Final report

Artificial Heart
Dept. of ECE, Jan – June 2015 1252531088PriyankaKeshari Page 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Artificial hearts have been around since the early 1980s. TheJarvik-7 became
the first permanent artificial heart in 1982. The patient implanted with the device
lived for 112 days on the artificial organ. Patient was unable to leave his bed and was in
severe pain until his death. Human life could be prolonged by artificial means, but patients
still had to suffer after implantation. At this time, the risks, such as sub-standard quality
of life, outweighed future benefits of artificial heart technology and all research was
put off until positive results could be expected. After many technological Developments
in materials science as well as pharmaceuticals, artificial heart technology is once more in the
spotlight. The Complete Artificial Implantable Heart and the Ventricular assist device
provide a mobile option for severely ill cardiac patients.
The first artificial heart implant was carried out by Dr. Denton Cooley in Houston, Texas, in
a 47-year-old man with intractable heart failure using the Liotta artificial heart developed by
Domingo Liotta. This artificial heart was based upon the laboratory work of Dr. Michael
DeBakey.
The electronic total artificial heart was designed for permanent use and was completely
implantable. Pneumatic total artificial hearts have not proved to be successful in small group
studies. The Jarvik-7-100 artificial heart, a pneumatic system developed by the physician-
engineer, Robert Jarvik, was tested in four patients as a permanent implant. All four patients
died because of infectious, hematologic, and thromboembolic complications. One patient
lived for 20 months. This device was first use by Dr. William DeVries who implanted the
device in Barney Clarke in 1982.
From 1970 to the present much investigational work has been done in the development of left
ventricular assist devices as opposed to the development of a total artificial heart. And this
setback has delayed the development of the true total artificial heart for a while.
Modern developments:-
Several devices of artificial heart are available now and undergoing clinical testing. These
are: SynCardia, Lion Heart and AbioCor. All these devices have common problems:
 medical complications
 inconvenience
 instability
Engineers are working on these problems and I hope in the future we have a reliable,
convenient and, what is the most important, transplantation compatible total artificial heart.

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2. HEART ANATOMY AND DISEASE:-
To completely understand the design development of the device, it
is imperative to know the functions and diseases of the human heart. The heart is the
most important organ in the human body. Even if a patient is considered brain dead, the
patient is still considered alive until the heart stops beating. Though it serves such an
essential role the mechanisms behind the human heart are relatively simple. The heart is
pump that works based on positive displacement. Positive displacement refers to a change
in volume within a chamber due to the movement of fluid across its boundaries. From
this volume change, pressure differences arise that drive the blood pumping process.
The heart has four chambers. These chambers or cavities are the right atrium right
ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. Each chamber connects to a one-way valve.
When a cavity contracts, a valve opens and blood flows into the chamber. In summary,
there are four valves, each associated with individual chamber. The following list
identifies each valve with respective chamber.
 Mitral valve & left atrium
 Aortic valve & left ventricle
 Tricuspid valve & right atrium
 Pulmonary valve& right ventricle
The heart pumps blood to the body in two steps. First, the right and left
atria contract, moving blood to the right and left ventricles. Second, the ventricles
contract simultaneously to push the blood out of the heart and through the body. The
heart then relaxes, allowing new blood to fill the atria. This contraction of the atria and
the ventricles makes up a heartbeat.
The human body needs oxygen in order to live. The circulatory system is responsible
for filtering oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood from the body. Blood enters in to
heart through two veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. Both of these
veins feed de-oxygenated blood into the right atrium. The right atrium contracts sending
blood to the right ventricle. Blood flows from the right ventricle through the lungs by
means of the Pulmonary valve .With in the lungs, the deoxygenated blood becomes
oxygenated. The newly oxygenated blood flows through left atrium and ventricle, and the
blood disperses through the body. Like all machines, the Heart can malfunction numerous
ways. Cardiovascular disease occurs when the heart becomes “clogged, broken down,
or in need of repair”. Severe cardiovascular disease is the leading cause for heart
transplantation, but other malfunctions such as valve damage and chamber problems also
require the need for a new heart. Currently, 12 million Indians have at least one kind of
cardiovascular disease. Heart disease is the number one cause of death in India. Since many
conditions fall under the in category of cardiovascular disease, we will focus on the
two main causes for heart transplantation and artificial hearts: coronary heart disease and
congestive heart failure .
Coronary heart disease (CHD) afflicts approximately 20 percent of all
patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Patient’s symptoms can range from

