei svečiai ateis, Dievas kartu su jais.

40. ROMANIAN PROVERB
Let peace be your thought, your word, your greatest virtue = Fie ca pacea sa-ti fie gandul,
cuvantul, cea mai mare virtute.

41. PROVERBS Slovakia
Turkish Proverb: Peace at Home, Peace in the World.
In Slovak Language: Mier doma, mier vo svete.
Romanian Proverb: Peace means prosperity.
In Slovak Language: Mier znamená rozvoj.
Slovak Proverb: Offer bread to the man who throws a stone at you.
In Slovak Language: Kto do teba kameňom, ty doňho chlebom.
Italian Proverb: Peace would be great if there weren’t “mine and yours”
In Slovak Language: Mier by bol úplný, keby nebolo “tvoje a moje”.
Lithuanian Proverb: Live like brothers, love like sisters
In Slovak Language: Žite ako bratia, milujte ako sestry.
Bulgarian Proverb: Better stale bread in peace than plenty of meals with hatred.
In Slovak Language: Lepší je kúsok chleba v pokoji než mnoho jedla s nenávisťou.
Latvian Proverb: Where love is, there’s peace and truth.
In Slovak Language: Kde je láska, tam je mier a dôvera.
Polish Proverb: A Guest is coming, God is coming.
In Slovak Language: Hosť do domu, boh do domu.

43. MAN OF PEACE - BULGARIA
Nikola Yonkov Vaptsarov ( 1909 -1942)
Nikola Yonkov Vaptsarov –( 1909 -1942) was a Bulgarian poet and revolutionary. Working
most of his life as a machinist, he only wrote in his spare time. Despite the fact that he
ever published only one poetry book, he is considered one of the biggest Bulgarian poets.
Trained as a machine engineer at the Naval Machinery School in Varna, which was later
named after him, his first service was on the famous Drazki torpedo boat.
Later he went to work in a factory - at first as a stoker and eventually as a mechanic. He
was elected Chairman of the Association protecting worker rights in the factory. He
successfully led a strike of about 300 workers in 1936 to reinstate workers after a lock-
out.
In early 1941 Nazi forces were allowed to enter Bulgaria and take control of the country as a prelude to the attack on the
USSR. Vaptsarov joined the armed resistance movement and was active in the ‘military centre’. His training as an engineer
and mechanic proved useful at this juncture. This was an extremely tiring and hazardous task and Vaptsarov found little
time to write poems. Yet he was urged by his comrades to keep writing as one of them put it, ‘Though at the moment the
fate of the world is being decided by arms, a stirring contemporary poem is no less important than arms.’
Vaptsarov was arrested in 1942 and subjected to inhuman torture and finally executed on 23rd July, 1942. He continued to
write till the very end, and indeed his last verse addressed to his wife is one of the most moving and inspiring.
His only released book of poetry is Motoring Verses (1940).
In 1952, he received posthumously the International Peace Award.
His poetry has been translated in 98 languages throughout the world.
History That’s why the poems I’m writing
In hours I steal from sleep
History, will you mention us Have not the grace of perfume,
In your faded scroll?
But brief and scowling beat.
We worked in factories, offices –
Our names were not well known. For the hardship and affliction
We worked in fields, smelled strongly We do not seek rewards,
Of onion and sour bread. Nor do we want our pictures
Through thick moustaches angrily In the calendar of years.
We cursed the life we led.
Just tell our story simply
For life, showing no mercy, To those we shall not see,
With heavy brutish paw Tell those who will replace us –
Battered our hungry faces. We fought courageously.
That’s why our tongue is raw.

