1. California
Local Energy Assurance Planning
(CaLEAP) Program
California Energy Commission
Energy Strategies Workshop
June 24, 2013 (Irvine)
June 25, 2013 (Oakland)
2. 2
Welcome
CaLEAP Overview
Energy Disruptions - Lessons Learned
Microgrid Fundamentals
– Case Studies
Implementation Processes, Technologies and
Systems
Facilitated Discussion
Next Steps
Agenda
3. 3
Workshop Format
– Presentation and Interactive (Informal)
– Recorded
– WebEx protocols
Workshop Objective(s)
– Provide update on CaLEAP program
– Present
Cost-effective, advanced technology strategies
Business cases for implementation of strategies
Welcome
4. 4
Partnership between CEC and Subcontractors
– Team Introductions
Voluntary Pilot program to Increase Energy Resiliency
Builds on work done by DOE and others
All hazards approach
– Focus on effect; not cause
Encourage comprehensive planning
Leverages existing planning efforts
CaLEAP Overview
5. 5
Identifying projects/actions to ensure energy to “key
assets” needed to provide/sustain local government
essential services in response to and recovery of
emergencies
CaLEAP Goal
6. 6
Demonstrate how to:
– Prepare Energy Assurance Plans or
– Incorporate energy assurance in other planning efforts
Present new and evolving energy technologies
Awareness of
– Community Profile
– Energy Profile
– Hazards
– Dependencies/Interdependencies
– Assets
Building public and private partnerships
CaLEAP Objective
7. 7
Incorporating Energy
– Expanded Planning Team
– Energy consideration
Local Awareness
– Energy Profile
– Hazards
Identify Key Assets
Assess Vulnerabilities
Identifying Solutions
– Actions/Projects
CaLEAP- Methodology
4.EAP Implementation
&Maintenance
Training
Exercises
Review& Update
theEAP
3.Finalize EAP
EAPReview
EAPApproval
Adopt &
Disseminate
theEAP
2.DevelopYour EnergyAssurancePlan(EAP)
2a.Understand
YourSituation
Present
Community Profile
Overview
BuildCommunity
EnergyProfile
UnderstandYour
Energy
Interdependencies
&Dependencies
BuildYour All
Hazards Profile
UnderstandYour
Emergency
Framework
IdentifyKey Assets
2b.Identify
Gaps
Assess Threats
&Hazards
Determine
Vulnerabilities
ValidateYour
Situation(2a)
2c.Assemble
Actions&
Projects
Develop Specific
EnergyAssurance
Objectives
IdentifyActions
&Projects
IdentifyActions
&Projects
Resources
PrioritizeActions
&Projects
1.Form Your Team
DesignateEAP
Coordinator
Identify EAP
Working Group
CreateEAP
Vision &Mission
IncorporateintoandLeveragefromYourExisting Plans
EAPUPDATES
8. 8
Driven by:
– Methodology
Input from:
– Advisory User Group
– Select Stakeholders
– Strategic Partners
Allows:
– Start to finish or section by section
– Import/Export of Data
– Future expansion/enhancements
– Virtual office/available via the web
CaLEAP- Planning Tool
9. 9
Group and one-on-one meetings
– In person and conference calls
Workshops
Subject matter experts
– Project Management/Planning
– Emergency Management
– Current and Evolving Energy Technologies
– Risk Assessment
– Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Help identify public-private partnerships
LEAP document review
Project website
(www.caleap.org)
CaLEAP- Technical Support
10. 10
Sept. 8, 2012 San Diego Outage
Energy Disruptions- Lessons Learned
Power out to 7 million people in southern California, Baja and Arizona
Gridlock ensued minutes after the outage
70 elevator rescues, many people trapped for 3+ hours
Emergency communications overwhelmed in first 30-60 minutes
Scripps Mercy hospital without power for 90 minutes due to generator failure
Gas pumps inoperable without electricity
Outage in Downtown San Diego
Impact Summary
• $100M in economic losses
• 3.5 million gallon sewage spills
• Schools and Universities closed the
following day
Key Lesson Learned
Critical facilities and infrastructure should be identified, prioritized, and protected for resiliency
11. 11
April 2013 PG&E Substation Sabotage
Energy Disruptions- Lessons Learned
Coordinated communications and transformer attack on grid backbone for Silicon Valley
First phase of attack cut 2 underground fiber optic communication lines
In Phase 2, multiple shooters targeted and hit 10 of 11 large 500 kV transformers
Surveillance cameras, buffer zone, access controls did not deter attackers
Preliminary Impact Assessment
• Confidential NERC alert issued
• Knowledgeable attackers
• Surveillance before attacks
• Police response monitored
• Critical substation targeted
Key Lesson Learned
Electric infrastructure at risk for physical and cyber attacks from knowledgeable attackers
12. 12
Hurricane Irene
Energy Disruptions- Lessons Learned
A Whole Foods market in Connecticut, the first grocery store in the US to install a fuel cell, was
able to keep its coolers running during Hurricane Irene.