Artificial Heart
being mild to intolerable. CHD is the hardening of artery walls inside the heart.
Arteries are essentially piping that connects heart valves together. In CHD , the
transportation of blood becomes impaired when a mixture of fat and cholesterol, or
plaque, lines the arteries the buildup of plaque restricts the free flow of blood, which induces
pressure drop between the valves. The heart compensates for this pressure drop by
pumping harder in order to provide enough blood for the entire body Patients suffering
from CHD often exhibit symptoms such as severe chest pain and fatigue due to the
lack of oxygenated blood. For severe cases of CHD, the only cure is a heart transplant
.Congestive heart failure (CHF) arises when the heart does not efficiently pump blood. Since
the heart is unable to pump enough oxygen-rich blood, blood starts to fill in the lungs, which
leads to congestion. Therefore, the heart must work harder in order to meet the body’s
oxygen demands. This behavior causes excessive wear to the diseased organ. Initial
symptoms of CHF, such as fatigue and swelling of the ankles, is usually so option until the
condition becomes much more severe. As the disease progresses patients start to suffer
from shortness of breath and palpitations even while remaining stationary. For
extremely, severe cases, transplantation is the only option.
The human body needs oxygen in order to live. The circulatory system
is responsible for filtering oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood from the body. Blood
enters in to heart through two veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. Both
of these veins feed de-oxygenated blood into the right atrium. The right atrium contracts
sending blood to the right ventricle. Blood flows from the right ventricle through the
lungs by means of the Pulmonary valve .With in the lungs the deoxygenated blood
becomes oxygenated. The newly oxygenated blood flows through left atrium and ventricle,
and the blood disperses through the body. Figure 2 recaps flow of blood through the heart.
Like all machines, the Heart can malfunction numerous ways. Cardiovascular disease
occurs when the heart becomes “clogged, broken down, or in need of repair”. Severe
cardiovascular disease is the leading cause for heart transplantation, but other
malfunctions such as valve damage and chamber problems also require the need for a
new heart. Currently, 12 million Indians have at least one kind of cardiovascular disease.
Heart disease is the number one cause of death in India. Since many conditions fall under
the in category of cardiovascular disease, we will focus on the two main causes for
heart transplantation and artificial hearts: coronary heart disease and congestive heart
failure.
Fig. First Implantable Artificial Heart

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3. EFFECTIVENESSOF TRANSPLANTATION:-
Surgeons started developing heart transplantation techniques early as the
1900s. Preliminary transplantations conducted on animals proved to have fatal consequences
caused by the donor organ rejection. .Therefore doctors were skeptical to try transplantation
procedures on humans.
In 1905, the first cardiac heart transplant was performed by two surgeons
on a dog. They removed the heart of a dog and placed into the chest cavity of larger
dog (Transplantation) Then the heartbeat resumed but the dog transplantation. Though the
experiment had fatal results, this event stunned the medical community and spearheaded
further research in field of cardiac expired two hours after the operation.
By definition, heart transplantation is “The replacement of a patient’s
diseased or injured heart with a healthy donor heart”. Reaching the exact definition of
transplantation proved to be an extremely difficult task. In order to deter organ rejection
after transplantation, research was launched in field of immunosuppressant drugs. An
immunosuppressant drug restrains a transplanted patient’s immune system to prevent
rejection of the implanted organ.
Dr. Gertrude Elion developed the first with end stage cardiovascular disease in 1957.
Azathioprine proved to be useful tool that helped facilitate future advancements in organ
transplantation. .
In 1967, Dr. Barnard performed the first human heart transplant in
Cape Town, South Africa. Dr. Barnard implanted the donor heart from a 25-year old
female into a 55-year old female with end stage cardiovascular disease .she lived for
18 days with the transplanted organ. Ironically, the medication prescribed to suppress
rejection of the new organ weakened his immune system.
Current heart transplantation techniques prove to be a viable
option .According to the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS), 2,202 heart
transplants were performed in 2001 compared to 170 transplants performed in 1970.
Currently, approximately 70% of transplant patients live for five or more years after
transplantation [UNOS, 1999]. These current statistics are staggering in comparison to
the 14% survival rate from the early 1970s.Scientists and physicians have worked
collectively to make transplantation a safe and effective process. For failure patients,
there are many limitations to the procedure. As of now more than 11,163 patients were
awaiting heart transplant [UNOS, 2004]. Only about quarter of these patients will receive
a new heart [UNOS, 2004].Since there is such a shortage of donor hearts.
Therefore, further development provides a solution for all patients.
Current development of artificial hearts strives to is necessary to provide a universal solution
for these patients.