44. SAN FRANCESCO – A MAN OF PEACE – ITALY
Praised be You, my Lord, hrough our sister
mother Earth,
The Canticle of the Creatures who sustains and governs us,
San Francesco d'Assisi producing varied fruits with coloured flowers
and herbs.
Most high, all powerful, all good Lord Praised be You, my Lord, through those who
grant pardon
All praise is yours, all glory, all honor for love of You,
and all blessing. and bear sickness and trial;
To you alone, Most High, do they belong blessed are those who endure in peace,
and no human being is worthy to by You, most High, they will be crowned.
pronounce your name. Praised be You, my Lord, through our corporal
sister Death,
Praised be You, my Lord, through all that
from whom no mortal can escape:
you have made, woe to those who die in mortal sin;
and first my lord brother Sun, blessed are they she finds doing
who brings the day and light you give us your will,
through him; no second death can do them harm.
Praise and bless my Lord,
How beautiful is he, how radiant in all his
and give him thanks and serve him
splendour: with great humility.
of you, Most High, he bears the likeness.
………
Francis was born in Assisi in 1181. Son of a cloth merchant, he wanted
to become a member of the lesser nobles in his town: He took part in
the war against Perugia and, while he was travelling to Puglia to
participate in the Crusade, he heard a voice which invited him to rebuild
his Church. Francis obeyed and left his family and friends to lead a poor,
solitary and penitential life for several years. In 1209 he started to
preach the Gospel in various towns and, together with his followers, he
went to Rome to gain the Pope’s approval of his choice of life. From
1210 to 1224 he wandered in the streets and the squares of the Italian
towns gathering crowds and crowds of people and followers called by
him friars. He welcomed Clare who started the second Franciscan order
and next he founded a third order for those who wished to live a life as
penitents with rules suitable for laical people. He died during the night
between the third and the fourth of October in 1228. Francis is one of
the leading figures in the human history and still speaks to every
generation. His charm comes from his great love for Jesus from whom
he received the stigmata.
Assisi "World Heritage of Humanity
It is a “Holy City” loved by God,
gate of the Paradise for the salvation of many,
called to return to the splendour of
Saint Francis’ s times, the most beloved
Saint of the world, who, before dying
blessed Assisi with this prayer:
Lord, I believe that this city was in ancient times shelter and home of
evil wicked men, infamous in all these regions. But for your abundant
mercy, in the time that pleased you, I see that you have shown the
overabundance of your goodness, so that the city has become refuge and
stay of those who know you and give glory to your name and spread
scent of holy life, direct doctrine and good reputation among all the
Christian people. I pray you therefore, O Lord Jesus Christ, Father of
mercy, not to look at our ingratitude, but to remember only the
abundance of your goodness, that you have shown. This city may always
be land and home of those who know you and glorify your name, blessed
and glorious in the centuries of the centuries. Amen.“
World Day of Prayer for Peace summoned at Assisi
by John Paul II on October 27th, 1986.

45. One of the most popular Latvian writer:
• poet;
• playwright.
Social and political figure.
11.09.1865 – 12.09.1929
Rainis’ idejas
• oposse to uncritical treatment of the past heritage and ostentatius transformation of
national identity,
• through folklore images found national unity, independence and the struggle for human
freedom, ethical issues and talk about responsibility for the future ahead.
Rainis about peace
„Only man achieved „Not the nation against
freedom of great peace nation will be at war,
inwardly, can go to the but all together against „God gave funny, enjoyable blessed
great life…” the darkness.” peace of mind - full of peaceful labour.”
Rainis literary works are immortalized in the songs, plays and films.
Choral songs by Rainis words to the Latvian people have become the same symbols as the
anthem, flag, coat of arms.
When you listen to these songs people experience stronger feelings of patriotism and even
greater attachment to their nation, land.
Rainis poem „The Broken Pines” has
gained great popularity since it was written in
1905 and dedicated to the revolutionaries who
fought for workers’ freedom and rights. This
poem translated into 43 languages. Emils Darzins
composed the music for this poem. This song has
become one of the choral song pearls for Latvian
people.

