A Deep Dive into the W3C WebDriver Specification
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This document provides an overview of WebDriver including: - It describes WebDriver as a W3C specification for remotely controlling user agents through a REST API. - It outlines the WebDriver architecture including drivers, bindings, and frameworks. - It discusses the history and evolution of Selenium to the current WebDriver standard.
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A Deep Dive into the W3C WebDriver Specification
- 1. Peter Thomas | Distinguished Engineer | Intuit @ptrthomas
- 2. 2 About Me
- 3. 3 Agenda What is WebDriver ? Architecture Examples and Demos
- 4. 4 Scope of this talk Selenium Language Bindings Selenium IDE Selenium Grid Selenium the “brand” Also known as “Selenium WebDriver” the W3C WebDriver Specification use uses uses we will focus here in this talk
- 5. 5 a W3C Specification https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver/ WebDriver is … “WebDriver is a remote control interface that enables introspection and control of user agents. It provides a platform and language-neutral wire protocol as a way for out-of-process programs to remotely instruct the behavior of web browsers.” REST API e.g. Web Browsers JSON over HTTP e.g. Selenium … or even Mobile / Desktop Apps
- 6. 6 Simon Mavi Stewart @shs96c W3C WebDriver Specification - Editors David Burns @AutomatedTester Browser Testing and Tools Working Group https://www.w3.org/testing/browser/
- 7. 7 WebDriver in your stack Browser DriverBindings JSON over HTTP WebDriver REST API Framework FireFoxgeckodriverSelenium (Java)JUnit ChromechromedriverSelenium (Ruby)WatirRSpec WebdriverIO or Nightwatch.jsMocha Emulates User Controls Browser Exposes REST API Manages Sessions Language Specific WebDriver SDK Driver client Higher Level API Test Assertions Run / Reports Config / Tags etc. Selenium (Python) Selenium Base Pytest Implemented By Browser Vendors
- 8. 8 History : Selenium WebDriver W3C Selenium 2 Released 2011 W3C Specification Work 2018 W3C Recommendation Selenium & WebDriver Merge Selenium Core Browser Selenium RC WebDriver Se IDE 2008-9 (Selenium Grid not shown for simplicity) https://twitter.com/shs96c/status/1060117993898807301 Feb 2008 Selenium Core Browser Selenium RC Se IDE 2004 Jason Huggins Paul Hammant Selenium Created 2016 Selenium 3 Released Browser WebDriver (drivers) JSON Wire Protocol Selenium (bindings) WebDriver (W3C drivers) Browser Selenium IDE (new) Selenium (bindings) W3C Protocol 2006-7 Simon Stewart WebDriver WebDriver Created Browser
- 9. 9 Method URI Template Command POST /session New Session DELETE /session/{session id} Delete Session GET /status Status GET /session/{session id}/timeouts Get Timeouts POST /session/{session id}/timeouts Set Timeouts POST /session/{session id}/url Navigate To GET /session/{session id}/url Get Current URL POST /session/{session id}/back Back POST /session/{session id}/forward Forward POST /session/{session id}/refresh Refresh GET /session/{session id}/title Get Title GET /session/{session id}/window Get Window Handle DELETE /session/{session id}/window Close Window POST /session/{session id}/window Switch To Window GET /session/{session id}/window/handles Get Window Handles POST /session/{session id}/window/new New Window POST /session/{session id}/frame Switch To Frame POST /session/{session id}/frame/parent Switch To Parent Frame GET /session/{session id}/window/rect Get Window Rect POST /session/{session id}/window/rect Set Window Rect POST /session/{session id}/window/maximize Maximize Window POST /session/{session id}/window/minimize Minimize Window POST /session/{session id}/window/fullscreen Fullscreen Window GET /session/{session id}/element/active Get Active Element POST /session/{session id}/element Find Element POST /session/{session id}/elements Find Elements Method URI Template Command POST /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/element Find Element From Element POST /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/elements Find Elements From Element GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/selected Is Element Selected GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/attribute/{name} Get Element Attribute GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/property/{name} Get Element Property GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/css/{property name} Get Element CSS Value GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/text Get Element Text GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/name Get Element Tag Name GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/rect Get Element Rect GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/enabled Is Element Enabled POST /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/click Element Click POST /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/clear Element Clear POST /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/value Element Send Keys GET /session/{session id}/source Get Page Source POST /session/{session id}/execute/sync Execute Script POST /session/{session id}/execute/async Execute Async Script GET /session/{session id}/cookie Get All Cookies GET /session/{session id}/cookie/{name} Get Named Cookie POST /session/{session id}/cookie Add Cookie DELETE /session/{session id}/cookie/{name} Delete Cookie DELETE /session/{session id}/cookie Delete All Cookies POST /session/{session id}/actions Perform Actions DELETE /session/{session id}/actions Release Actions POST /session/{session id}/alert/dismiss Dismiss Alert POST /session/{session id}/alert/accept Accept Alert GET /session/{session id}/alert/text Get Alert Text POST /session/{session id}/alert/text Send Alert Text GET /session/{session id}/screenshot Take Screenshot GET /session/{session id}/element/{element id}/screenshot Take Element Screenshot WebDriver Commands Session Management Navigation Title Window Frame Window Size Get / Find Element(s) Find Element(s) from Element Element State Element Actions Page Source Execute Script Cookies Keyboard / Mouse / Touch Alert / Dialog Screenshot