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4. TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART DEVELOPMENT:-
The development of artificial self-contained machine. In the 1960s, the purpose
of an artificial heart was to temporarily support patients until a donor heart became
available. Surgeons attempted successful; however, many surgeons became wary of
this device because it early 1980s by implanting an artificial heart intended for long-
term therapy. The device they used was the Jarvik-7, a blood pump that replaces the heart’s
ventricles. The procedure was initially successful; however, many surgeons became
wary of this device because it did not offer an acceptable quality of life. As a result,
the public began to question the need for permanently removing vital components of
the heart. The world of artificial heart technology then separated into two classes:
assist devices and artificial hearts. In the 1980s, several organizations, including
Abiomed Inc., Penn State Medical Center, and the Texas Heart Institute, began
developing ideas for new designs. Their intent was to engineer artificial hearts that could
permanently sustain heart failure patients while providing a decent quality of life. These
companies immediately encountered one huge barrier infection due to percutaneous or skin
piercing, tubes. During the 1980s, every artificial heart had power cords, blood tubes,
or air tubes protruding from skin. It was not until the early 1990s with the advent of
transcutaneous technology.
Milestones in the Artificial Heart Technology
• 1960s – Surgeons implant the first temporary artificial heart.
• 1970s – Engineers develop the ventricle assist device as an alternative
to artificial heart
• 1980s – First long term artificial heart results in poor quality of life.
VAD’s show potential for long term support.
• 1990s – Transcutaneous technology eliminates the need for skin –
Protruding. Electrical wiring, patients with long-term VDA’s
recovers from heart failure.
• 2000s – Results of the Abiocor reflect improved quality of life for
patients after implantation.

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5. A COMPLETE ARTIFICIALHEART:-
This device is a permanent artificial heart that is completely self- contained within the
body. Some cases like they may have failure on both left and right side of the heart. Before
the introduction of the device, doctors had no option than to let these patients die.
However, artificial heart developers, such as Abiomed Corp. and Penn State, focused their
design parameters for patients whose hearts have irreversibly failing left and right
ventricles. This category of patients comprises about 20% of those in need of a heart
transplant.
Designs for this device initially began in the early 1980s, around the time of
the Jarvik-7. Only recently has the device artificial heart received. The device. which
was prepared by Abiomed with the same principle was approved by FDA for clinical
testing. The large time span for approval results from the controversy caused by the
Jarvik-7. The device design addresses key pitfalls encountered with the Jarvik-7.
Improvements include better surface materials to reduce blood clotting and a newly
engineered power system that does not require skin piercing electrical cords. These design
considerations were applied to the new model and clinical testing of the device made by
Abiomed has begun in the recent times. The first patient implanted with the device, was lived
for nearly five months. This event caught the attention of the public because
it was the first time a patient with an artificial heart was able to stand up and walk around.
Fig:-A complete artificial implantable heart

