1. Compaction
and
Compression
PRESENTED BY
PRADIPKUMAR.L.GHORI
DEPT. OF PHARMACEUTICS
M.M.C.P

3. A. Transitional repacking or particle rearrangement.
B. Deformation.
C. Fragmentation and deformation.
D. Bonding.
E. Deformation of solid body.
F. Decompression.
G. Ejection.
H. Descriptions of process.

4. Granules to be placed in the hopper of the tablet
press.
Formulation and processing are designed to ensure
that at a fast production rate the weight variation of
the final tablet is minimal.
The particle size distribution of granulation and the
shape of the granules determine the initial packing as
the granules is delivered in to the die cavity.
In the initial event the punch and particle movement
occur at low pressure.

5. The granule flow with respect to each other, with the
finer particle entering the void between the larger
particle, and the bulk density of the granulation is
increased.
Spherical particle undergo less particle rearrangement
then irregular particle as the spherical particle tend to
assume a close packing rearrangement initially.
To achieve a fast flow rate required for high-speed
presses the granulation is generally processed to
produce spherical or oval particles.
Thus, particle rearrangement and the energy
expended in rearrangement are minor consideration
in the total process of compression

7. When the stress is applied to a material, deformation
(change of forms) occurs.
If the deformation disappears completely (return to
the original shape) upon release of stress , it is an
Elastic deformation.
A deformation that dose not completely recover after
release of the stress is known as a Plastic deformation.
The force required to initiate plastic deformation is
known as the yield stress.

8. When the particles of a granulation are so closely
packed that no further filing of the void can occur,
a further increases of compressional force cause
deformation at he point of contact.
Both plastic and elastic deformation may occur
although one type predominates for a given
material.
Deformation increase the area of true contact and
the formation of potential bonding areas.

10. At higher pressure, fracture occur when the stresses
within the particles become great enough to
propagate cracks.
 fragmentation further densification, with the
infiltration of the smaller fragment in to the void
space
Fragmentation increase the number of particle and
form new, clean surface that are potential bonding
area.

11. The relative amount of deformation
produce by such force is a dimensionless
quality called strain.
e.g. if the solid road compressed by force
acting each end to cause reduction in
length of H from an unload length D0
H0 then the compressive stress Z given D
by the equation H H0
Z= H / Ho
The ratio of force F necessary to
produce this strain to the area A over
which it act is called the stress
σ = F / A

12. The specific surface of the starch and sulfathiazole
granulation was 0.18 m2/g; the tablet compressed at a
pressure of 1600kg/cm2 had a specific surface of
0.9m2/g
specific 1.0
surface 0.8
m2/g 0.6
0.4
0.2
2000 4000
pressure , kg/cm2

13. Several mechanism of bonding in the compression
process have been conceived, but they have not been
useful in in the prediction of the compressional
properties of material.
Three theory are
1 . Mechanical theory
2 . The intermolecular theory.
3 . The liquid surface film theory.

14. Mechanical theory:-
This theory proposes that under pressure the
individual particle undergo elastic, plastic or brittle
deformation and that the edges of the particle
intermesh, forming a mechanical bond.
 If only the mechanical bond exists, the total energy of
compression is equal to the sum of the energy of
deformation, heat and energy adsorb for each
constituent.
Mechanical inter locking is not a major mechanism of
bonding in pharmaceutical tablets.

15. The inter molecular theory:-
The molecule (or ions) at the surface of the solid have
unsatisfied intermolecular force, which interacts with
other particles in true contact.
According to the intermolecular forces theory, under
pressure the molecules at the point of true contact
between new, clean surface of the granules are close
enough so that van der Waals forces interact to
consolidate the particle.

16. A microcrystalline cellulose tablet has been described
as a cellulose fibril in which the crystals are
compressed close enough together so that hydrogen
bonding between them occurs.
It appear that very little deformation or fusion occur
in the compression of microcrystalline cellulose.
Aspirin crystals under go slight deformation and
fragmentation at low pressure, it appear that
hydrogen bonding has strongly bonded the tablet,
because the granules retain their integrity with
further increase in pressure .