46. SIGITAS KU AS , A MAN OF PEACE
KUČAS
Sigitas Kuč a 47- year – old physicist from Vilnius Theoretical physics and
Kučas,
astronomy institute and his fellow Lithuanians were the organizers of this
daring experiment – "a social experiment to celebrate diversity and honor
traditions of peace embedded in many cultures".
THE GREAT Millennium Peace Ride - eleven cyclists from seven different
countries were the people spreading a message of peaceful cross
cross-cultural co-
existence.
The idea of cycling around the world
he
was initiated by a small international
group of cyclists in Athens, Greece in 1993, who proposed
that hundreds of cyclists should come together to promote
peace around the world and create opportunities for people
of different nationalities to live and cooperate together.
ferent
Hundreds of people from 185 countries worked together to
plan the route through 64 countries and raise funds for the
Peace Ride project.
Three Lithuanians, two Italians, two Poles, a German, a
Mexican, a Croat and a Peruvian, all committed cyclists,
began their odyssey on August 6, 1998 in Seattle. Their
final destination was Nagasaki, Japan, where they arrive
arrived
in January 2000. The cycling marathon riders were
he marathon‘s
between the ages of 23 and 62.
"This trip is really from the heart. Each of us can
personally appreciate what peace in the world means to
the ordinary person." Sigitas Kučas
čas
With the Peace flag and love in their hearts they reached Hiroshima on the eve of the New
h
Millennium. During the seventeen months of cycling
around the world, they visited 45 countries in North and
South America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. They made
ca,
23,500 km by bike; more than 600 cyclists joined them for
shorter or longer distances in different parts of the route.
On the road there were thousands of people
enthusiastically supporting the ideas of the Peace Ride.
Only four cyclists began and ended the journey, with like
like-
minded cyclists joining along the way to support these determined individuals. Sigitas Ku Kučas
(physicist), Edvardas Žižys (economics professor), Goda Ciplyt (English translator in the
vardas Ciplytė
Lithuanian Prime Minister's office), of Lithuania, and Slavomir Platek, of Poland, were the original
cyclists.
"If you can change yourself, you can change the world." Sigitas.
1

47. Man of peace
POPE JOHN PAUL II
Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005, born
Karol Józef Wojtyła) reigned as Supreme Pontiff of the
Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City
from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005.
John Paul II has been acclaimed as one of the most
influential leaders of the 20th century. It is widely held
that he was instrumental in ending Communism in his
native Poland and eventually all of Europe as well as significantly improving the Catholic Church's
relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion.
…THERE’S NO PEACE WITHOUT JUSTICE, THERE’S NO JUSTICE WITHOUT
FORGIVENESS…
Nie ma pokoju bez sprawiedliwości, nie ma sprawiedliwości bez przebaczenia…
…BE DEMANDING OF YOURSELF EVEN IF OTHERS DON’T DEMAND IT…
Wymagajcie od siebie choćby inni od was nie wymagali…
A RICH MAN IS NOT THE ONE THAT OWNS A LOT BUT THE ONE WHO GIVES…
Bogatym nie jest ten co posiada, lecz ten kto daje…

48. NICOLAE TITULESCU (1882 -1941)
Nicolae Titulescu has occupied, for almost four decades, a leading part in the public life of Romania,
and became, between the Two World Wars, one of the remarkable personalities of the international
life.
His political activity began in 1912, the year of his election as member of the Parliament. After five
years he got his first mandate at the Ministry for Finance. In early 1918 he went to Paris where he
participated as a member of the Romanian delegation to the Peace Conference. In 1922 he was
named Ambassador of Romania in London.
In autumn 1930 he was elected President of the General Assembly of the League of Nations, as a sign
of recognition of his high reputation on the international ground.
In 1931, contrary to the usual practice (not to renew the mandate of the same person), he was re-
elected President of the General Assembly of the League of Nations, thanks to his sustained activity
in this post.
In 1932 he returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1936. His qualities were utterly
exceptional: passionate and convincing orator who excelled in logic, precision, elegance; versatile
diplomat, constantly defending not only the Romanian interests but also the interests of the
international peace. In a period which gave a lot of political personalities, Titulescu had won the fame
of one of the most imposing orators of his time. A French writer considered him as the greatest
public-speaker in the Voltaire’s language.
Titulescu was called “Ambassador of peace” , ”Minister of Europe” ,“Tribune of peace”. A. Frangulis,
President of the International Diplomatic Academy, described him as “a legendary figure of the
international congresses and meetings”. Moreover, he counted among the founding members of
International Diplomatic Academy in Paris and in 1934 he was elected President of this Academy.
From this position, he presented, at the annual sessions, important speeches about problems of
minorities, collective security, united Europe, indivisibility of peace, principles of non-aggression. He
fought for the respect of the sovereignty and equality of all nations in the international community,
for the preservation of stable borders through the maintenance of peace, for good relations between
both large and small neighbouring states.
In 1942, shortly after his death, W. Steed, professor at King’s College in London, stated that Nicolae
Titulescu, “man of an extreme intelligence and infallible charm”, had two dominant features:
devotion to Romania and devotion to the general cause of “the European peace”.
According to his views about the progress of the international relationships and about the part
played by the International Law in the nations’ life, Nicolae Titulescu considered that peace
represented the central element of reference, the premise and purpose of the harmonious
development of all states, the motivation and dynamic agent which lie at the basis at the general
progress. “Peace”, wrote N. Titulescu in his famous speech in the Reichstag in 1929 (Dynamics of
Peace), “is a phenomenon in permanent movement. It’s something alive that accomplishes itself step
by step. Peace means neither rest nor neglect. Peace means goal and direction.”
He understood, unlike not many in that period, that, to consolidate the friendship relations and
good-neighbour policy, represents the most solid guarantee of peace. He encouraged the efforts to
establish, to maintain and to put on a solid basis the Little Entente and the understanding among the
Balkan countries.
Raymond Cartier, a great publicist of those times, wrote: “Ti-tu-les-cu! The four syllables of his name
filled the diplomatic history after the War. He was one of the great men of Romania, one of the great
men of Little Entente, one of the great men of Europe.” These words synthesize the enormous
prestige Titulescu enjoyed during his life and the exceptional part he played in the very complicated
times of the European and World history.