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6. DESIGN OF COMPLETE ARTIFICIAL HEART:-
Three subsystems implanted under the skin make up the design of the device. These
subsystems include the heart pump, a computerized pump controller, and a power
source. All of the subsystems cumulatively,
Weigh around 4 pounds and operate so quietly that stethoscope is needed to listen to the
heart sounds. Surgeons implant the heart pump in the area from where the ventricles are
removed. Channels that connect naturally to the ventricles are then sewn into artificial cuffs
that snap on to the heart. Two independent
hydraulic motors lie inside the heart One motor maintains the pumping function to
each ventricle while the other motor operates the motion of the four heart valves. The
pumping motion operates through hydraulics by an oscillating pusher plate that
squeezes sacs which alternatively expel blood to the lungs and the body. When the blood
sacs become full, the exit valves are shut and the entrance valves are open. The pump then
squeezes the sacs, which allows the exit valves to open and the entrance valves to
close. The device is capable of producing more than two gallons of blood every
minute, which signifies a higher output than the Ventricular assist devices(VAD). Similar
in design to the VAD, a small computer secured in the abdomen of a patient
automatically adjusts the output of the pump. The continual monitoring of blood flow
guarantees that incoming flow matches outgoing flow. This rhythm ensures steady
state pumping of the heart. The transfer of energy is also the same as in the VAD.
Surgeons implant an electric coil in the abdomen area to allow for energy transfer
across the skin. Patients wear a battery pack around the waist and must change the batteries
several times daily. The system also includes an internal battery so that patient may
uncouple the external power source in order to take a shower. One significant advantage
to the device is the smooth surface of the blood sacs. Smooth plastics are important in
order to ensure constant motion of blood cells. Any time blood stops moving along the
of the device clotting develops. The smoothness of the plastic, called Angioflex, allows for
minimal damage to the blood. Angioflex is also durable enough to withstand 1,00,000
beats a day for several years. This plastic is a major contribution to the life and to the
safety of the device.

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7. ABIOCOR HEART:-
The AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart is an advanced medical system being
developed by ABIOMED Inc, in order to extend & improve the lives of the people
who otherwise die of heart failure. It is designed fully to sustain the body’s circulatory
system.
It is alternative to heart transplantation- the current method of saving the
patients with falling heart.
7.1. What is AbioCor made of?
 It is primarily made of Titanium & Angioflex ™, ABIPOMED;s proprietary polyether
based polyurethane plastic.
 Angioflex has been developed & tested by ABIOMED to be a dependable substance
& safe for contact with blood.
 The AbioCor is designed to have relatively few moving parts.
 Moving parts such as the valves and the hydraulic membrane are made from
Angioflex.
 Angioflex has proven flexible and durable enough to withstand with beating 1 lakh
times a day i.e. the approximate no. of beats per day of the natural heart.
 The AbioCor’s smooth plastic construction & unique design are especially engineered
to reduce the likelihood of damage of blood cells & prevent clotting.
Fig: AbioCor Heart

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7.2. How many patients could potentially benefit from AbioCor?
 More than 7 lakh Americans died each year from heart failure, making no. 1 cause of
death in the U.S. & Worldwide.
 About half of these are because of sudden cardiac deaths, which occur so quickly that
there is no enough time to intervention with a cardiac assist or replacement device.
 For the remaining half, the Heart Transplantation is one of the few options available
today.
 Though 100s of 1000s are in need, only about 2000 people in U.S. will be able to
receive donor hearts every year.
 This consistent shortage in supply of donor hearts in U.S. demonstrates the need for
an alternative to Heart Transplantation.
 ABIOMED believes that currently more than 1 lakh people in US could benefit from
the AbioCor each year.
7.3. What type of patients benefit from the AbioCor?
 It is used with patients whose hearts have irreparably damaged left or right or both the
ventricles.
 It is the existing method of surgical treatment or where drug therapy are inadequate.
 It is used with the patients who suffer from congestive heart failure or coronary
heart disease.
Congestive Heart Failure:-
It is prevalent in older patients and is the result of the progressive deterioration of the
heart over no. of years.
Coronary Heart Disease:-
It is prevalent at all ages & can lead to heart attacks and chronic ischemic conditions.
Polyurethane:-
It is a polymer composed of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane)
Links.
These don’t melt when heated, thermosetting plastics.