17. The liquid surface film theory:-
The liquid surface film theory attributes bonding to
the presence of a thin liquid film, at the surface of the
particle induced by the energy of compression.
During the compression an applied force is exerted on
the granules; however, locally the force applied to a
small area of true contact so that a very high pressure
exists at the true contact surface.
The local effect of the high pressure on the melting
point and solubility of a material is essential to
bonding.
The relation of pressure and melting point (clapeyron)
dT T(V1-Vs) T-temperature
dP H

18. Where, dT/dP is the change in melting point with
the pressure V1 and Vs are the molar volume of liquid
melt and the solid, respectively.
By analogous reasoning , the pressure distribution in
compression is such that the solubility is increased
with increasing pressure.
With an increase in solubility at the point of true
contact, solution usually occur in the film of adsorb
moisture on the surface of the granule.
When the applied pressure is released and the
solubility decrease, the solute dissolve in the adsorbed
water crystallizes in small crystals between the
particles.
 the strength of the bridge depend on the amount of
material deposited and rate of crystallization.

19. At higher rates of crystallization, a finer crystalline
structure and a greater strength are obtained.
The poor compressibility of most water insoluble
material and the relative ease of compression of water
soluble materials suggest that pressure induced
solubility is important in tableting.
The moisture may be present as that retain from the
granulating solution after drying or that adsorb from
the atmosphere.
Granulation that are absolutely dry have poor
compressional characteristics.

20. Deformation of solid body:-
As the applied pressure is further increased, the
bonded solid is consolidated towards a limiting
density by plastic or elastic deformation of the tablet
within the die .
1.6
1.5
density 1.4
g/cm3 1.3
1.2
1.1
1000 2000 3ooo 4ooo 5000
Pressure , kg/cm2
sulfathiazole

21. Decompression:-
After the compression and consolidation of the
powder in the die, the formed compact must be
capable of
withstanding the stresses encountered during
decompression and tablet ejection.
 The rate at which the force is removed (dependent
on the compression roller diameter and the machine
speed) can have a significant effect on tablet quality.
 The same deformation characteristics that come into
play during compression, play a role during
decompression.
After application of the maximum compression force,
the tablet undergoes elastic recovery.

22. While the tablet is constrained in the die, elastic
recovery occurs only in the axial direction. If the rate
and degree of elastic recovery are high, the tablet may
cap or laminate in the die due to rapid expansion in
the radial direction only.
Tablets that do not cap or laminate are able to relieve
the developed stresses by plastic deformation.
 Since plastic deformation is time-dependent, stress
relaxation is also time-dependent.
Formulations which contain significant
concentrations of microcrystalline cellulose
typically form good compacts due to its plastic
deformation properties.
However, if the machine speed and the rate of tablet
compression are significantly increased, these
formulations exhibit capping and lamination
tendencies.

23. The rate of decompression can also have an effect on the
ability of the compacts to consolidate (form bonds).
Based on the liquid-surface film theory, the rate of
crystallization or solidification should have an effect on
the strength of the bonded surfaces. The rate of
crystallization is affected by the pressure (and the rate at
which the pressure is removed).
High decompression rates should result in high rates of
crystallization Typically, slower crystallization rates result
in stronger crystals.
Therefore, if bonding occurs by these mechanisms, lower
machine speeds should result in stronger tablets.
The rate of stress relieve is slow for acetaminophen so
cracking occurs while the tablet is within the die. with
microcrystalline cellulose the rare of stress relieve is rapid,
and intact tablets result.

24. As the lower punch rises and pushes the tablet upward
there is a continued residual die wall pressure and
considerable energy may be expanded due to the die
wall friction.
As the tablet removed from the die, the lateral pressure
is relieved, and the tablet undergoes elastic recovery
with an increase (2 to 10%) in the volume of that
portion of the tablet removed from the die.
During ejection that portion of the tablet within the
die is under strain, and if this strain exceeds the sheer
strength of tablet, the tablet break as elastic recovery.

