This document discusses alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. It begins by outlining the global impact of alcohol abuse, noting that it results in over 2.5 million deaths per year. It then covers topics such as the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of alcohol; signs of acute intoxication; associated medical issues like alcoholic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia; withdrawal syndrome; and treatment approaches for acute intoxication and withdrawal. For methanol poisoning, it discusses toxicokinetics, clinical features, diagnostic testing, and aggressive medical management including administering ethanol or fomepizole to block methanol metabolism.
2. INTRODUCTION
• The harmful use of alcohol results in 2.5 million
deaths each year.
• 320,000 young people between the age of 15 and
29 die from alcohol-related causes, resulting in 9%
of all deaths in that age group.
Global Status Report On Alcohol 2004, Geneva, WHO.
4. ABSORPTION
Stomach (70%),
Duodenum (25%)
Mouth and Esophagus (small amounts)
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
5. DISTRIBUTION& ELIMINATION
Distributed to almost every tissue. Vd=0.5 l/kg.
Half life = 2 – 6 hr .
Ethanol Acetadehyde+NADH
+NAD
Acetate
CO2+H2O Acetyl coA
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6. CLEARANCE
15 – 18 mg/ 100 ml blood/ hr.
Zeero order kinetics.
Independent of alcohol conc.
2 – 10 % is excreted directly through the lungs, urine, or sweat,
but
The greater part (90 – 95%) is metabolized (oxidised) to
acetaldehyde, primarily in the liver.
Blood levels of ethanol are expressed as milligrams or grams of
ethanol per deciliter (e.g., 100 mg/dL = 0.10 g/dL)
Values of 0.02 g/dL resulting from the ingestion of one typical
drink.
Harrisons principles of internal medicine, 18th ed, vol.2
9. Effects of Blood Alcohol Levels in the Absence of
Tolerance
Blood Level, g/dL USUAL EFFECT
O.O2 Decreased inhibitions, a slight feeling of intoxication
0.08 Decrease in complex cognitive functions and motor
performance
0.20 Obvious slurred speech, motor incoordination, irritability, and
poor judgment
0.30 Light coma and depressed vital signs
0.40 Death
Harrisons principles of internal medicine, 18th ed, vol.2
10. SIGNS THAT IMMEDIATE MEDICAL
ATTENTION IS NEEDED
Nervous system depression (sleepiness, coma, lethargy, and
decreased response to pain)
Withdrawal accompanied by pain
Digestive problems that include vomiting, bleeding, and dehydration
Slow or absent breathing
Grand mal seizures
Delirium tremens
Disturbances of vision, mental confusion, and muscular incoordination
Disinterested behavior and loss of memory
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
11. ASSCOCIATED ACUTE PROBLEMS
• Alcoholic ketoacidosis.
• Alcoholic hypoglycemia.
• Fluid & electrolyte imbalance.
• Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
• Acute effects on heart.
• Acute GI efects.
• Acute alcoholic myopathy.
• Trauma
• Associated other substance poisoining.
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
12. Alcoholic ketoacidosis:
• High anion gap acidosis
• Normal or low glucose level
• Chronic alcoholics
• Binge drinking weeks before symptoms
• Dehydration, starvation due to vomiting ,gastritis
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008) 208-225
14. • Altered mental status
• Kussumal breathing
• Ketotic breath
• Lab finding
high anion gap acidosis
↑beta hydroxybutyrate:acetoacetate
↓insulin level
• Exclude other causes of ↑metabolic acidosis.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008) 208-225
Alcoholic ketoacidosis:
15. ALCOHOLIC HYPOGLYCEMIA
• Chronic “street alcoholic” found unresponsive
• Symptoms
Neuroglycopenic →confusion,fatigue,seizure,
Loss of consciousness→death
Autonomic responses → palpitation ,tremor ,
sweating
• Signs
Pallor ,diaphoresis
Tachycardia,raised systolic B.P
Transient focal neurological signs
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
16. • “all alcoholics are dehydrated” is false.
• Immediate ↑ in urine volume followed by ↑ADH.
• Hydration also depends on
-diet,nonalcoholic fluids,type of drinks
-vomiting, diarrhea,infection
• Water intoxication & hyponatremia in severe chronic
alcoholics→seizure& altered sensorium
• Central pontine mylenolysis
WATER AND ELECTROLYTES DISORDERS
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008) 208-225
17. Other electrolytes abnormalities
• Hypomagnesemia
• Hypophosphatemia
• Hpokalemia
• Hypocalcemia
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008) 208-225
WATER AND ELECTROLYTES DISORDERS
18. • As high as 12.5% in alcoholics.
• Major reversible cause of death.
• If untreated 10-20% mortality rate.
• Thiamine deficiency is the root cause.
• Magnesium deficiency in thiamin resistant cases.
• Clinical features
Global confusion
Ocular abnormalities
Ataxia
WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF’S SYNDROME
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
19. ACUTE EFFECT ON HEART
• Direct negative inotropic effect & vasodilation.
• PR & QT prolongation
• Both supraventricular & venntricular arrythmia.
• “holiday heart syndrome”
• Various degree of heart block.
• +ve correlation between and sudden cardiac death.
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
20. ACUTE ALCOHOLIC MYOPATHY
• Acute muscle necrosis mainly in binge drinkers
• Alcoholism is the most common cause of
rhabdomyelisis
• Raised CKMM,myoglobinuria,
• Acute tubular necrosis→↑urea ,creatinine
• Conservative management
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
21. ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECT
• Acute gastritis & esophagitis.
• Epigastric distress and gastrointesinal bleeding.