Artificial Heart
7.4. How does the AbioCor work?
 As one of the most sophisticated implantable medical to be developed, the AbioCor is
designed so that a patient can remain mobile and continue a productive life style.
 Equipped with an internal motor, the AbioCor is able to move blood through the lungs
& to the rest of the body; simulating the rhythm of a heartbeat.
 It consists of internal thoracic unit, rechargeable battery, an internal miniaturized
electronics package & an external battery pack.
 The thoracic unit weighing about 2 pounds, including two artificial ventricles with
their corresponding valves and a motor driven hydraulic pumping system.
 The implantable electronics package monitors and controls the pumping speed of the
heart based on the physiologic needs of the patient.
 The AbioCor operates on both external and internal lithium battery.
 The internally implanted battery is continually recharged from an external console or
from a basic patient carried external battery pack.
 This is achieved with an energy transfer device called TET (Transcutaneous Energy
Transmission).
 The TET system contains of asset of coils, one internal and one external, which
transmit power across the skin without piercing the surface.
7.5. THE PHYSICS
ENERGY TRANSMISSION:-
The models such as that produced by AbioMed use an internal pump and battery,
which can be charged via transcutaneous energy transmission- a method of
transferring power under the skin without having to penetrate it, thereby decreasing
the chance of infection.
 In the artificial hearts produced by AbioMed, use an electronics package
which is implanted in the abdomen of the recipient of the transplant to
monitor and control the pumping of heart.
 Power is supplied from an external source to components under the skin,
without penetrating it, using inductive electromagnetic coupling.- the same
principle as used by transformers to transfer electricity between different
circuits, as in the national grid.
 At their simplest, systems of transcutaneous energy transmission will use an
external power supply connected to an external coil of wire, generating a
magnetic field in it.
 Thus in turn produces an induced voltage in a second coil implanted under the
skin and a rectifier is used to change this alternating current into direct current
that can be used to power the directions of the heart and its controller.

Artificial Heart
7.6. MONITORINGBLOOD FLOW:-
 A replacement heart needs to be able to monitor the flow of blood to regulate its
pumping and ensure that the correct amount of blood is delivered around the body.
 Quicker pumping is required when the transplant recipient is more active, while the
opposite is true when he or she is resting.
 Blood flow monitors make use of ultrasound waves .They bounce high frequency
sound waves of blood cells coming out of the heart, the volume and the speed can be
measured using similar basic principles to those behind radar.
 Ultrasound is used because it can monitor the flow of blood without having to be in
contact with it.
Fig:- Nuclear-Powered Artificial Heart System
7.7. HOW LONG THE BATTERYDOES LASTS?
The internal battery of the AbioCor are sized for one- half hour operation at implant,
allowing patients to conduct activities such as, taking shower without an external
power source or battery pack.

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7.8. APPROPRIATE MATERIALS:-
 Artificial Hearts need to be made of light but durable materials- the syncardia version
is plastic whereas that made by AbioMed is a combination of titanium and a specially
developed polyurethane, called ‘Angioflex’.
 Although the AbioMed hearts is designed to have as few moving parts as possible ,
those that it does have are made from Angioflex and are tested to ensure that they are
safe for contact with blood and capable of withstanding with beading 1,00000 times a
day for years on end.
 Materials scientists can develop substances with specific properties by manipulating
the constituents’ elements and the way in which they are processed. Materials are
characterized using various techniques from condensed- matter physics including
electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction.
 Because they were still quite large, the first device produced were limited to around
half of the male population – those with the largest chest cavities.
 A newer, smaller model is intended to extend their availability to smaller people.