49. Milan Rastislav Štefánik
Milan Rastislav Štefánik was born on July 21, 1880 in Košariská and died on May 4, 1919
in Ivanka pri Dunaji. He was a Slovak politician, diplomat and astronomer. During World
War I, he was General of the French Army, at the same time the Czechoslovak Minister of
War, one of the leading members of the Czechoslovak National Council and he contributed
decisively to the cause of Czechoslovak sovereignty.
Finally, Štefánik wanted to return home to see his family. He decided to fly
from Campoformido by Udine in Italy and to use an Italian military plane, a Caproni 450. On
May 4, 1919 around 11am, his plane tried to land near Bratislava (which was a military
conflict area between the First Republic of Czechoslovakia and the Hungarian Soviet
Republic at that time), but crashed near Ivanka pri Dunaji. Štefánik died along with two
Italian officers. The reason for the plane crash is disputed. The official explanation at that
time was that the airplane crashed due to bad weather accidentally. "Just at that
time Šrobár and all his government left Bratislava to Skalica to plant trees as a memorial of
the founding of the new Czechoslovak Republic. It is also unlikely that his plane was shot
down by Hungarian communists standing on the middle of the Franz Joseph bridge of
Bratislava. Štefánik’s sudden death, in combination with his preceding quarrels with Beneš,
contributed to Slovak suspicion towards the Czechs during the First Republic of
Czechoslovakia. Štefánik's tomb was built in 1927-28 on the Bradlo hill in Brezová pod
Bradlom. The monumental yet austere memorial was designed by Dušan Jurkovič.

50. “Come, come, whoever you are,
Wanderer, worshipper, lover of leaving,
Ours is not a caravan of despair.
Even if you have broken your vows a thousand
times
It doesn’t matter
Come, come yet again, come”
MEVLANA CELALEDDIN RUMI
Seven advice of MEVLANA
In generosity and helping others be like a river
In compassion and grace be like sun
In concealing others' faults be like night
In anger and fury be like dead
In modesty and humility be like earth
In tolerance be like a sea
Either exist as you are or be as you look
Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi is a 13th century Muslim poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic known
throughout the world for his exquisite poems and words of wisdom.
Mevlana was born in the city of Belh of the Horasan country in 1207 and Rumi and his family
travelled extensively in the Muslim lands, performed pilgrimage to Mecca and finally settled in
Konya. Mevlana, who summarized his life with the words, "I was raw, cooked and then burned" died
on Sunday, December 17,1273. Mevlana believed the day of death to be a day of rebirth, the
reunification to his beloved, that is, the God, he was referring to that day as "Sheb-i Aruz" which
means the bridal night.
"When we are dead, do not turn your eyes to the ground, seeking my grave! My
grave will be in the hearts of the wise" Hz. Mevlana
Mevlana's philosophy was mainly based on Love of humans, love of God, tolerance of humans to each
other, positive reasoning, goodness, charity and awareness through love. His works speak the
universal language of love and tolerance, Mevlana’s words resonated with readers around the world
and transcending all religions with his common themes of unity and faith in God’s will.
Mevlana’s works have been translated into many languages. Mesnevi, Divan-i Kebir, Fihi Ma Fih,
Mektubat (Letters),Mecalis-i Seb'a (Seven Courts) are among his works.