- 10. 10 curl -d '{"desiredCapabilities":{"browserName":"Chrome"}}' -X POST http://localhost:9515/session curl -d '{"url":"https://github.com/login"}' -X POST http://localhost:9515/session/{session id}/url curl -d '{"using":"css selector","value":"#login_field"}' -X POST http://localhost:9515/session/{session id}/element curl -d '{"value":["hello"]}' -X POST http://localhost:9515/session/{session id}/element/{element id}/value Demo: Browser Remote Control with cURL First, start chromedriver, default port: 9515
- 11. 11 https://github.com/intuit/karate • API Testing • API Mocking • API Perf-Testing Example Framework - Karate https://tinyurl.com/karatejp Takanori Suzuki Open Source Test Automation Framework @KarateDS L
- 12. 12 https://tinyurl.com/karatedriver W3C WebDriver support in Karate (Alpha) BrowserDriverBindings JSON over HTTP WebDriver REST API Framework Chromechromedriver Windows AppWinAppDriverREST HTTP Client W3C WebDriver Adapter Karate Script (Gherkin) Karate Core (Java) Since Dec 2018 From Microsoft
- 13. Demo
- 14. 14 Drivers Target Driver Chrome chromedriver https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/home FireFox geckodriver https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver Safari safaridriver (Mac) https://webkit.org/blog/6900/webdriver-support-in-safari-10/ MS Edge MicrosoftWebDriver (Win 10) https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/webdriver (Windows Apps) WinAppDriver (Win 10) https://github.com/Microsoft/WinAppDriver Internet Explorer IEDriverServer (Win) https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/InternetExplorerDriver Only driver maintained by the Selenium team (planned end of support: Jul 19) Jim Evans | @jimevansmusic also known for the Selenium + WebDriver compliance tests http://webdriver-herald.herokuapp.com
- 15. 15 Spec Compliance is hard work …
- 16. 16 A Word about Microsoft Edge The MS Edge browser will be based on Chromium in the future Will it support WebDriver ?
- 17. 17 WebDriver Bindings and Frameworks Binding Language Link Selenium Java https://seleniumhq.github.io/selenium/docs/api/java/index.html Selenium Python https://seleniumhq.github.io/selenium/docs/api/py/index.html Selenium Ruby https://seleniumhq.github.io/selenium/docs/api/rb/index.html Selenium .NET https://seleniumhq.github.io/selenium/docs/api/dotnet/ Selenium JavaScript https://seleniumhq.github.io/selenium/docs/api/javascript/index.html WebdriverIO JavaScript https://webdriver.io Nightwatch.js JavaScript http://nightwatchjs.org Karate (Alpha) Java https://github.com/intuit/karate/tree/master/karate-core Framework Language Uses Link Selenide Java Selenium Java https://selenide.org SeleniumBase Python Selenium Python https://seleniumbase.com Watir Ruby Selenium Ruby http://watir.com Protractor JavaScript Selenium JavaScript https://www.protractortest.org (not an exhaustive list)
- 18. 18 Stable User-Facing API-s / W3C Only Selenium Grid / Docker / Cloud Tracing / Observability Site / Documentation Friendly Locators Selenium IDE The Future – Expected in Selenium 4
- 19. Q & A @ptrthomas Thank You !
- 21. 21 References (1 of 2) WebDriver GitHub: https://github.com/w3c/webdriver Selenium WebDriver (New Documentation): https://seleniumhq.github.io/docs/wd.html The Architecture of Open Source Applications: Selenium WebDriver - https://www.aosabook.org/en/selenium.html Selenium 1 / Remote Control (RC): https://www.seleniumhq.org/docs/05_selenium_rc.jsp Selenium History: https://www.seleniumhq.org/docs/01_introducing_selenium.jsp#selenium-history Selenium History: https://www.seleniumhq.org/about/history.jsp GTAC 2007: Huggins & Stewart - Selenium-RC Vs WebDriver: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vlz-WmcrBL8 Happy 10th Birthday, Selenium (by Paul Hammant): https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/happy-10th-birthday-selenium The Faces Behind Selenium: https://smartbear.com/blog/test-and-monitor/the-faces-behind-selenium/ Selenium User Meetup 2008 at Google (lightning talks, venue of photo on slide #7): https://youtu.be/EDb8yOM3Vpw Summary of the above event (Matt Raible’s blog): https://raibledesigns.com/rd/entry/last_night_s_selenium_users Selenium Contributors (old site): https://www.seleniumhq.org/about/contributors.jsp WebDriver W3C Draft Announcement: https://www.w3.org/News/2012.html#entry-9496
- 22. 22 References (2 of 2) Selenium 2 Announcement: https://seleniumhq.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/selenium-2-0/ Selenium 2 to 3 changes: https://saucelabs.com/blog/move-over-selenium-2-why-its-time-to-upgrade-to-selenium-3 Selenium 3 Announcement: https://seleniumhq.wordpress.com/2016/10/13/selenium-3-0-out-now/ Selenium 4 changes: https://www.datio.com/qa/selenium-4-is-coming/ Selenium State of the Union (Se Conf Chicago 18): https://youtu.be/Qlt5YUGmN1Y Selenium 4 Project Board (GitHub): https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/projects/2 Sauce Labs Selenium 4 FAQ: https://saucelabs.com/blog/frequently-asked-questions-about-selenium-4 Selenium and WebDriverIO: https://medium.com/@specktackle/selenium-and-webdriverio-a-historical-overview-6f8fbf94b418 Evaluating Cypress and TestCafe: https://medium.com/yld-engineering-blog/evaluating-cypress-and-testcafe-for-end-to-end-testing-fcd0303d2103 Comparison of E2E Testing Tools: https://blog.scottlogic.com/2018/01/08/pros-cons-e2e-testing-tools.html Selenium Atoms: https://firefox-source-docs.mozilla.org/testing/marionette/marionette/SeleniumAtoms.html Watir History: http://watir.com/history/
Notes de l'éditeur
- A W3C Recommendation means that is is a standard. The official definition as it appears in the spec is shown here. I break it down to explain what it means in other words on the right.