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8. PATIENTS SPECIFICATIONS:-
The AbioCor is indicated for use in severe biventricular end stage heart disease patients who
are not cardiac transplant candidates and who:-
 Are less than 75 years old
 Require multiple inotropic support
 Are not treatable by LVAD destination therapy and
 Are not weanable from biventricular support if on such support.
Fig: - Several patients affected by severe Heart Diseases

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9. BIOLOGICAL HEART V/S ARTIFICIAL HEART:-
Fig:- Biological Heart v/s Artificial Heart

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10. SURGICAL PROCEDURE:-
 First of all implant controller, battery and coil.
 After that connect the patient to heart-lung machine.
 Cut away the Ventricles according to necessity.
 Sew grafts into atria and arteries.
 Connect implants to grafts.
 Remove Patient from Heart Lung Machine
Fig:- Surgical procedure for Artificial Heart

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10.1 DESIGN PROCESS:-
 First of all identify the problems correctly and accurately through various
procedures which fits that problems smoothly.
 The next step is to specify the details and criteria of an adequate solution to the
identified problem.
 After that we have to implement the various solutions which fulfil the criteria
above specified.
 Among the various solutions above implemented test which solution is most
viable to that particular problem.
 Further and further more testing is done in order to refine the solution, to which
we have chosen.
 At last, we will be with our exact solution of the above specified problem.
10.2. DESIGN REFINEMENT:-
 The process must be iterative.
 You need to repeat various steps after testing the solution of the specified
problem.
 The design changes have to be made based on the above test results.
 Failed Design:-
There may be two reasons:-
 Either the design didn’t fulfil the above criteria.
 This could be also because of inappropriate criteria.

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10.3. WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS CRITERIAFOR HEART
SUBSTITUTE?
 It must fit into the chest cavity and can connect atria, pulmonary artery and aorta
quickly.
 It must provide an adequate blood flow of approximately (8 – 10 liters/min).
 It must be capable of sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated
blood to the body.
 It must operate continuously for an indefinite period of time.
It should have ability to provide adequate warning if something is wrong or if it is
going to fail.
 It should increase/decrease blood flow based on patient activity level.
 It should not evoke an immune response.
 There should be no wires or tubes that penetrate the skin.
 It should not produce blood clots.
 It should not damage red blood cells.
 It ideally should have pulsatile blood flow.
Fig:- Working model of the Artificial Heart

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11. ABIOCOR DESIGN CRITERIA:-
 It should have grapefruit size, weighs 2 lbs and it requires a 7 hour surgery for
implantation.
 It can provide up to 8 liters/min of blood to the lungs and the body.
 It has two chambers for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated
blood to the body.
 It has wireless energy transfer system which allows for continuous operation.
 It has internal controller monitor which monitors the internal operation of the heart.
 The internal controller increases or decreases the blood flow based on blood oxygen
levels throughout the body.
 The materials used in the AbioCor are inert to the immune system.
 It is completely contained within the chest .
 In AbioCor , artificial heart; there are no any wires piercincing or tubing through the
skin.
 It is made of special materials and special pump design to prevent clots and RBC
damage.
 It has alternate pumping techniques between all the four chambers.
 It creates pulsatile blood flow.
Fig: - Several heart patients who enjoy their life with having their Artificial Heart

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12. INDIA SENARIO:-
 In the Indian pool of heart patients,
 Almost every second person has high blood pressure.
 Every fourth has diabetes.
 And every 5th has plaque deposits in his/her arteries.
 The scientific scenario of Indian heart diseases, when P.M. Narendra Modi tours the
US, comes from the “American College of Cardiology” newly set up study centers
across India.
 The outgoing study provided data of 85,295 patients who clocked 2.11 lakh visits out-
patient departments of 15 hospitals from Mumbai to Patna over the last 26 months.
 Of these patients including patients from urban centers as well as rural areas- 60,836
were found to have heart diseases.
 It was found that in months of August and September 2013, about 70% urban Indian
population were at risk of heart diseases.
 There is lare increment in this ratio in the year 2014-15 research.
12.1. AMERICASENARIO:-
 About 600,000 Americans per year suffering from severe Heart Diseases.
 Only 2,000 patients receive Heart transplants.
12.2. CONSEQUENCES:-
Many patients die waiting for the Heart transplants or new Hearts.
So, suitable alternatives to donor hearts are required which could
prolong thousands of life.