25. The process of compression has been described in
term of the relative volume (ratio of volume of the
compressed mass to the volume of mass at zero void )
and applied 1000 H
pressure. G
applied 100
pressure F
kg/cm2 10 E
A
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
relative volume

26. AE – the decrease in relative volume during
transitional repacking.
With further increase in pressure
EF – temporary support between the particle.
FG – fragmentation and/or plastic deformation .
Some higher pressure
GH – bonding and consolidation of the solid occur to
some limiting value.
For compression process, HECKEL proposed equation
V kP + V0
V – V1 V0 – V1
V = volume at pressure P
V0 = original volume of powder including voids
V1 = volume of solid k = constant

27.  Heckel relationship in term of relative density(P rel)
log 1 KP + A
1 – P rel 2.303 calcium
phosphate
P = applied pressure 100
starch(4.5%)
A = constant
K = heckel constant, related
to the reciprocal of the 1 10
mean yield pressure. 1 – P rel
minimum pressure
required to cause deformation.
1
2000 4000 6000

28. A large value of the heckel constant indicate the onset
of plastic deformation at relatively low pressure.
A heckel plot permits an interpretation of the
mechanism of bonding.
For dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, which
undergoes fragmentation during compression, the
heckel plot is nonlinear and has small value for its
slope (a small heckel constant).
As dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate fragments,
the tablet strength is essentially independent of
particle size.
For sodium chloride a heckel plot is linear indicating
that sodium chloride undergoes plastic deformation
during compression. no fragmentation occur.

29. At least two major component to the frictional force
can be distinguished
Interparticulate friction :- This arises at particle
/particle contacts and can be expressed in term of a
coefficient of interparticulate friction μ 1. it is more
significant at low applied loads.
Material that reduce this effect are referred to as
glidants.
Ex:- colloidal silica, talc, corn starch

30. Die-wall friction :-this result from material being
pressed against the die wall and moved down it ; it is
expressed as μw, the coefficient of die wall friction.
This effect become dominant at high applied forces
when particle rearrangement has ceased and is
particularly important in tabletting operations.
Most tablets contain a small amount of an additive
design to reduce die wall friction; such additives are
called lubricants.
Ex:-magnesium stearate, talc, PEG, waxes, stearic acid

31. FA
FL
FR FD
HO
H
D
Force distribution
 Diagram of a cross section of a typical simple punch and die assembly

32. This investigation carried on single station press.
Force being applied to the top of a cylindric power
mass and the following basic relationships apply.
 FA=FL+FD
Where, FA =is the force applied to upper punch
FL =is that proportion of it transmitted to the lower
punch
FD =is a reaction at the die wall due to friction at this
surface
Because of this difference between the force applied
at the upper punch and that affecting material closed
to the lower punch, a mean compaction force, FM
where, FA+FL
 2
FM

33. A recent report confirm that FM offer a practical
friction-independent measure of compaction load,
which is generally more relevant then FA.
In single station presses, where the applied force
transmission decay exponentially, a more
appropriate geometric mean force FG, might be
0.5
FG=(FA . FL)
Use of this force parameters are probably more
appropriate then use of FA when determining
relationships between compressional force and such
tablet properties as tablet strength.

34. As the compressional force increased and any
repacking of the tabletting mass is completed, the
material may be regarded to some extent as a single
solid body.
Then as with all other solid, compressive force
applied in one direction (e.g. vertical) result in
decrease in H in the height, i.e. a compressive
stress.
In the case of an unconfined solid body, this would
be accompanied solid body, this would be
accompanied by an expansion in the horizontal
direction of D

35. The ratio of these two dimensional changes is known
as poisson ratio of the material, defined as:
D
Poisson ratio =
H
The poisson ratio is a characteristic constant for each
solid and may influence the tabletting process in
following way.
Under the condition illustrated in figure , the
material in not free to expand in horizontal plane
because it is confined in the die.
Consequently, a radial die wall force FR develops
perpendicular to the die wall surface, material with
larger poisson ratios giving rise to higher value of FR.

36. Classic friction theory can then be applied to deduce
that the axial frictional force FD is related to FR by
the expression:
FD = mw.FR
Where mw is the coefficient of die wall friction.
Note that FR is reduced when material of small
poisson ratio are used, and that in such cases, axial
force transmission is optimum.

37. Most pharmaceutical tablet formulation require the
addition of a lubricant to reduce friction at the die
wall .
Die wall lubricant function by interposing a film of
low shear strength at the interface between the
tabletting mass and the die wall.
Preferably, there is some chemical bonding between
this boundary lubricant and the surface of the die
wall as well as the edge of the tablet.
The best lubricant are those with low shear strength
but strong cohesive tendencies in direction at right
angles to the plane of shear.

