13. Acromegaly Anterior pituitary disorder characterized by: Enlargement, thickening, and broadening of bones Particularly extremities of the body
14. Continued… Causes of Acromegaly Hypersecretion of GH after fusion of epiphysis with shaft of bone Adenomatous tumor of anterior pituitary involving the acidophilic cells.
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17. Continued… Signs and symptoms Kyphosis : enlargement of hands and feet with bowing spine Scalp is thickened and thrown into folds Overgrowth of body hair Visceral organs are enlarged
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19. Continued… Signs and symptoms Thyroid , parathyroid and adrenal glands shows hyperactivity Hyperglycemia and glucosuria Hypertension Headache Visual disturbance – Bitemporal hemianopia
28. Continued… Cause Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids mainly cortisol Either pituitary origin or adrenal origin Cushing’s Cushing’s disease syndrome
29. Continued… Pituitary origin Increased secretion of ACTH leads to hyperplasia of adrenal cortex therefore, hypersecretion of glucocorticoids takes place ACTH is increased by Tumor in pituitary cells ( basophilic cells) Malignant tumor of nonendocrine origin like cancer of lungs or abdominal viscera Hypothalamic disorder causing hypersecretion of corticotropin releasing hormone
30. Continued… Signs and symptoms 1. Disproportionate distribution of body fat results: Moon face : Fat accumulation and retention of water and salt Torso : Fat accumulation in chest and abdomen but slim legs and arms Buffalo hump : Fat deposit on the back of neck and shoulder Pot belly : Fat accumulation in upper abdomen
35. Continued… 3. Thinning of extremities 4. Thinning of skin and subcutaneous tissues 5. Darkening of skin on neck (aconthosis) 6. Pigmentation of skin 7. Facial redness (facial plethora) 8. Weakening of muscle
36. Continued… 9. Facial hair growth ( Hirsutism ) 10. Bone resorption leads to osteoporosis 11. Hyperglycemia due to gluconeogeneis leads adrenal diabetes and glycosuria 12. Hypertension 13. Immunosuppression resulting in susceptibility for infection 14. Poor healing
42. Tumor of chromophobes : nonfunctioning tumor , compresses and destroys the normal cells
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44. Types of Dwarfism Laron dwarfism Psychogenic dwarfism Dwarfism in dystrophiaadiposogenitalis
45. Laron Dwarfism Genetical disorder Called as GH insensitivity Occurs due to presence of abnormal GH secretagogue receptors in liver GHS becomes abnormal due to mutation in genes responsible for receptor Doesn’t depend on amount of GH secretion , hormone can’t stimulate the growth due to abnormal GHS
46. Psychogenic Dwarfism Due to extreme emotional deprivation or stress Deficiency of GH Also called as psychosocial dwarfism or Stress dwarfism
56. Signs and Symptoms Atrophy and thinning of extremities ( major symptoms ) Associated with hypothyroidism Hyposecretion of adrenocortical hormone Person becomes lethargic and obese Loss of sexual function
58. Simmond’s Disease Rare pituitary disease Also called as cachexia Occurs mostly in panhypopituitarism
59. Signs and Symptoms Developing senile decay Senile decay is due to deficiency of hormone from target glands of anterior pituitary e.g. thyroid gland, adrenal cortex and the gonads Loss of hair and loss of teeth The skin on face becomes dry and wrinkled. ( most common )
63. Syndrome of Inappropriate Hypersecretion of Antidiuretic hormone Disease characterized by loss of sodium through urine due to hypersecretion of ADH
64. Causes Due to cerebral tumors, lung tumors and lung cancers because the tumor cells secrete ADH Normal secretion of ADH makes the plasma hypotonic Hypotonic solution inhibits the ADH secretion and restoration of plasma osmolarity takes place But in SIADH ,secretion of ADH from tumor is not inhibited by hypotonic plasma
65. Signs and Symptoms Loss of appetite Weight loss Nausea and vomiting Headache Muscle weakness , spasm and cramps Fatigue Restlessness and irritability In severe conditions patient die because of coma and convulsions
68. Causes Develops due to the deficiency of ADH which occurs in the following conditions: Lesion (injury) or degradation of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus Lesion in hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract Atrophy of posterior pituitary Inability of renal tubules to give response to ADH hormone. Called as Nephrogenic diabetic insipidus.
69. Signs and Symptoms 1.Polyuria Excretion of large quantity of dilute urine with increased frequency of voiding is called polyuria Daily output is 4 to 12 liters. Due to absence of ADH ,the epithelial cells of distal convoluted tubule in the nephron and the collecting duct of the kidney becomes impermeable to water
70. Continued… 2.Polydipsia Intake of excess water Because of polyuria ,thirst center in hypothalamus results in intake of large quantity of water
71. Continued… 3.Dehydration In some cases ,the thirst center in the hypothalamus is also affected by the lesion Therefore water intake decreases in these patients and, the loss of water through urine is not compensated
74. Causes Hypoactivity of both anterior and posterior pituitary Tumor in pituitary gland and hypothalamic regions concerned with food intake and gonadal development Injury or atrophy of pituitary gland Genetic inablility of hypothalamus to secrete luteinizing hormone
75. Symptoms Obesity (common feature) Sexual infantilism (failure to develop secondary sexual characters) Dwarfism occurs if disease starts in growing age Called as infantile or prepubertal type of Frohlich syndrome (in children) and adult type of Frohlich’s syndrome (in adults) Other features are loss of vision and diabetes