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13. REASONS FOR HEART DISEASES IN INDIA:-
 A newly study reveals that a sedentary life style, unhealthy eating habits and stress are
responsible for rising no. of cardiac arrests.
 In 3 years long study conducted in 12 cities across India, it has been found that 51%
of Mumbai Kars have low level of the heart protecting High Density Lipoprotein
(HDL), also known as good cholesterol.
 The study has also revealed that over 70% of the urban Indian population is at the risk
of being diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases.
 Lack of sweat or exercise leads to build up of bad cholesterol which prevents the
blood from flowing freely and causes hypertensions, heart attacks.
 Smoking habits is also very injurious for our heart.
 An excessive alcohol habit also causes various heart diseases.
 Heart diseases are also caused by improper take of sleep or if we not sleep properly
(at least 6 hrs.).
13.1. HEALTHY HEART:-
Exercising plays a very important role in cardiovascular health. It facilitates weight
loss, lowers blood pressures, increases good cholesterol level , improves blood
circulation & allows heart to pump more efficiently .In fact, it reduces stress also by
releasing feel good hormones called endorphins.
It has been found that the people who intake average amount of
alcohols having healthier heart than the people who don’t take any amount of alcohol.
But, excessive intake of alcohols causes severe lungs and heart diseases.
Proper sleeping is also beneficial for the healthy heart.
Fig:- Natural Healthy Heart

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14. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:-
14.1. ADVANTAGES:-
 It is readily available.
 There is no any piercing of wires through the skin.
 There is no need for immunosuppressive drugs, which can compromise renal function
& leave the patient susceptible to infection.
 For the persons who are not heart transplant candidates, the artificial heart has
allowed prolonged time with family & friends & time to enjoy desired activities.
14.2. DISADVANTAGES:-
The artificial heart is not without risk:-
 Those risks include wearing out or failure of the electrical motor which is used inside
the artificial heart(AbioCOR), infection & the need to take blood thinners to prevent
clotting.
 Stroke & bleeding are also possible complications with the artificial heart.
 It is larger in size.
 Not all patients have a body size that allows the device to be implanted into the chest
cavity, making small persons unable to receive device.
 Its life span is limited (about 1 to 2 yrs.).
 It has limited battery life approximately 4 hrs.
14.3. NEW ENHANCEMENT RESEARCH:-
 AbioCor –II is the new enhancement of AbioCor.
 It has 5 years of reliability.
 It has 30% of small thoracic unit. Hence, it is smaller than the AbioCor.
 In this, there is use of new polymers and biosynthetic materials which is more
compatible to our internal organs.
 It has longer battery life.