Other stores followed suit, with Wal-Mart's 26 fuel cell installations, including those in Hemet
and Lancaster, generating 65,000 MWhs of electricity annually
Key Lesson Learned
Distributed generation furthers local energy resiliency
Hurricane Irene: Downed power lines
13. 13
Northridge Earthquake
Energy Disruptions- Lessons Learned
Key Lesson Learned
Worst case electric outages last for 4 weeks. Gas and water restoration times are similar.
• Northridge was a
6.7 magnitude
earthquake
($20B in losses)
• Shakeout is an
estimate for a
Los Angeles
area 7.8 quake
Source: Potential Impacts to Water and Electric Services from a M7.8 Southern San Andreas Earthquake. H. David Nahai, CEO and GM, LADWP
14. 15
Microgrid Fundamentals
“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly
defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A
microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-
connected or island-mode”
Microgrid Exchange Group Definition
15. 16
Case Study 1
Microgrid Provides Energy Resiliency
In 2011, Connecticut utilities and regulators evaluated grid
hardening options following wide spread outages caused by
Hurricane Irene and a severe snowstorm.
Options considered included microgrids with 1 or 2
generators, and undergrounding of electrical distribution lines
Business Case Results
– No “one size all” solution
– Cost effective solutions included:
Microgrids
Undergrounding of electric distribution lines
Multiple backup generators
– Non-emergency use of generators key to cost effective solutions
– Combined Heat and Power generators and non-emergency market
sales may improve economics
16. 18
Case Study 2
Fortune 25 Corporate Campus
Net Zero Facility
Implemented using best practice system engineering
methodology
Thorough business cases (peak shaving; freq reg, etc.)
Powered with 100% renewable energy (PV, biogas, etc.)
Test
Program
Design and
Implement
RequirementsUse Cases
17. 19
Microgrid Business Values
Achieve business continuity with a system that pays for itself and
supports environmental stewardship
Net Zero Facilities
• California Environmental Quality
Act AB900
• Minimum 30% reduction in energy
use
• Minimum 35% reduction in water
use
• Reduce drive miles for employees
Revenue Opportunities
• Peak load shaving reduces demand
charge, lowers utility bill
• Energy and ancillary services sold via
CAISO markets
• Resiliency lowers lost productivity
during outages
Microgrid
System
Balancing
Generation
Dispatch
Switching
Management
Storage
Dispatch
Building
Management
SystemPower
Quality
Islanding
Ancillary
Services
Demand Side
Management
Demand
Response
19. 21
Challenges of Distributed
Renewable Generation
Fuel cells and solar PV systems present challenging control
issues during electric grid failures
Problem: Unacceptable power quality during grid outages
20. 22
Implementation Processes,
Technologies and Systems
Energy resiliency technologies
Implementation guidelines
Best practices
Managing green, resiliency and
legacy retrofits
Grid control and monitoring to
protect critical facilities
Cost Effectiveness
Thorough Business Case Analysis
(including social/private industry
costs of outages)
21. 23
Menu of Energy
Resiliency Technologies
GENERATION
• Rotating Machine
•Diesel, Gasoline, Propane
•Natural Gas
•Biogas
• Renewable
•Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
•Wind
•Fuel Cells
•Biogas
•Natural gas (the new renewable)
•Hydro & geothermal
• Thermal
•Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
•Trigeneration (energy, heating and
cooling)
•Solar Water Heating
CONTROLSYSTEMS
• Building Automation and Control
Systems
• Environmental/HVAC Systems
•Boilers
•Fans
•Heat Pumps
• Smart Lighting
• Microgrid Controllers
•Transactive energy control
•System Monitoring
•Load-shedding/shifting
• Bus transfer
•Automated Electrical Sectionalizing
Switchgear
•Synchronizing switchgear
22. 24
Menu of Energy
Resiliency Technologies
ENERGY
STORAGE
• Uninterruptible Power
Supply(UPS)
• Battery Energy Storage
(BES) systems
• Thermal storage
• Compressed Air
• Flywheel
• Fuel (diesel) & CNG for
backup systems
DemandSide
Management
• Demand Response
• Load Reduction
• Price Response
• Energy Efficiency
• Conservation
23. 25
Guidelines on Component
Technologies Selection and Sizing
Generator sizing and fuel options