38. Radial die wall forces and die wall friction also effect
the ease with which the compressed tablet can be
removed from the die.
The force necessary to eject a finished tablet follows
a distinctive pattern of three stage.
The first stage involves the distinctive peak force
required to initiate ejection, by braking of tablet/die
wall adhesions.
A smaller force usually follows, namely that required
to push the tablet up the die wall.
The final stage is marked by declining force of
ejection as the tablet emerges from the die.

39. Variation on this pattern are sometimes found,
especially when lubrication is inadequate and/or
“slip-stick” condition occur between the tablet and
the die wall, owing to continuing formation and
breakage of tablet die wall adhesion.
A direct connection is to be expected between die
wall frictional forces and the force required to eject
the tablet from the die, FE.
For e.g. well lubricated systems have been shown to
lead to smaller FE values.

40. Monitoring of that proportion of the applied
pressure transmitted radially to the die wall has been
reported by several groups of workers.
For many pharmaceutical materials, such
investigation lead to characteristic hysteresis curves ,
which have been termed compaction profiles.
The radial die wall forces arises as a result of
tabletting mass attempting to expand in the
horizontal plane in response to the vertical
compression.

41. The ratio of this two dimensional changes, the
Poisson ratio, is an important material dependent
property affecting the compressional process.
When the elastic limit of the material is high, elastic
deformation may make major contribution, and on
removal of the applied load, the extent of the elastic
relaxation depend upon the value of the materials
modulus of elasticity (young’s modulus).
If this value is low, there is considerable recovery,
and unless a strong structure has been formed, there
is the danger of structural failure.
If the modulus of elasticity is high, there is small
dimensional change on decompression and less risk
of failure.

42. C
D
radial
pressure
E B
c’ A
O axial pressure
com
pression
decompression

43. The area of the hysteresis loop (OABC’) indicate the
extent of departure from ideal elastic behavior,
science for perfectly elastic body, line BC’ would
coincide with AB.
In many tabletting operation the applied force
exceed the elastic limit (point B), and brittle fracture
and/or plastic deformation is then a major
mechanism.
For example, if the material readily undergoes plastic
deformation with a constant yield stress as the
material is sheared, then the region B to C should
obey the equation.
 PR = PA – 2S
Where S is the yield stress of the material

44. The slope of this plot is unity, so that mark deviation
from this value may indicate a more complex
behavior.
Deviation could also be due to the fact that the
material is still significantly porous.
For e.g. since point C represent the situation at the
maximum compressional force level, the region CD is
therefore the initial relaxation response as the
applied lode is removed.
 In practice, many compaction profiles exhibit a
marked change in the slope of this line during
decompression, and a second yield point D has been
reported.

45. Perhaps the residual redial pressure (intercept EO),
when all the compressional force has been removed,
is more significant, since this pressure is an
indication of the force being transmitted by the die
wall to the tablet.
As such, it provide a measure of possible ejection
force level and likely lubricant requirements, it
suggests a strong tablet capable of at least
withstanding such a compressive pressure.
A low value of residual redial pressure, or more
significantly, a sharp change in slop (DE) is
sometime indicative of at least incipient failure of the
tablet structure.
In practical term this may mean introducing a
plastically deforming component (e.g.pvp as binder).

46. Tablet machines, roller compactors, and similar
types of equipment required a high input of
mechanical work.
The work involve in various phase of tablets
operation includes,
That necessary to overcome friction between
particles,
That necessary to overcome friction between the
particles and machine parts,
That required to induce elastic and/or plastic
deformation of the materials,

47.  That required to cause brittle fracture within the
materials, and
 That associated with the mechanical operation of
various machine parts.
 Nelson and associate, who compared the energy
expenditure in lubricated and unlubricated
sulfathiazole granules.
 Lubrication reduce energy expenditure by 70%,
chiefly because of a lessening of the major
component, namely energy utilized during ejection
of the finished tablet.
 Lubricant has no apparent effect on the actual
amount of energy required to compress the
material.

48. Compression Energy expended(joules)
process Unlubricated Lubricated
Compression 6.28 6.28
Overcoming die wall friction 3.35 --
Upper punch withdrawal 5.02 --
Tablet ejection 21.35 2.09
Total 36.00 8.37

49. By assuming that only energy expended in the
process of forming the tablet cause a temperature
rise, Higuchi estimated the temperature rise to be
approximately 5 c.
For a single punch machine operating at 100 tablets
per min, and approximately 43 kcal/hr were required
for unlubricated granules.
Wurster and creekmore by use of an internal
temperature probe found a 2 to 5 c rise in the
temperature of tablet compressed from microcrystal
cellulose, calcium carbonate, starch and sulfathiazole
The temperature of compressed tablet is affected by
the pressure and speed of tablet machine.