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15. SUMMARY:-
The threat of heart disease isn't a new one. It's been
glaring at us for years, making us question every detail
of our complicated lifestyle choices, diet and level of
physical activity. It's been a leading killer in the West
and has now aggressively made its way to India.
According to government data, the prevalence of heart
failure in India due to coronary heart disease,
hypertension, obesity, diabetes and rheumatic heart
disease ranges from anywhere between 1.3 to 4.6
million, with an annual incidence of 491,600 to 1.8
million.
According to a report by published population has adopted an unhealthy lifestyle
combined with decreasing physical activity, increasing stress levels and a higher
intake of saturated fats and tobacco.
According to Amar Singhal, head of the cardiology department of Delhi-based Sri
Balaji Action Medical Institute, "In India, heart ailments have replaced communicable
diseases as the biggest killer. According to recent data, approximately 30 percent of
the urban population and 15 percent of the population living in rural areas suffer from
high blood pressure and heart attacks. As the risk factors of heart ailments increase,
so does the mortality rate." He added, "The current scenario demands an immediate
emphasis be laid on preventive healthcare. This involves raising awareness about
the disease and its risk factors. Conducting public education programmes,
workshops and counseling sessions for creating awareness at a mass level." (More:
Eat good, workout for a strong heart)
Asserting that 2.4 million Indians die due to heart disease every year, Mr. K.K.
Aggarwal, president of the Heart Care Foundation of India said, "The numbers
continue to grow due to things like stress, unhealthy eating habits, lack of sleep and
dependence on alcohol and cigarettes."
Given the grim situation, there is an urgent need to create awareness about by The
Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), one of the
apex trade associations on the cardiovascular disease scenario in India, the country
has seen a considerable increase in the number of heart disease cases over the
past couple of decades. The report suggests that the leading cause of this is India's
economic growth and urbanization. A large section of the preventive factors
provides practical solutions. Anil Bansal, chief cardiologist at Gurgaon's Columbia
Asia Hospital said, "We need to make a conscious effort to sensitize people about
these diseases, the right course of treatment and preventive measures that will help
them deal with cardiac problems. Even small changes in one's lifestyle and dietary

Artificial Heart
habits can ward off the possibility of heart disease."
He added, "Over 50 percent of patients suffering from heart attack die just because
they are unable to reach the hospital in time. What people are not aware of is that it
takes only five minutes to learn the technique of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or
CPR. It can be performed anywhere and by anyone. (More: How to Survive a Heart
Attack) Another important factor that should be highlighted is that every year 130,000
children in India are born with congenital heart disease and can still live a healthy life
with timely intervention." (More: Heart-friendly foods and enemies of the heart)
To address this rising heart disease epidemic, the government had initiated an
integrated National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes,
Cardiovascular Diseases and Strokes but nothing much has been achieved on this
front so far. A senior health ministry official who wished to remain anonymous said
"Though the programme is being implemented in 100 districts of the country, much
still needed to be done to make it effective."

Artificial Heart
16. CONCLUSION:-
Heart failure is the leading cause of death in India and also all over the World.
Most people die from heart failure chambers, fail to push enough blood through the
body. A solution to donor heart rejection surfaced in the early 1980s with the advent
of cyclosporine an immunosuppressant and this discovery, the average survival rate of
heart transplant patients increased to more than 5 years. One of the drawbacks to heart
transplantation is its availability is only half of the patients needing a heart transplant will
receive a donor heart. The development of artificial hearts resurfaced again in 1993 with
the advent of transcutaneous technology. Transcutaneous technology is based on the transfer
of power across the skin by electric coils. This technology eliminates infection due to
skin-protruding electrical tubes. Artificial hearts and heart transplantation are the only
methods for saving the lives of patients with heart failure. As of today, heart
transplantation is the official method for replacing the human heart. But, donor hearts
are not available to all patients. Heart transplantation and artificial hearts are not a
competing source of technology. These technologies exist parallel to each other in
order to encompass the whole population of patients in need of a new heart. Hope this
technology will soon reach to the common man in INDIA.
 Artificial hearts need to be made of light but durable materials.
 It combines many principles of electronics, material science, biology and physics.
 Before the invention of the artificial heart many people died in awaiting of heart
transplant.
 It has played a very vital role in saving lives of thousands of people who otherwise
died of heart failure.
Artificial hearts combine and improve upon many existing
physics ideas to produce a piece of technology that saves lives. Although they are
currently only approved as a stopgap until a donor heart is found. Artificial hearts are
used parallely with the heart transplantation not competitionally. This is because both
along with each other helps in saving the life of patients suffering from heart
diseases.

Artificial Heart
BIBLOGRAPHY:-
www.bbcworld.comot
www.abiomed.com
www.cnn.com
www.heartcenteronline.com
REFERENCES:-
Anatomy and physiology: by Tortora and Grabowski
Class 9th & 10th Biology books by S. Chand

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