51. NATIONAL HOLIDAY - BULGARIA
3rd March – The National Holiday of Bulgaria – The Day of Liberation
1st March – The Labour Day
6th May - St. George’s Day
24th May – The Day of the Bulgarian Alphabet, Culture and Slavonic Literature
6th September – The Day of Bulgarian Unity
22nd September – The Day of Bulgarian Independence
1st November – The Day of the National Educators
25th -26th December – Christmas
15-16th April 2012 - Easter
ST. JORDAN’S DAY
On this day, according to biblical legend, Jesus
Christ was baptized in the River Jordan by John
the Baptist. At the time of baptism, heaven
opened and the Holy Spirit descended on Christ
as a dove from heaven and spread voice: “ This
is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. “
Hence the name of the holiday – Epiphany.
On the 6th January after the service in the church
the priest throws a cross into the water and it
should be found and taken out. It is believed that
the one who has found the cross in the water will
be healthy and happy. He goes round the village
with the cross.
There is a belief that if the cross freezes in the
water, the year will be healthy and fertile.

52. Italian Holidays – ITALY
January 1st - New Year
January 6th - Epiphany of Our Lord 1
- Easter and Easter Monday
April 25th – Anniversary of the liberation 2
May 1st - Labour Day 3
June 2nd – Republic Day 4
August 15th - Assumption of Maria
November 1st – All Saints
December 8th – Immaculate Conception
December 25th -Christmas
26 Dicember- Saint Stephen - First Martyr
Holiday of the Patron Saint in Terni:
Saint Valentine February 14th
1 - Epiphany, from theGreek word “koine” which means "manifestation", "striking
appearance", or Theophany (meaning "vision of God") which falls on January 6th, is a
Christian feast that celebrates the revelation of God’s Son as a human being in Jesus
Christ. Western Christians commemorate mainly the visitation of the Biblical Magi to the
Baby Jesus, and thus Jesus’s physical manifestation to the people. Eastern Christians
commemorate the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River, seen as his manifestation to the
world as the Son of God.
2 - The Italian resistance day which celebrates partisans forces’ victory during World
War II.
In 1944, with the Allied forces nearby, the partisan resistance in Italy staged an uprising
behind German lines, led by the Committee of National Liberation of Upper Italy
(CLNAI). This rebellion led to the establishment of a number of provisional partisan
governments throughout the mountainous regions of northern Italy. By the end of 1944,
German reinforcements and Benito Mussolini's remaining forces had crushed the uprising,
and the area's liberation had to wait until the final offensives of 1945.
3 - May Day : May Day on May 1 is an ancient northern spring festival and usually a
public holiday.
May Day is also a traditional holiday in many cultures.
In many countries, May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour
Day, a day of political demonstrations and celebrations organised by communists,
anarchists, socialists, unionists, and other activist groups.
4 - Republic Day (literally Festival of our Republic) is celebrated in Italy on the second of
June each year. The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal
suffrage in 1946, in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form
of government, following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism. With 12,717,923
votes for a republic and 10,719,284 for the monarchy, the male descendants of the House of
Savoy were sent into exile. To commemorate it, a grand military parade is held in central
Rome, presided by the President of the Italian Republic in his role as Supreme
Commander of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister, formally known as the President of
the Council of Ministers and other high officers of state are present too.

53. NATIONAL HOLIDAY - LATVIA
Each year in November Oskara Kalpaka
Rudbāržu primary school holds a festive concert
on occasion of Proclamation Day of the
Republic of Latvia.
The event begins with a speech by the
school headmaster. The best
teachers and staff are greeted. The
best student families are awarded
with diplomas.
After the formal part,
pupils’ concert is starting.
Every year after concert candles are lighted in all windows at the
school and in the school’s yard, too.
In the evening Rudbarzi residents and guests are welcomed by
Skrunda county council chairman, Rudbarzu district manager and
principal of the school.
All together sing the national anthem and enjoy the beautiful
fireworks.
There are folk dances in the school’s Heroes hall after fireworks.
Anniversary of Latvia is celebrated all around the country,
especially in Riga.
In the morning there is the ecumenical public worship in
the Dome church.
Members of Parliament listen to the Speaker declamation at
the ceremonial meeting.
President of the State
and members of parliament
put down flowers at the
Monument of Freedom.
Concerts are
everywhere in Latvia.
Candle procession at the In the evening there
Freedom Monument in Riga is a choral singing at the
Freedom Monument.
The President’s speech to the people always
is expected.
Firework in Riga – in the capital of Latvia

