The document discusses different types of interspecies animal relationships: Positive interactions include mutualism, where both species benefit each other. Examples given are ants and aphids, and crocodiles and plover birds. Commensalism is also positive, where one benefits while the other is not harmed. Examples of this are clownfish and sea anemones. Negative interactions can harm one or both species. Predation involves one species preying on the other. Parasitism benefits one species at the cost of harming the host. Competition occurs when resources are limited and species harm each other competing for resources. These interspecies relationships play an important role in ecosystems by contributing to food chains

1. “INTERSPECIES ANIMAL
RELATIONSHIPS”
Dr.K.RAMESHKUMAR
Assistant Professor of Zoology
Vivekananda College
Tiruvedakam West
Vivekananda College
Tiruvedakam- West

2. INTERSPECIES ANIMAL
RELATIONSHIPS

3. Introduction
•Different types of relations found among
organisms.
•Relationships ensures food and space among
organism.
•These relationship is known as interaction.
•On the basis of benefits and harmful effects –
two types of interaction.
•Positive interaction & Negative interaction.

4. Positive Interaction
•Beneficial for one interacting partner
•Other partner is not harmed or both of
them benefited
•Includes Mutualism and Commensalism

5. Mutualism
• Interaction between two living organisms of different
species
• Both partners are benefited
• Examples
Crocodiles and plover bird
Ants and Aphids
Flower and Butterfly
Honey Bee and Flower

6. ANTS & APHIDS
• These relationships are
mainly mutualistic.
• An example of this type of
relationship is between aphids and
several ant species.
• Aphids provide honeydew to
the ants
• Ants will take the aphids into their
nests at night to protect them from
predators and escort them back to a
plant the next morning.

7. CROCODILE & PLOVER BIRD
• The symbiotic relationship between
the crocodile and the plover bird is
exemplary of two organisms
working together.
• Crocodile : gets mouth cleaned from
food residues
• Plover Bird : gets food residues from
teeth

8. Commensalism
•One of the partner is benefited
•Other partner neither benefited nor harmed
•Examples
 Shark and Sucker Fish
 Vanda and Mango tree
 Anemone fishes or clown fishes & Sea anemone

9. CLOWN FISH & SEA ANEMONE
• Clown fish : live amid the
tentacles of the anemones
which protects them from
predators.
•Sea anemone : neither
benefited nor harmed

10. SHARK & SUCKER FISH
•Sucker fish : gets free
food and transport
•Shark : neither
benefited nor harmed

11. Negative Interaction
•One interacting partner is harmed
•Sometimes both partners are harmed
•Includes
 Predation
 Parasitism
 Competition

12. Predation
•Direct food relationship between two partners
•One partner captures and feed on other partner.
•Partner that captures and feed : Predator
•Partner that is eaten : Prey
• Examples
•Tiger & Deer
•Whale & small fishes
•Humans & other organisms

13. TIGER & DEER
•Tiger : eats deer
and gets food
•Deer : killed by
tiger

14. WHALE & SMALL FISHES
•Whale : feed on
small fishes & gets
food
•Small fishes : killed
by Whale

15. Parasitism
•One partner is benefited and other is harmed.
•Partner those gets benefits : Parasites
•Partners those gets harmed : Host
•Parasites get food & shelter from the host
•Examples
• Tape worm and humans
• Leech and pig
• Mosquito and humans

16. TAPE WORM &HUMANS
•Tape worm : lives on
intestine of humans & feed
on them
•Humans : Diarrhea,
Abdominal pain, Hunger or
loss of appetite, Fatigue,
Weight loss, Vitamin and
mineral deficiencies

17. MOSQUITO & HUMANS
•Mosquito : feeds on
blood of humans
•Humans : gets various
diseases transmitted
by mosquito such as
Dengue

18. Competition
•Here organisms competes for resources like water,
nutrients, light and space
•occurs when resources are not sufficient for all
individuals
•Individuals harm one another in trying to obtain it.
•Examples
•Fishes inside an aquarium competing for food and
space.
•Hyena and Lion competing for territory
•An Eagle and a Hawk competing for a prey.

19. •Fishes inside an aquarium competing for
food and space.

20. •Hyena and Lion competing for territory

21. •An Eagle and a Hawk competing for a prey.

22. Conclusion
•Animal interactions play a vital role in the ecological
balance
•Animal interactions are part of food chain and food
web
•The energy flow in an ecosystem occurs through
animal relationships
•Thus different types of animal interactions play their
magnificent role in an ecosystem

23. References
•ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY -
Vijayakumaran Nair, Academica Publications
(2008)
•Science textbook, Std : VIII, SCERT
•www.en.encyclopedia.com
•www.wiki.pedia.com
•www.googleimages.com