50. In non instrumented single punch tablet machine set
at minimum pressure, the compression of 0.7 g of
sodium chloride caused a temperature increase of
1.5 c ; when the machine was set near maximum
pressure , the temp. increase was 11.1 c .
When the machine was operating at 26 and 140 rpm
the increase in temp. was 2.7 and 7.1 respectively.
When the machine was operating at 26 and 140 rpm
to compress 0.5 g of calcium carbonate, the increase
in temp. was 16.3 and 22.2 c respectively.

51.  Higuchi and train were the first pharmaceutical
scientists to study the effect of compression on
tablet characteristics.
 The relationship between applied pressure and
weight, thickness, density, and the force of ejection
are relatively independent of the material being
compressed
1. Density and porosity
2. Hardness and tensile strength
3. Specific surface
4. Disintegration
5. Dissolution

52. 1.5
1.4
Density
g/cm 3 1.3 sulphathiazole tablet
1.2
1.1 500 1000 2000 4000
logarithm applied pressure, kg/cm 2

53. 30
Lactose
porosity 20
% lactose-aspirin
10 aspirin
500 1000 2000 4000
applied pressure, kg/cm 2
The effect of applied pressure on the porosity of
various tablet with 10% of starch. Porosity and density
inversely proportional to each other.

54. 30
Lactose
hardness 20 lactose-aspirin
s.c unit
10 aspirin
500 1000 2000 4000
applied pressure, kg/cm 2

55. 80 radial
tensile 60
strength
kg/cm 2 40
20 axial
200 4000 6000 8000
applied pressure, kg/cm 2
The effect of applied pressure on tensile strengths of tablet
of dibasic calcium phosphate granulated with 1.2% starch.

56. Specific surface is the surface area of 1 g of material.
0.8 fragmentation
specific 0.6
surface lactose-aspirin
m 2/g 0.4
lactose
0.2 aspirin
10% starch 2000 4000 6000 8000
applied pressure, kg/cm 2

57. 100 lactose
60
disintegration 40 aspirin
time, sec
10 lactose-aspirin
6
4
1000 3000 5000
applied pressure, kg/cm 2

58. 600
400 1% corn starch
5%
200
disintegration 10%
time, sec 100
60
40 15%
20
10
1000 3000 5000
applied pressure, kg/cm 2
sulfadiazine

59. Shah and parrot :-dissolution rate is independent of
applied pressures from 53 to 2170 kg/cm2 for non-
disintegrating spheres of aspirin, benzoic acid,
salicylic acid, equimolar mixture of aspirin and
salicylic acid, aspirin caffeine.
Mitchell and savill:- dissolution rate of aspirin to be
independent of pressure over range 2000 to 13000
kg/cm2 and particle size of granules.
Kanke and sekiguchi :- dissolution rate of benzoic
acid is independent of particle size and applied
pressure.

60. For conventional tablet it is dependent on,
 Pressure range.
 Dissolution medium.
 Properties of medical component.
 Properties of excipients.
If fragmentation of granule occur during compression,
the dissolution is faster as applied pressure is
increased, and the fragmentation increased the specific
surface.
If the bonding of particle is the predominant
phenomena in compression, the increase in applied
pressure causes a decrease in dissolution.

61.  Four most common dissolution – pressure relation are:
1. The dissolution is more rapid as the applied pressure
is increased.
2. The dissolution is slowed as the applied pressure is
increased.
3. The dissolution is faster, to a maximum, as the
applied pressure is increase, and further increase in
applied pressure slow dissolution.
4. The dissolution is slowed to a minimum, as the
applied pressure is increase, and further increase in
applied pressure speed dissolution.