54. LITHUANIAN NATIONAL HOLI
HOLIDAY
1st January
New Year’s day
The day of
Lithuanian flag
16th February
Day of
Restoration of
The 6th of July - Lithuanian
Lithuania’s
national festival, the first Independence
Lithuanian ruler king 11th March
People in the capital and Day of
Mindaugas’ crowning day. Restoration of
in the smaller towns
The first and the only Independence of
celebrate this national Lithuania
Lithuanian King was crowned 8th April
festival reminding the
on the 6th of July, 1253. Easter
past of Lithuania and 6st May ( first
Lithuanian King Mindaugas
its traditions. The Sunday )
united Lithuanians and made Mother’s day
President of Lithuania
one nation. 24th June
Dalia Grybauskaitė Feast of St.John
makes a speech on that 6th July
Lithuanian
day. On the 6th of July national festival,
the President Dalia the first
Lithuanian ruler
Grybauskaitė honours
king Mindaugas’
the worthy people of crowning day.
15th August
Lithuania and gives
The Feast of the
them medals. It’s a Assumption of the
tradition among the Blessed Virgin
Mary
Lithuanians in all over 1st September
the world to sing The beginning of
school year
Lithuanian anthem at 9
5th October
pm on that day. Teachers’ day
1st November
All Saints Day
25th December
Christmas

55. National holidays
Polish Independence Day is a public holiday in Poland
celebrated every year on 11th November.
It marks the restoration of Poland's independence in 1918.
After 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia and Austria
Poland reappeared on the map of Europe as a sovereign
democratic state.
Year after year, The Polish community, whether at home or abroad,
gathers together to commemorate the 3rd of May Constitution
and to honor all the great minds who took part in the creation of this
revolutionary document in 1791. They celebrate because the constitution
symbolizes the spiritual and moral renovation of the Polish nation after
a long period of chaos and disorder. They celebrate because
the constitution established a democratic philosophy of humanitarianism
and tolerance, including entire liberty to all people. And, most of all, they
celebrate because the 3rd of May Constitution is not only a milestone in
the Polish political and social history. but it is also a landmark in the
European tradition, being the second constitution ever written in the
world, and a first on the European soil.
One of the most celebrated days associated with
workers group is St. Barbara's Day on December 4th. St.
Barbara is a patron of coal miners.

57. SLOVAK NATIONAL UPRISING
The Slovak National Uprising was an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak
resistance movement during World War II against German Wehrmacht. It was launched on
August 29 1944 from Banská Bystrica .
The rebel Slovak partisan forces consisted 60,000 soldiers, plus
plus 18,000 partisans from over 30 countries, like Russia,
Poland, Czech, France, Bulgaria, etc, The Slovak forces
were defeated by Nazi Germany on October 28 1944 and,
guerrilla warfare continued until the Soviet Army occupied
Slovakia in 1945.
The famous memorial place is the Monument of Slovak
National Uprising in Banská Bystrica, where the celebrations
take place every August.
This feast is during the summer holiday and Slovak people celebrate it individually in each
town or village. We put bunches of flowers on memorial places to remember soldiers fallen in
the uprising.That day celebrations are taken place in town squares where folk groups dance
and sing.
Products of old traditional crafts are shown and sold there and people can buy drinks and
food.
One of the traditions is making big camp fires in all villages and towns. People sit around,
play the guitars and sing songs.