Distribution and facility electrical topology assessment
Business case considerations for individual buildings and communities
– Annual peak load
– Base load
– Net controllable loads
– Consider building heat, hot water and cooling needs & use of cogeneration
to increase overall efficiency
Weather & Event Impact Scenarios
Risk Management & Spread Bets (e.g. fuel mix, supplies, storage)
Electricity Supply and Economics
– Locational Marginal Price of energy
– Fuel price and availability during disaster
– Ability to sell power and ancillary services
24. 27
Best Practice Development
for Resilient Systems
Identification & prioritization of critical facilities and systems
– Emergency responders and medical facilities
– Continuity of operations, communications
– Social-economic continuity: Shelters, grocery stores,
fuel stations, water supply, and sewer services
Weather & Disaster Scenarios (and cascading effects and
“spreading your bets,” i.e., emergency vehicles mix of fuels)
Life cycle cost estimates to optimize economics based on
stakeholder agreed to value assessments
Cradle to grave system engineering to manage complex
systems and to ensure integrated, upgradable system
Project management office (PMO) with integrated cost,
schedule and performance metrics
Effective risk management
25. 28
Managing Green and
Legacy Retrofits
Integrating renewable systems with legacy systems can be
costly if not designed and managed properly
– Integration costs may exceed capital costs for hardware
– Successful business cases demonstrate cost savings for resilient energy
using renewable energy
Identify, prioritize, and geographically locate critical facilities
– Consider microgrids for geographically co-located facilities
– Consider distributed generation for more isolated facilities
Consider best mix of on-site generation including need for
frequency control and load following during outages
Determine economic viability of distributed generation and
storage
Model power system to identify control issues and power
problems early
26. 29
Grid Control and Monitoring
to Protect Critical Facilities
Tier 1: Emergency responders and medical facilities
– Use UPS to protect critical systems, e.g. 911 call system
– Redundant power supply in addition to grid supplied
power
Microgrid for co-located critical facilities
Or multiple generators (backup or distributed generation)
Bulk energy storage
Consider resiliency and economic benefits of on-site base load
generator
– Test on-site generation monthly
– Test microgrid under simulated grid outage scenario at
least annually (perhaps during an overall emergency
preparedness exercise) and under varied scenarios
27. 30
Grid Control and monitoring
to protect critical facilities (cont.)
Tier 2: Continuity of operations & communications
– Use UPS’s to protect communications systems
Emergency radio, reverse 911 call system, web, email, text messages
– Support systems necessary to mobilize recovery work force
– If co-located near Tier 1 facilities consider microgrid
Tier 3: Social-economic continuity: Shelters, grocery stores, fuel
stations, water supply, sewage, & business case inclusion
– Keep people in the city during recovery, spending money locally,
supporting local business
– Encourage grocery stores and fuel stations to install on-site rotating
generation, fuel cells or other distributed generation
– Cite economic advantages, e.g. revenue generated during outages, food
storage advantages, and customer service
– Ensure all pumping stations have backup power generators, even those
with 2 grid connections to protect against area-wide power outages
– If co-located near Tier 1 facilities consider microgrid
28. 31
Potential Discussion Topics
Energy Assurance Challenges
Energy Infrastructure Issues
Energy Assurance Risk Management
Business Case Issues (including social costs)
Role of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Political/Social Challenges that Influence Technical
Choices
Other Requirements – What do you need?
30. 33
Work with Local Governments to complete plans
Exploring funding sources to implement projects
Identify sustained funding for continued support
Provide Advanced Technical Support to some cities
– Create an energy framework with incremental layers of
detail for grid and infrastructure resiliency
Next Steps