62. Effect of compressional force on dissolution of
sulfadimide tablet with various granulating agent.
t 50% (min)
Pressure starch methyl cellulose gelatin
(MN/m2) paste solution solution
200 54.0 0.5 10.0
400 42.0 0.8 4.5
600 35.0 1.1 3.0
800 10.0 1.2 4.6
1000 7.0 1.4 4.9
2000 3.3 1.8 6.5

63. 1. Particle size
2. Moisture content
3. Lubricants
4. Applied pressure

64. A decrease in particle size resulted in the increase in the
tablet strength
Very large particle often exists as agglomerates of small
crystal on compression such as agglomerates , being more
friable than the crystal, breakdown in smaller units the
strength of the tablets prepared from such aggregates is
higher.
With very fine particle , such as those produced by a fluid
energy mill , the powder are very cohesive even in the
uncompressed state. On compaction strong compact of
tablet can be formed .
At a given pressure the use of a very small particle
increases the chances of grapping & the volume of air
entrapped also increases.

65. general equation formed for the effect of particle size is :
Here,
K= constant
a= material constant lies between (0.2 to 0.47)
Fc= hardness of the impact
d= diameter of the granule

66. In the preparation of the pharmaceutical tablet , it is
generally accept that a small proportion of the
moisture is present and in some cases this is required
to form a coherent tablets.
Wet granulation of the powder material with
hydrophilic adhesive was shown to yield tablet whose
mechanical strength is dependant on the optimum
content above or below with the tablets strength was
reduced

67. With the optimum moisture content there is :
Die wall lubrication
Inter-particulate lubrication
Hydro-dynamic resistance to consolidation
Expression of intestinal liquid to the die wall

68. Lubricating agent assist particle movement and
consolidation of the tablet by reducing die wall
friction.
But during compression the lubricant is spread
over the surface of the particles and therefore
reduce the strength of the bond between the
particles.
By proper selection of the lubricating agent and
adding adequate quantity of granules leads to the
increase in the strength of the tablet.

69.  At higher forces due to fragmentation new surfaces
are formed causing an increase in surface area,
hence more area is available for bond formation,
hence more will be the hardness of the compact
 Fc = Fc0 Vr
-m
Where,
Fc0 = strength of the tablet when Vr =1 (i.e.
completely consolidated)
m = is a constant for particular system
(here Vr is the relative volume defined as Vr = 1/1-ε
Where ε is the porosity of the compact

70. And, shotton and Ganderton gave a general
equation for the effect of applied pressure on the
strength of the compact.
Log P = nFe + C
Where,
P= applied pressure
Fe= strength of the compact
C= constant

72. In addition to good adsorption, the ideal drug for
sublingual use should be small in dose, usually
not more then 10 to 15 mg.
. The ideal compound should not have any
undesirable taste, since bitter or bad tasting
compound will stimulate saliva flow.
It will be absorbed by the highly vascular mucosal
lining of the mouth.

73.  Objective:-
1. Take drug for absorption directly through the
mucosa
2. Drugs administered to produce systemic effect fast
3. To overcome first pass metabolism.
Two type:-
1.Molded sublingual tablet
2. Compressed sublingual tablets

74. Sublingual tablets are intended to be placed beneath
to the tongue and held there until absorption taking
place.
They must dissolve or disintegrate quickly, allowing
the medicament to be rapidly absorbed, there fore,
sublingual tablet are frequently formulated as molded
tablets.

75. IngredientsIngredients Quantity par tabletsQuantity par tablets
1. Codeine phosphate (powder)1. Codeine phosphate (powder) 30.0mg30.0mg
2. Lactose2. Lactose 17.5 mg17.5 mg
3. Sucrose( powder) `3. Sucrose( powder) ` 1.5 mg1.5 mg
Alcohol-water (60:40)Alcohol-water (60:40)
Q.s.Q.s.
Formulation :-
Molded sublingual tablets are usually formulated with soluble
ingredients only, So They contain lactose, dextrose, sucrose,
mannitol or other rapidly soluble material or the mixtures of
these ingredients
To insure rapid solubility of the soluble tablets, the excipients put
through a fine screen or 120 mesh blotting cloth.
Excipient: Mainly beta-lactose is used as diluents.
 Antioxidant-sodium sulfite, sodium tri sulfate and buffer added
to improve physical and chemical stability of the product.
Formula for codeine phosphate tablet (30 mg).

76. Compressed sub lingual tablet have been prepared
which disintegrate quickly and allow the active
ingredient to dissolve rapidly.
To allow the active ingredient to dissolve
rapidly in saliva and to be available for
absorption without requiring the complete
solution of all the ingredient of the formula .
Compared to molded tablets, compressed tablets
have less weight variation and better content
uniformity.