58. TURKISH NATIONAL HOLIDAYS
April 23: National Sovereignty and Children's Day (Anniversary of the establishment of Turkish Grand
National Assembly)
May 1: Labour and Solidarity Day (recently added in 2009)
May 19: Atatürk Commemoration and Youth & Sports Day ( The arrival of Atatürk in Samsun, and the
beginning of the War of Independence)
August 30: Victory Day
October 29: Republic Day (Anniversary of the declaration of the Turkish Republic)
23 APRIL NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AND CHILDREN’S DAY
23 April National Sovereignty and Children's Day is a national day which was dedicated to Turkish
children by the founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, to emphasize that they are the future of
the new nation. The first celebration of it was held on April 23rd, 1920, when the Turkish Grand National
Assembly met in Ankara and laid down the foundations of a new, independent, secular, and modern republic.
The festival has been celebrated internationally since 1979 with The Turkish Radio and Television
Corporation. Today, TRT International 23rd April Children’s festival is celebrated every year with participation
of approximately 50 countries. At Children’s Festival, all the children is speaking the same language, World
Peace language.
Every year, children coming from different
countries stay with Turkish families, they
present their folkloric dances in stadiums.
Schools participate in week-long
ceremonies marked by performances in all
fields at schools and in large stadiums.
Stadium shows broadcast from TRT
television channels. Among the activities on
this day, the children send their
representatives to replace state officials and
high ranking bureaucrats in their offices.

59. GAMES - BULGARIA
The game can be played by a different
Burn, burn handkerchief In this
number of students - the more, the funnier. game the children squat in a circle.
Only one kid holds a handkerchief
and runs around the circle singing
“Burn, burn handkerchief, the dog
is pulling it!”. The task is to drop
the hanky behind one’s back. The
one that gets the hanky stands up
and starts chasing the other one
and tries to take his place in the
circle. This game is real fun and
you should try to play it.
Wishbone is the name of an old game. It is usually played by two people. The
one shouldn’t take any kind of objects that the
opponent wants to give him.
To start the game a branched chicken or turkey
bone ("furcula", referred to as a jaw bone or the
wishbone) need to be broken by two players. Their
goal is to pass an object under some pretext that the
other will take it. The player who has got the smaller
part is the only one that should not take anything.
When one opponent passes an object to the other, the recipient must say:
“I know!”. In this way you show the other that you have not forgotten about the
game. If you do not say it, your friend says "One, two, three ... Wishbone " and
that’s how he wins the game and you have to carry out his wish.

60. NATIONAL GAME - ITALY
This game is to be played against a wall and the ground must be without obstacles.
The players (not less than two and no more than ten) must draw a line on the ground, 5 steps
distance from the wall.
Each of the players should take ten coins, while a big coin must remain at their disposal.
Standing behind the line, one of the players, drawn lots, throws the big coin, trying to make it
bounce against the wall and stop on the ground between the line and the wall.
In turn , each player throws one of his/her coins against the wall, trying to make it bounce as close
as possible to the big coin.
If one of the small coins doesn’t touch the wall , it will be picked up and laid on the ground far from
the others .
When all the players have thrown, the owner of the coin nearest to the big one, will win all the
others, provided that between his/her coin and the big one , there’s a less than 20 cm distance.
If this hasn’t been the case, each player will take his/her coin back.
The game will continue in the same way, throwing each time the big coin.
Who remains without coins, will be eliminated.
After a previously established time, the player who owns more coins, will be the winner of the
game.

61. NATIONAL GAME - LATVIA
Game „Knit, children, knit!”
1. All children stand in a circle.
2. Choose a Goat and a Wolf (to rule a game).
3. All go around in a circle, representing the movement of the hand knitting.
Song: knit, knit, children, what you knit - knit socks for a wolf!
4. Continue going around in the circle lifting knees high up.
Song: wolf’s paws are suffered from cold; wolf’s paws are suffered from cold - walking through
swamps and forests.
5. Join hands, raise them up.
Song: make, children, high fence; make, children, high fence - let a goat come in a garden!
6. Rise hands up and put down.
Song: high, high, not so low; high, high, not so low, that wolf doesn’t catch a goat.
7. Squat down and put hands on the cheek (sleeping).
Song: now dogs and domestic animals are sleeping, shepherds themselves are sleeping, too.
8. Clap your hands.
Song: now is the time for the wolf to catch the goat in the garden.
9. The Wolf catches the Goat.
When the Goat is caught then another Goat and Wolf are choose.

62. CHILDREN‘S GAME „ THE MOUSE RUNNING IN THE
HOUSE“
This game is very active and busy. It requires a lot of attention and fast reaction.
It is a popular game in the evening parties and other entertainments. The movements illustrate the
text, which is sung. At the beginning all the players make a big circle. The music consists of two
parts. The first part is slow and it consists of 6 bars, time 4/4. The second part is fast and it consists
of 4 bars, time 2/4. The melody of four bars is repeated as many times as wanted.
1. A circle (6 bars) 1-6 bar “ All dancers in a circle
Mouse, mouse are turning the circle
was running in round in some
the house while direction (one step
the cat was every crotchet).
sleeping „
1 figure
2. Catching the mouse 1-4 bar „ The The player who is the
( 4 bars ) cat is so bad „cat“ tries to catch the
because he player who is the
can‘t catch the „ mouse“.
mouse“
Party”Let’s be friends playing together!”, the 3rd meeting in Lithuania, 2011.

