2. INTRODUCTION
4D opened one new door for imagination and
challenge, creating new types of technology
and design.
4D - “the dynamic form resulting from the
design of the behavior of artifacts and people
in relation to each other and their
environment”.
3. 4D SPACE
Mathematically, four-dimensional space ("4D") is
an abstract concept derived by generalizing the rules
of three-dimensional space.
Algebraically it is generated by applying the rules
of vectors and coordinate geometry to a space with
four dimensions.
A vector with four elements (a 4-tuple) can be used
to represent a position in four-dimensional space.
4. 4D SPACE
A four-dimensional space is simply a space
with four spatial dimensions, which is
a space that needs four parameters to
specify a point in it- Euclidian space.
. For example a general point might have
position vector a, equal to
5. 4D SPACE
This can be written in terms of the four standard
basis vectors (e1, e2, e3, e4), given by
So the general vector a is
Vectors add, subtract and scale as in three
dimensions.
6. What is 4D ?
Scientifically speaking, the 4th dimension is
said to be time. There are 3 spatial
dimensions (x,y,z) and one temporal
dimension-time. In common use 4D generally
refers to coordinates in 3D space/time.
This dimension is being implemented in
various fields of film making, aerospace,
medical, computing etc.
7. VIEWING IN 4D
Four-dimensional viewing is the process of projecting
a 4D scene onto a 3D region, which can then be
viewed with regular 3D rendering methods.
Viewing parameters for the 4D to 3D projection are
similar to those for 3D to 2D viewing.
In the 4D viewing model, we need to define the from-
point. This is conceptually the same as the 3D from-
point, except that the 4D from-point resides in four-
space.
8. VIEWING IN 4D
The from-point and the to-point together define
the line of sight for the 4D scene.
The orientation of the image view is specified
by the up-vector plus an additional vector
called the over-vector.
Up-vector, over-vector and line of sight must all
be linearly independent.
9. RAY-TRACING ALGORITHM
Ray tracing solves several rendering
problems in a straight-forward manner,
including hidden surfaces, shadows,
reflection, and refraction.
It can handle any object that can be
interrogated to find the intersection point of a
given ray with the surface of the object.
10. RAY-TRACING ALGORITHM
The main loop in the raytracing
algorithm shoots rays from the
viewpoint through a grid into the
scene space.
As a ray is “fired” from the
viewpoint through the grid, it gathers
light information by back propagation.
In this way raytracing approximates
the light rays that scatter throughout
the scene and enter the eye by
tracing the rays back from the
viewpoint to the light sources.
11. BASICS OF 4D DESIGN
4D designs stresses the relationships of
people to the material forms, and to each
other within the spaces, whether these are
pre-mediated by the professional designer or
spontaneously designed by the users of the
spaces.
It considers- 4D Virtual Design and Dynamic
4D.
12. VIRTUAL DESIGN
Interactive information points
Computer games
On-line shopping
Interactive television programmes
Computer flight simulations
Metamorphic internet site design
13. DYNAMIC 4D PRODUCTS
From the dynamic lighting designs in a
discotheque or office using computer control
technology
To the ‘staging’ of Rave concerts.
From the Fire Alarm that shouts “Fire on the
first floor”
14. DYNAMIC 4D PRODUCTS
From the ‘smart’ focusing of a domestic video
camera
And automatic doors that open as you approach.
To solar heat collectors that create imaginative visual
effects on buildings as they follow the path of the sun
across the sky using robotics technology.
15. DISCIPLINES IN 4D DESIGN
It depends on the exact nature of the
problem.
17. VOLOCITY- a new dimension
For high performance imaging.
Provides the scientist with an interactive volume
visualization system that will run on a standard
desktop computer.
Volume interactivity is the key to providing the user
with an enhanced perception of depth and realism.
Interactivity also allows the scientist to rapidly
explore and understand large volumes of data.
18. VOLOCITY
First true color 4D rendering system designed for
biomedical imaging.