77. Ingredients Quantity par tablets
1. Nitro glycerin 3.0 mg
2. Mannitol 2.0 mg
3. Microcrystalline cellulose 29.0 mg
4. Flavor Q.s.
5.sweetener Q.s.
6.coloring agent Q.s.

78. The purpose of buccal tablets is the same as that of
sublingual tablets, i.e. Absorption of the drug through
the lining of the mouth .
Buccal tablets are most often used when replacement
hormonal therapy is the goal.
Flat, elliptical or capsule shaped tablets are usually
selected for buccal tablets, since they can be most
easily held between the gum and cheeks.

79. Formula for methyl
testosterone buccal
tablets (10 mg):-
Ingredients Quantity par
tablets
1. Methyl
testostero
ne
10 mg
2. Lactose 86mg
3. Acacia 87mg
4.talc 10 mg
5.magnessiu
nm state
6 mg
6.water Q.s.

80. Chewable tablet mean chewing in the mouth prior to
the swallowing and are not intended to be swallowed
intact .
Chewable dosage form, such as soft pill, tablets,
gums, and new chewy squares .
The main purpose of this formulation is to, more easy
administration of medicament to the infant,
children’s and old people where they face problem of
swallowing.

81.  Advantage:-
Large tablet is difficult to
swallow
the particle size is
reduced in the mouth it
also increases the
dissolution rate
Better bioavailability
through bypassing
disintegration
Patient convenience
patient acceptance
through pleasant taste
and having better stability
 Disadvantage:-
Not suitable for the
drugs those are bitter
in taste & which irritate
the mucosa of the
mouth

82. Formulation:-
In these formulations, importance is given to
Amount of active substance
Flow properties
Compatibility-stability
Organoleptic properties
Compressibility
Disintegration
Lubrication
Here, desired product attribute:
 good taste and mouth feel
Acceptable bioavailability and bioactivity
Acceptable stability and quality
Economic formula and progress

83. Direct compression vehicles:- Sucrose, dextrose, fructose,
sorbitol, mannitol
Lubricant: magnesium, calcium salt of stearic acid
Sweeteners: Sucrose, saccharine, and mannitol
Flavoring agent :-
For antacids: - chocolate, mint, orange, vanilla,
butterscotch
For cough/cold: - black current, spice vanilla, wild cheery, clove, and
menthol and eucalyptus
For vitamins: - fresh pineapple, grape, raspberry, almond, blueberry,
strawberry

84.  There are three types of chewable tablets:
1. Multivitamin chewable tablets
2. Antacids chewable tablets
3. Analgesic chewable tablets

85.  Lozenges are the flavored medicated dosage
forms intended to the sucked and held in the
mouth.
 . They may contain Vitamins, Antibiotic,
Antiseptics, Local Anesthetics, Aromatic, Anti
Histamines, Decongestants, and
Corticosteroids, Astringent, Analgesics, And
Demulcents or combination of these
ingredients.
 There are 2 types of lozenges
1. Hard candy lozenges
2. Compressed tablets lozenges

86.  It is a mixture of sugar and other carbohydrates that
are kept in amorphous or glossy condition. These are
solid syrup of sugar having moisture content from
0.5-1.5%
 Raw material used:
Sugar, Corn syrup, Invert sugar, Reducing sugar,
Flavor, Medicament:

87. Ingredient % used Quantity
1. Liquid sugar 67%w/w 88.90lb
2. Corn syrup 80.5% w/w 49.70lb
3. Ground candy
salvage
3.00lb
4.chlorpheniramine
maleate
72.75gm
5. Wild cherry
flavor
72.75gm
6. Benzyl alcohol 72.75gm
7. Citric acid red
( fine granules)
3.00gm
8. Red color cubes 10.00gm

88. With the desired area of activity on the mucous
membrane of the mouth and pharynx, are usually
large diameter tablets (5/8-3/4 in.) Compressed in a
weight range of 1.5 to 4.0 gm and formulated with a
goal of slow, uniform and smooth disintegration or
erosion over an extended time period (5 to 10 min)
Raw material :- Tablet base, binder, flavor, colors,
lubricants, and medicaments

89. Ingredients Quantity
1. Dextromethorphen10% adsorb
rate
4.0 %
2. Benzocaine 2.0%
1. Confectioners sugar 6(3% corn
starch)
53.0%
2. Polyethylene
glycol6000(powdered)
15.0 %