63. National game
THIS IS A SPORTS GAME. THERE ARE TWO TEAMS AND A BALL…
THIS IS THE ARRAGEMENT OF PLAYERS
ONE PLAYER MUST AIM AT OPPONENTS WITH THE BALL
THEY MUST AVOID TO BE HIT
IF YOU ARE HIT YOU LOSE… AND MUST LEAVE
THE GAME…
THE WINNING TEAM CANNOT LOSE ALL PLAYERS

64. ROMANIAN GAME – SNAILS HUNTING
Participants : 20-25 students
Age : 10-14 years old
Organization : - 5 students outside the circle : the snails’ team
- 3 students inside the circle : the hunters’ team
- the others students form the circle, holding by the hand. They are the defenders’ team
Development –1. The snailsturn round the defenders outside the circle, and the defenders also turn round but in opposite
direction.
2. The hunters try to go out of the circle either by loosening the defenders’ hands or by going out under
their hands.
3. When the snails feel the danger, they crouch. This moment they cannot be caught by the hunters. When
the danger ceases, the snails raise up and take again their way.
4. The defenders must not let themselves be cheated by the hunters and allow them to go out of the circle.
5. The hunter who catches a snail becomes a snail in his turn and the hunter takes his place.
6. The game can go on by changing the parts.
7. Everybody wins by joy, fun and entertainment.
HAVE A GOOD TIME !

65. GOLDEN GATE
Lyrics: translation in Slovak
Golden Gate open, Zlatá brána otvorená,
supported by a gold key, zlatým kľúčom podoprená,
who enters into it, kto do nej vojde,
apple finds, jabĺčko nájde,
whether she or he is, či je ona, či je on,
I will not let him out of the gate. nepustím ho z brány von.
Rules:
1. Two children consist the Golden Gate.
2. They agree, what they will be an apple or a pear.
3. They hold their hands and they sing: ,,Golden gate…´´.
4. Others catch by the hands and they create a snake.
5. They go through the Golden Gate.
6. When they say the last world of the song, Golden Gate closes (the last player becomes
a prisoner). Then they ask him what he chooses, whether apple or pear.
7. When he chooses the pear (or the apple), he goes behind the player, who is the pear
(or the apple).
8. They again agree what they will be the apple or the pear and they start singing:
,,Golden Gate…”.
9. The game ends, when two players remain. They consist a new Golden Gate.

66. YAĞ
YA SATARIM BAL SATARIM
In this game, children sit down in a circle facing each other, except one. One person is "it" and walks around
the circle carrying a handkerchief.
As “it” walks around, other children sing while clapping hands:
Yağ satarım, bal satarım,Ustam öldü, ben satarım.
Ustamın kürkü sarıdır.Satsam 15 liradır.
Zam-bak Zum-bak Dön arkana iyi bak.
bak
“It” will eventually drop the handkerchief behind one of the players.
The main idea of the game is to drop the handkerchief without the other players knowing. The players in the ring
handkerchief
must look toward the center at all times, and can’t turn their heads to watch the runner behind them.
As soon as the player in the circle discovers that the handkerchief has been dropped behi him, he must pick it up and
behind
chase “it” around the circle. The goal is to reach the vacant space left by the person chasing.
As soon as this happens, the first player joins the ring, whilst it is now the turn of the second to “Drop the handkerchief.”

67. NATIONAL DANCE - BULGARIA
BULGARIAN FOLK COSTUMES
BULGARIAN FOLK DANCES
Horo is a traditional Bulgarian round dance. The most popular type of horo dance is called “Pravo horo” and is performed by
a group of people holding each other to form a circle. The movement is two steps forward and one- backward. Horo is
played on weddings, local festivals, New Year’s Eve. On 2nd
May 2005 the longest horo took place in Alexahder Nevski
square in Sofia involving more than 13 000 participants.