Uses new highly advanced algorithms to provide
high-speed, easy to use, interactive rendering of
time resolved color 3D volumes.
Allows the user to visualize a 3D object and then
observe and interact with it over time
19. VOLOCITY ACQUISITION
Designed for high performance acquisition of 3D sequences.
Provides easy to use, high speed image capture capability and
is compatible with a range of scientific grade cameras and
microscopes.
Acquisition incorporates a unique parallel processing and
video streaming architecture. This technology is designed to
acquire image sequences direct to hard disk at the maximum
frame rate possible from each supported camera.
20. VOLOCITY ACQUISITION
Fast and highly interactive volume exploration in 3D and
4D.
High speed parallel imaging and video streaming
architecture.
Fly-through rendering for visualizing events inside
biological structures.
Real time Auto Contrast for fast focusing and acquisition.
Intuitively easy to use for increased productivity.
Object classification, measurement and tracking in all
dimensions.
High quality restoration of confocal and wide field
microscope images.
21. 4D Film Making
Combining a 3-D film with physical effects in the
theatre, which occur in synchronization with the film.
Films include rain, wind, strobe lights, and vibration.
Water sprays and air jets are also common.
Wind blowing, water spraying, leg and back ticklers,
is usually considered as a 4-D experience.
22. 4D Aroma-space/ Smell-O-Vision
Aroma space- Technology that provides platform for
4D experience.
Allows people to smell odors and aromas from the
film via scratch and sniff cards.
Smell-O-Vision, created by Hans Laube, process
injected 30 different smells into a movie theatre’s
seats when triggered by the film’s soundtrack.
23. 4D Aroma-space/ Smell-O-Vision
Scratch and sniff is
created through the
process of micro
encapsulation.
Have been used in films
like “polyester” and “Spy
Kids “.
The desired smell is
surrounded by micro-
capsules that break
easily when gently
rubbed.
24. 4D Ultrasound Scanning
A new dimension in medical imaging,
represents the difference between a video
and a still photograph.
The entirely digital platform and very fast
processors cope with the large volume of
data required to reconstruct 3D images again
and again, giving the impression of a moving
image.
25. 4D Ultrasound Scanning
4D ultrasound takes multiple 2-dimensional ultrasound images,
creates a three dimensional image and adds the element of
time to the process.
Machine utilizes a colored image rather than black and white,
which provides any viewers with a more realistic portrait of the
fetus.
4D cardiac is used for real time imaging of the structures of the
heart to help diagnose congenital heart disease.
Provides three different axis concurrently as well as a
composite view of the heart in real time
26. 4D Ultrasound Scanning
The 4D scan displays 4 dimensions
as height, width, depth and
movement of the baby.
4D scan is also referred to as "Live
3D" as the 4th dimension is time
which is the actual movement of the
baby.
27. 4D IN AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION
Replaces the concept of Air Traffic Control with
Trajectory Management.
Allows the controller to send little messages to the
flying plane that will notify what route he’ll be
directed to and at what time should he be at a
certain fix.
Message can be automatically added to the plane’s
flight management system
28. 4D IN AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION
Allowing on-time scheduling
Allowing closer aircraft spacing for arrivals
Allowing continuous descent approaches
Protection of environment
29. Cinema 4D- A TOOL
A 3D modeling, animation and rendering application
developed by MAXON Computer of Germany.
Capable of procedural and polygonal/modeling,
animating, lighting, texturing, rendering, and
common features found in 3d modeling applications.
Application relies on widely used computer 3D
technology which works by creating groups of
"points" (known as vertices) who form surfaces when
connected.
30. Cinema 4D- A TOOL
When a scene is finished it is normally rendered.
Rendering refers to the act of calculating the scene,
the shading, the colors and the textures.
It then saves the project in many different file formats
including high resolution image and video files (such
as AVI or QuickTime).
CINEMA 4D has its own programming language,
C.O.F.F.E.E., to develop platform independent plug-
ins.