- Many others contributed via the working group. Refer to the link provided at the bottom.
- This slide has animations. Please note that C# / .NET is not included for simplicity ! These are just examples and not meant to be comprehensive. Things like the Selenium grid and IDE are not covered here. The components of a typical WebDriver based test-framework are shown, and their relationships with each other. Note how the critical work of controlling the browser is the responsibility of the browser vendors. The Selenium project can focus on the client-library and language-bindings. JSON over HTTP is “platform neutral” which means you can mix and match the left side and the right side. Note how you would need a framework to handle typical “test automation” responsibilities such as assertions and reporting. There are different options you can choose from for each programming language. Note that some of the bindings do not depend on Selenium (WebdriverIO, Nightwatch.js etc) - and directly implement the W3C JSON protocol.
- This slide is heavily animated and tries to tell the story of Selenium and how we got to today – with the W3C specification. Shinya Kasatani is the creator of the original Selenium IDE who is Japanese. I don’t think he is active now. He is 5th from the left. Jason Huggins is on the extreme left. Simon needs no pointing out Paul Hammant is 4th from right. This map omits the Selenium Grid for simplicity. Selenium has been around for a long time ! So many people have contributed in different forms. When this presentation is released, there is a big list of references at the end for those who would like to read more about all this. Specifically refer: https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/happy-10th-birthday-selenium
- These are all the REST API operations that the specification defines. I have tried to group them into different types of actions. It is clear that you have many ways to control a browser and emulate a user.
- Demo time ! You can easily try this at home. I personally think HTTP + REST and JSON is one of the simplest technologies around – which is why it is so effective and popular at the same time. You will see how using simple commands and some JSON ”POST” requests – you can control Google Chrome. At the end we should be even able to enter text into a login field via remote control.
- Before moving on, I’d like to introduce the framework which I’ve been working on – some of you may be using this already. It is a unique framework that supports a 3-in-one feature-set of API functional tests, mocks and even performance tests. It has a lot of users now and one nice thing about it is that it does not need much programming experience. Special thanks to Suzuki Takanori-san who has created a very detailed presentation on it – the link which I am providing for your reference.
- So Karate has implemented a W3C WebDriver client which is still in an Alpha / experimental status. We do not recommend that you use this in production yet - but if you can contribute, that would be great !
- In the demo I am about to show (continuation from the last slide animation) – we will automate a Windows application – which shows how flexible and powerful the WebDriver specification is. Some of the things you expect from a framework are reporting and logging – so that you can troubleshoot things easily when needed. It is also good to be able to have the ability to step through, debug and even re-play actions or test steps. Using the same concept we should be able to even automate mobile applications. (Depending on time - we will also demo parallel execution of a cross-browser test, this shows the responsibility of the framework to do these kinds of things – e.g. parallel testing)
- This slide is self explanatory. Jim Evans is just one example of the many who work hard in their own time on Selenium – as Simon mentioned in his keynote yesterday. Please continue to support everyone ! Be patient and contribute wherever you can.
- A lot of hard work goes into implementing the spec (by the browser vendors) and validating that they are compliant. And the Selenium team has done a great job influencing the browser teams to do the right thing and in a timely manner. Here we see that the ChromeDriver has just checked in the change for defaulting to W3C mode – something that the team were pushing for – for a long time.
- This just happened last week. John Jansen is a manager on the Microsoft Edge team at Microsoft. So good news, WebDriver support will be possible for Edge even in the future !
- Please note that this is not a complete list. But it gives an idea of the difference between Frameworks and Bindings – and that there are multiple options
- You would have heard about these from Simon’s keynote – but just a summary. TODO: add / revise in real time.