2. INTRODUCTION
Mental health describes a level of
psychological well-being , or an absence of a
mental disorder.
The World Health Organization defines mental
health as "a state of well-being in which the
individual realizes his or her own abilities, can
cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a
contribution to his or her community".
3. • There are different types of mental health
problems, some of which are common, such as
depression and anxiety disorders, and some
not so common, such as schizophrenic and
Bipolar disorder.
• Most recently, the field of Global Mental health
has emerged, which has been defined as 'the
area of study, research and practice that places
a priority on improving mental health and
achieving equity in mental health for all people
worldwide'.
4. SIGNIFICANCE
Evidence from the World Health
Organization suggests that nearly half the world's
population are affected by mental illness with an
impact on their self-esteem, relationships and ability
to function in everyday life.
An individual's emotional health can also impact
physical health and poor mental health can lead to
problems such as substance abuse.
The importance of maintaining good mental health is
crucial to living a long and healthy life. Good mental
health can enhance one’s life, while poor mental
health can prevent someone from living a normal life.
5. • The importance of maintaining good mental
health is crucial to living a long and healthy life.
Good mental health can enhance one’s life,
while poor mental health can prevent someone
from living a normal life.
6. MENTAL ILLNESS AS A STIGMA
Stigma is defined as a sign of disgrace or discredit,
which sets a person apart from others. The stigma of
mental illness, although more often related to context
than to a person's appearance, remains a powerful
negative attribute in all social relations.
Mental illness, despite centuries of learning and the
‘Decade of the Brain’, is still perceived as an
indulgence, a sign of weakness. Self-stigmatization
has been described, and there are numerous
personal accounts of psychiatric illness, where
shame overrides even the most extreme of
symptoms.
7. THE EXPERIENCE OF STIGMA
SOCIAL
EXCLUSION
SHAME
BLAME
SECRECY
ISOLATION
DISCRIMINATION
8. ETIOLOGY
METABOLIC
ORGANIC DISEASES,NEOPLASM,NEURO-
LOGICAL DISEASES,ENDOCRINE
DISEASES e.g. Epilepsy
e.g. IF BOTH PARENTS ARE
HEREDITARY SCHIOPHRENIC
WORRIES, BROKEN
PSYCHOSOCIAL HOMES,POVERTY,STRESS,
CHANGING FAMILY
STRUCTURE,REJECTION, ECONOMIC
INSECURITY
TOXIC SUBSTANCES – MERCURY
DRUG ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM
ENVIRONMENTAL MINERAL DEFICIENCY- IODINE
TRAUMATIC FACTORS
RADIATION
9. OTHER CONTRIBUTING FEATURES
Social and environmental causes
These might be things such as:
Where we live
Our place of work
Whether we have close family and friends
How and where we can relax.
10. Where we live
The physical environment where we live can be very stressful, particularly
when there are problems with neighbours, or if there are high crime rates and
other such issues.
Where you work
Whether you enjoy your work, or feel you are under too much pressure, are
unable to find employment or hold down a job, can all put pressure on your
mental well-being.
Families and Friends
When we face difficult times our support networks become very important –
those who do not have close friends or families, or those who do not live near
the people who support them may find it increasingly difficult to cope alone.
How and when to relax
All these kinds of problems will increase the amount of stress people are
under, and can cause depression and anxiety especially in situations where
people don't have a time or a place to relax.
11. INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF
DISEASE OF MENTAL HEALTH
ORGANIC - Delirium DISORDERS OF ADULT PERSONALITY
MENTAL & BEHAVIORIAL – Drug abuse , MENTAL RETARDATION
alcoholism
SCHIZOPHRENIA DISORDERS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT – Childhood autism
MOOD DISORDERS – Depressive disorders BEHAVIOUR DISORDERS OCCURING IN
CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENCE
NEUROTIC,STRESS RELATED DISORDERS UNSPECIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS
BEHAVIOUR SYNDROME – EATING
DISORDERS
12. PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
Feeling sad or down
Confused thinking
Excessive fears or worries
Withdrawal from friends and activities
Problems sleeping
Detachment from reality (delusions) or hallucinations
Inability to cope with daily problems or stress
Alcohol or drug abuse
Significant changes in eating habits
Sex drive changes
Excessive anger, hostility or violence
Suicidal thinking
13. PHYSICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Fatigue
Back pain
Chest pain
Digestive problems
Dry mouth
Headache
Sweating
Weight gain or loss
Rapid heart rate
Dizziness
16. TREATMENT ASPECT OF MENTAL ILLNESS
The initial assessment
The role of psychiatrists and general practitioners
Help is available through both public and private health care
Psychological treatment
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Dialectical behavior therapy
Treatment with medication
Other forms of treatment
17. TREATMENT WITH MEDICATION
Medications are mainly helpful for people who
are more seriously affected by mental illness.
Different types of medication treat different
types of mental illness:
Antidepressant medications – about 60 to 70
per cent of people with depression respond to
initial antidepressant treatment. These
medications are now also used (in combination
with psychological therapies) to treat phobias,
panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder
and eating disorders
18. Antipsychotic medications – are used to treat
psychotic illnesses, for example schizophrenia and
bipolar disorder. Newer antipsychotic medications
may have some side effects, but tend to have
fewer of the effects that were associated with the
older medications, for example stiffening and
weakening of the muscles and muscle spasms
Mood stabilizing medications – are helpful for
people who have bipolar disorder (previously
known as manic depression). These medications,
such as lithium carbonate, can help reduce the
recurrence of major depression and can help
reduce the manic or ‘high’ episodes
19. OTHER FORMS OF TREATMENT
Effective treatment involves more than medications.
Treatment may also involve:
Community support – including information,
accommodation, help with finding suitable work, training
and education, psychosocial rehabilitation and mutual
support groups. Understanding and acceptance by the
community is very important
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) – this treatment can be a
highly effective treatment for severe depression and,
sometimes, for other diagnoses when other treatments
have not been effective. After the person is given a
general anaesthetic and muscle relaxant, an electrical
current is passed through their brain
20. Hospitalization – this only occurs when a person
is acutely ill and needs intensive treatment for a
short time. It is considered better for a person’s
mental health to treat them in the community, in
their familiar surroundings.
Involuntary treatment – this can occur when the
psychiatrist recommends someone needs
treatment but the person doesn’t agree. In
general, people receive involuntary treatment to
ensure their own safety or that of others.
21. MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
Early diagnosis and treatment
Rehabilitation
Group and individual psychotherapy
Mental health education
Use of modern psychoactive drugs
After care services
22. MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMES IN INDIA
National mental health program
The Government of India has launched the National Mental
Health Program (NMHP) in 1982, keeping in view the heavy
burden of mental illness in the community, and the absolute
inadequacy of mental health care infrastructure in the country to
deal with it.
It includes Integration mental health with primary health care
through the NMHP.
Provision of tertiary care institutions for treatment of mental
disorders.
Eradicating stigmatization of mentally ill patients and protecting
their rights through regulatory institutions like the Central Mental
Health Authority, and State Mental health Authority.
23. District mental health programs
It includes training programs of all workers in the
mental health team at the identified Nodal Institute in
the State.
Public education in the mental health to increase
awareness and reduce stigma.
For early detection and treatment, the OPD and indoor
services are provided.
Providing valuable data and experience at the level of
community to the state and Centre for future planning,
improvement in service and research
24. CURRENT STATUS
Annual data of PGI
Walk in clinic – 7555 new cases
3921 old cases
Refer from other departments-1267
DDTC (De addiction center) 1297 new cases
644 old cases
Maximum cases 22-50 yr age group
350 cases per year - 22-50 yr of age