• Mallory-weiss tear.
• Acute hepatitis & pancreatitis.
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
22. Toxic
Metabolic
Infectious diseases
Neurologic
Trauma
Miscellaneous.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
IN ACUTELY INTOXICATED PATIENT.
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
23. DIAGNOSIS
HISTORY
Quantity of alcohol consumed
Type of beverage
Time course of symptoms
Circumstances
Eventual injuries
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Vital signs
Nutritional status
Hydration
Alcoholism related signs e.g. capillary prominence,spider naevi,
telengiectasias, palmar erythema, muscular atrophy
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
24. LAB INVESTIGATIONS
1. BAC (blood alcohol conc.) –
most imp.
2. Serum osmolality – increases
3. Sodium, potassium, calcium
4. B. urea nitrogen,
5. B. sugar,
6. Amylase,
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
7. LFT,
8. ABG,
9. Urine/blood ketones,
10. ECG,
11. CXR-PA,
12. CT Head when head trauma
suspected
25. TREATMENT
• Airway assessment
• Breathing
• Circulation
• IV assess
• Rules tube, Propped Up Position – to avoid aspiration.
• Foleys catheterisation
• Thiamin 100 mg im/ iv stat.
• Mechanical ventilation if required.
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
26. IV solution containing : 1 ltr 0.45% DEXTROSE
NORMAL SALINE,2 gm MAGNESIUM SULPHATE, 1
mg FOLATE, 100 mg THIAMINE.
Antiemetic drugs
Sedatives – agitated, violent pt
Droperidol, haloperidol
Physical restrains- used only in extreme conditions
Mechanical ventilation & intensive care
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
TREATMENT contd…
27. METADOXINE is the one specific drug that is useful in tt of acute
alcohol intoxication
It fascilitate atp synthesis and prevent decrease in atp in both
brain and liver
Single iv injection of 900 mg significantly decreases half life of
ethanol in blood.
Medial time of recovery is around 1 hr.
European journal of internal medicine 19 (2008) 561-567.
TREATMENT contd…
29. TOXICOKINETICS
ABSORPTION
o Most of the cases of methyl alcohol intoxication occur
through oral ingestion intentionally or accidently (half
life – 5 mints). Peak absorption occuring b/w 30 – 60
mints.
o Other routes of absorption are through intact skin,
inhalation etc.
DISTRIBUTION
o Rapid distribution results in peak plasma conc within 30
– 60 mints.
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002
30. METABOLISM
Methanol + NAD+ Formaldehyde + NADH
( alcohol dehydrogenase)
Formic acid
(folate)
CO2 + H2O
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002
31. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Inebriated but lack of euphoria.
• 40 minutes --- 72 hrs of latent period.
• Fatal dose 60-240 ml.
• Signs and symptoms are mainly limited to CNS, EYE
& GIT.
• Vertigo, light headedness, dyspnea , agitation.
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain (d/t
developement of acute pancreatitis),
• Blurred vision, photophobia, ↓ visual acuity.
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002)
32. CLINICAL FEATURES contd…
• Blurred vision with relatively clear sensorium strongly suggest
methanol intoxication, but
• Absense of symptoms and clear sensorium does not rule out serious
toxicity.
• CO-ingestion of ethanol typically delays symptoms beyond 24 hrs.
• BRADYCARDIA, BLINDNESS, SEIZURES, PROLONGED COMA, SHOCK,
PERSISTANT ACIDOSIS & ANURIA ARE SERIOUS PROGNOSTIC SIGNS.
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002)
33. Physical examination
Constricted visual field,
Fixed & dilated pupils,
Retinal edema &hyperemia of disk
Opisthotonus
Respiratory failure / arrest is the main
cause of death.
CLINICAL EFFECTS contd…
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002
34. LAB FINDING
High anion gap
Metabolic acidosis
High osmolar gap
Strongly suggest methanol toxicity.
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002
35. ROUTINE LAB FINDING
1. S. methanol & ethanol conc.
2. S. Electrolytes including calcium.
3. S. BUN
4. S. creatinine
5. CBC
6. URINE- routine, microscopy and for ketones.
7. SGOT / SGPT
8. S. Amylase
9. ABG
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002
36. IMAGING STUDIES
B/L NECROSIS OF PUTAMEN is the most consistent
radiographic finding following severe methanol
toxicity.
Marked cerebral edema
Persistant of occipital lesions in cerebral cortex on
repeat MRI after 1 month suggests that visual
impairement is permanent.
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002
42. TREATMENT contd….
Aggressive tt of acidosis by sodabicarbonate.
Ethanol
Achieve BAC of 100- 150mg /100ml
Loading 0.8gm/ kg of 5 – 10% ethanol
Followed by 130mg/kg/hr.
Oral loading if no iv preparation
If dialysis,250-350 mg/kg/hr.
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002)
43. • Folic acid : 30 mg iv every 4 hrly
• Leucovorin : 1-2mg/kg iv
• Fomepizole : 15-20 mg/kg iv
• Haemodialysis (not haemoperfusion)
• HAEMODIALYSIS INDICATIONS:
Methanol>20-50mg/100ml
Acidosis not responsive to bicarbonate
Formate levels > 20 mg/100ml
Visual impairment
Renal impairement
• Dialysis till methanol level≈0mg/100ml and acidosis clears.
American Academy Of Clinical Toxicology,40(4), 415-446, (2002
45. INTRODUCTION
Usual time from last drink is about 5 days
but can last upto 14 days.
Do not treat alcohol withdrawal with more
alcohol.
American family physician .march (2004), vol . 69 (6),1448.